5.Hofstede five dimensions

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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Chinese vs. Western Countries
Collective Culture – China ☆ ‘We’ is more important that ‘I’; ☆ Conformity is expected and perceived positively; ☆ Individual's desires and aspirations should be curbed if necessary for the good of the group; ☆ The rights of the family (or for the common good) are more important; ☆ Rules provide stability, order, obedience.
Values—a learned organization of rules for
making choices and for resolving conflicts.
Values are useful in explaining and
understanding cultural similarities and differences in behaviors—helpful for managers in international business.
Individualism (Collectivism)
Country Examples and Organizational Implications
组织就像一个家庭 组织更为个体化 组织更为个体化 组织就像一个家庭 组织决定个人喜好 个人决定自己的喜好 个人决定自己的喜好 组织决定个人喜好 实践活动基于忠诚、 实践活动基于忠诚、 实践活动强调个人参 实践活动强调个人参与、 实践活动强调个人参与、 实践活动基于忠诚、 实践活动基于忠诚、责任 责任感及群体的参与 与、 进取与首创精神 感及群体的参与 进取与首创精神
Involve as many people as possible in decision making
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Uncertainty Avoidance
＊ Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. ＊ An emotional response to uncertainty and change. ＊ Weak Uncertainty Avoidance—positive response to change and new opportunities ＊ Strong Uncertainty Avoidance—prefer structure and a consistent routine
Hofstede’s 5 dimensions of culture ※Based on his IBM study in 72 different countries, Hofstede identifies five of these differences in mental programming Individualism versus Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity versus Femininity Long-term Orientation
Chapter 4
Contrasting Cultural Values
Contents
Cultural Values Individualism & Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity & Femininity Long-term Orientation
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High PDI Communication needs to be conducted orderly, abstain from reporting bypass the immediate leadership Be afraid of authority and power Distant relation between superior and subordinate Easy to feel worried in communication
APEC summit
Chinese vs. American Values
＊ Differences in friendship; e.g. one more friend, one more road— ralationship; ＊ Differences in time consciousness; e.g. get-together vs. less interest in the past ＊ Differences in conception of the self; e.g. collectivist modesty vs. individualist self-reliance ＊ Differences in apporaches to tasks; e.g. relationship vs. task-orientated ＊ Differences in social relationships. e.g. formal and hierarchical vs. informal and egalitarian
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Power Distance ＊ The appropriateness of power/ authority within organizations. ＊ Large Power Distance—authority is inherent in one’s position within a hierarchy ＊ Small Power Distance—individuals assess authority in view of its perceived rightness of their own personal interests
Chinese vs. Western Values
Main differences--Cognition, relationship with nature and the concept of truth. ＊ Differences in expressing gratitude; e.g. saying thank you ＊ Differences in attitudes toward women. e.g. Ladies First vs. hierarchy Go Dutch (AA) ＊Differences in symbolization; e.g. APEC summit
Chinese vs. Western Countries
Individual Culture – Western Countries ☆ A person's identity revolves around the ‘I’; ☆ It is acceptable to pursue individual goals at the expense of others; ☆ 'Individualism' is encouraged whether it be personality, clothes or music tastes; ☆ The right of the individual reign supreme; thus laws to protect choices and freedom of speech
Cultural Values Value—a conception, explicit or implicit,
distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action. (Pg 71)
Individualism versus Collectivism
Individualism ☆ The ties between individuals are loose; ☆ Everyone is expected to look after himself / herself Collectivism ☆People from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty
Individualism versus Collectivism ※ Individualism (IDV) is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. ＊ Relative importance of the interests of the individual vs. the interests of the group. ＊ Individualist– the interests of the individual take precedence ＊ Collectivist– the interests of the group take precedence