中石油内部托福考试阅读词汇库
中国石油考试中心老托福试题及答案
0310托福真题0310听力1A She is younger than her sister .B she does not spend much time with her sister’s children.C she does not get along well with her sisterD she no longer resembles her sister.2A Paper plates are cheaper than dishes.B Dishes break more easily than paper plates.C There is no need to wash any dishes now.D The woman’s roommate will return soon.3A She has not applied to any universities yet,B She will begin university classes in a few weeks.C She does not know yet if a university will accept her.D She is too busy to contact the university right now.4A Reconsider his position laterB Allow the student to miss classC Lower the student’s gradeD Suggest that the student try to reschedule the operation5A He does not have enough money for the trip yet.B He is planning to work during spring break .C The trip is too far off in the future to think about.D He has changed his mind about going to Canada.6A The photograph is not good enough to send.B The photograph was not taken at the Grand Canyon.C They already sent Mary a photograph of their vacation.D Sending pictures through the mail is too expensive.7A She should have asked to be excused from the trip.B She deserves the zero.C She is right to be angry.D She should have gone on the field trip.8A He wants to live off campus.B There are advantages and disadvantages to living off campus.C Living space in the dorm is crowded.D There are only a few apartments available off campus.9A Turn down the volume of the musicB Turn the music offC Play a different style of music.D Listen to music in a different room.10A It took a long time to finish the building.B He was too busy to notice the opening of the hotel.C He did not know the hotel had a restaurant.D He would like to meet the woman for brunch next Sunday.11A Go to her class.B Cancel her appointment with the president.C Ask her professor to excuse her from class.D Attend the presentation.12A She admires Steve’s relationsh ip with his father.B She does not know Steve or his father.C Her daughter is older than Steve.D She disagrees with the man.13A He has heard the new CD.B He does not enjoy classical music.C He is not interested in the CD.D He rarely listens to music.14A Buy tickets for the next showing.B Leave the theaterC Change their seats for a better viewD Ask the couple in front of them to be quiet15A The library closes earlier during the summer.B The library is closed during summer vacation.C The library will be open until midnight tonight.D She does not usually go to the library during the summer.16A She is sorry the man has to cancel the plansB She wants to hand in her report early.C She would like to go with the man.D she does not usually enjoy the symphony.17A He has other plans for the eveningB He is looking forward to attending the party.C He often misses Linda’s parties.D he wants to know if he should bring anything to the party.18A There is just about enough time to do the jobB The desk has never been so orderly.C The clock on the desk needs to be set.D The desk really needs organizing.19A He enjoys looking at the flowers.B He thinks the park is boring.C He does not like walking with the woman.D He does not see any trees.20A There are not very many hotels in the area.B She stayed at the Clover Inn last month.C She is not sure the man’s parents would like the Clover Inn.D It may be too late to get a room at the Clover Inn.21A Wait until later to eatB Go to the cafeteria without herC Bring her some food from the cafeteriaD Meet her at the cafeteria22A He has to work with his brother .B He has no definite plans.C He usually works on weekends.D His plants depend on the woman.23A Buy stamps at the post officeB Mail the woman’s billC Drive to the woman’s houseD Pick up a package from the post office24A The woman should call Bill to check his schedule.B The woman should have left for the airport earlier.C The woman does not need to rush to meet Bill .D Traffic near the airport could delay the woman’s arrival.25A She did better on the quiz than the man did.B She did not have to take the quiz.C She has not yet received her grade on the quiz.D She did not do well on the quiz.26A He will be happy to share their dessertB He did not know what time he was supposed to arrive.C He expected the traffic to be bad.D He is not upset that they ate lunch.27A She has to quit her job in the laboratory.B She cut herself while working in the laboratory.C She enjoys doing laboratory experiments.D She feels that the man is dedicated to his work too.28A Ask for directionsB Try a different route to the beachC Go back for the mapD Cancel their trip29A He would like the woman to reschedule the meeting.B He will meet the woman briefly on FridayC The report will not be ready until Thursday.D The report was finished last Friday.30A Find out when the bookstore opensB Withdraw some cashC Inquire about a jobD Spend her extra money on books31A Ways to determine the age of a fossilB The identity of a fossil the woman foundC A comparison of two shellfish fossilsD Plans for a field trip to look for fossils32A The class is going to study them .B They evolved from brachiopods.C They are similar to brachiopods in appearance.D They belong to the same species as brachiopods.33A It has a ribbed shell.B It has an unusually large valve.C It was found near the water.D It is smaller than a mollusc.34A He has never seen a fossil that old.B It could be many millions of years old.C It is probably a recent specimen.D He will ask the lab how old it is.35A Take it to classB Put it in her collectionC Take it to the labD Leave it with her professor36A A jewelry store robberyB Buying a birthday presentC Writing a storyD Doing research for a class assignment37A Her professor did not like her story .B She had trouble finishing her assignmentC she did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.D She was taking too many courses,38A Take some extra timeB Do a writing exerciseC Do some work for another courseD Write the story ending first39A To go shoppingB To do research for her storyC To meet with her professorD To take a break from her work40A To describe ways pests can damage plantsB To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC To explain how corn plants developD To describe how a natural pesticide works41A Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD Knives cutting its stalk42A By flying in circles around a fieldB By detecting a chemical signalC By inspecting individual corn leavesD By noticing the caterpillar’s coloration43A Recently discovered manuscriptsB Similarities among religionsC Methods of analyzing ancient manuscriptsD How ancient manuscripts are preserved44A The simplicity of their languageB Their ageC The location of their discoveryD The material they are made of45A Orally preserved teachingsB A collection of lettersC A diaryD A scholarly article46A Ancient settlers in AsiaB How Buddhism is practiced todayC The spread of Buddhism in AsiaD Why some languages disappear47A The language they are written in is not widely known.B They cannot be moved from where they were foundC The writing in them has fadedD Many people want credit for the discovery.48A The advantages of an economy based on farmingB Reasons farmers continued using river transportationC The role of cotton in the United States economyD Improved methods of transporting farm crops49A The new technology used to build roadsB The ability to transport goods over landC The trade in grain and cottonD The linking of smaller local roads into one long road50A Reduced charges for transporting farm productsB Required payment from vehicles that used their roadsC Made repairs to older roadsD Installed streetlights on roads connecting major cities10月语法1.The musical comedy Oklahoma! did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt......(a)original themes(b)to original themes(c)that were original themes(d)how original themes2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.(a)an animal breathes air that(b)an animal that breathes air(c)an animal breathes air(d)that an animal breathes air3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.(a)is the largest(b)the largest(c)that is the largest(d)the largest that is a4.It is said that United Stales literature......individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.(a)was achieved(b)achieved(c)to achieve(d)achieving5.Lucy Stone ,......first feminists in the United States ,helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.(a)the one(b)who was the(c)another(d)one of the6.......,including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.(a)Depending on many factors(b)Many factors depending on(c)Factors depending on many(d)On many factors depending(7)Duke Ellington's orchestra ,......his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.(a)he played(b)playing(c)that it played(d)was playing(8)The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface......(a)as is today(b)than today is(c)than they do today(d)that today(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide.(a)property owners benefited so that(b)why property owners benefited(c)that if property owners benefited(d)that property owners benefited(10)Helium is not flammable and ,next to hydrogen ,is......(a)known the lightest gas(b)lightest the known gas(c)the lightest gas known(d)the known gas lightest(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to30 years.(a)live(b)to live(c)they live(d)their living(12)Portland,......,is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.(a)which Maine's largest city(b)Maine's largest city where(c)is Maine's largest city(d)Maine's largest city13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)Except for14.Cells,first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered......in the nineteenth century.(a)them as microcosm of living organisms(b)the microcosm of living organisms(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large ,gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.(a)it is mostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)both are almost16．Bacterial cultures are used commercially in the preparation of food products such that yogurt ,sour cream ,and vinegar.17.Anyone with absolute ,or perfect,pitch are able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.18.Sea horses usually live along the shore among seaweed and other plants to which they cling to by their tails.19.Babies have soft spots between the bones of their skulls ,which allowing for further growth.20.T.S.Elot,who a poet ,playwright, literary critic ,and editor ,was a leader of the Modemist movement in poetry.21.The Pacific Ocean comprises almost th e entire boundary westernof North and South America.22．Established in 1948 ,the State University of New York is the singly largest university system in the United States.23.Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature ,records the visible world, and extension human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate.24.Because of their rapidly changing economically fortunes, many frontier towns of the American West underwent spectacular fluctuations in population in the nineteenth century.25.Virtually no disease exists today for which there is no drug that can be given ,neither to cure the disease or to alleviate its symptoms.26.Calcium is essential for blood clotting ,for the action of certain enzymes, and for the normal contraction and relax of muscles.27.The large collection of the Williams College Museum of Art includes ancient and medieval art ,but much exhibits are modern or contemporary.28.The technique of spectroscopy allows analyst of incoming light after it has been separated into its component wavelengths by passage througha prism.29.Today,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway conveys 40,000 vehicles in normal year.30.Since prehistoric times ,artists (have been)arranged colors on surfaces (in ways) (that express) their ideas (about people) ,the world ,and religion.31.(Few substances) look less (alike than) coal and diamonds ,yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.32.Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure ,increase cloud cover ,and rising humidity.33.Obsidian is formed when siliceous lava cools too rapidly to crystallized into rock-forming minerals.34.European settlers in North America moved from the Atlantic coast across 3,000 miles forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains until they reached the Pacific Ocean.35.Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life.36.In this world of high technology ,it is easy to forget that the most important tools ever developed for learning is still the book.37.The element potassium makes up less than one half percentage of the human body.38.Twenty thousand years ago a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.39.The Crow ,Blackfoot ,and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beadeddecorations.40.In the late 1800’s ,United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad ,powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.Questions 1-9:Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moonout from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s(5)most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinkedbrown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The(10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometersthick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat(15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks onEuropa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images ofEuropa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurfaceocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a(20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of thematerial forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primalSun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquidright to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior(B)Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons(C)Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons(D)Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.2.The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)changing(B)perfect(C)visible(D)fascinating3.In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell”in order to help readers(A)visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B)appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewingEuropa from far away(C)understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D)recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered5. what does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in commonwhich of the following?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?(A) A long period of extremely high tides(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky coreQuestion 10-19Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples ofthe Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings ofcultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In bothareas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding(5)and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certainnative plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.(10) The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of theMidwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years agoand domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” isnot used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period(15)elsewhere in the world.Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of thecontinent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there islittle evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticatedfoods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering(20)wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather thanfor food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were allweedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form aroundhuman settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and(25)dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almostdomesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, becauseethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant foodand had detailed knowledge of plants.10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology(C) Their development of agriculture(D) Their distribution of work between men and women11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to(A) seeds(B) river valleys(C) the Midwest and the Southeast(D) experimentation and domestication12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?(A) 7,000 years ago(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago(C) Long after the Neolithic period(D) Before the Archaic period13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sufficient(B) healthful(C) varied(D) dependable14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for thecultivation of plants in eastern North America?(A) Lack of enough wild food sources(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements(C) Provision of work for an increasing population(E)Desire for the consistent availability of food15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A)in addition to(B)instead of(C)as a replacement(D)such as16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritionalvalue(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) stayed(B) originated(C) grew well(D) died out18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all earlydomesticated plants?(A) They were varieties of weeds.(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who begancultivating plants were(A) medical workers(B) leaders of ceremonies(C) women(D) huntersQuestions 20-29Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the othersto follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the routeby intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail(5 )pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the contextchanges. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants ineither direction.Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has tobe kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use(10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitiveto these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,(15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone willevaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from sideto side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna intothe vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.(20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new courseuntil its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and soweaves back and forth down the trail.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The mass migration of ants(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail(C) Different species of ants around the world(D) The information contained in pheromones21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) look up(B) walk toward(C) revolve around(D) search for food22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to(A) periodically(B) incorrectly(C) rapidly(D) roughly23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single(A) message(B) dead ant(C) food trail(D) species24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trailpheromones?(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals(B) To attract different types of ants(C) To protect their trail from other species(D) To indicate how far away the food is25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to pointout(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) include(B) provide(C) cover(D) select28. The word “ oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) falling(B) depositing(C) swinging(D) starting29. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found(A) in the receptors of the ants(B) just above the trail(C) in the source of food(D) under the soil along the trail。
中石油托福阅读词汇
阅读词汇考考查的单词正确的选项词性中文含义频 abundant plentiful a.大量的 accelerate increase v.加速；加大 accessible available a.可用的 according to depending on 依据；按照；；取决于 accordingly for that reason ad.因此 accordingly consequently ad.因此 account explain v.解释；说明2account for explain v.解释，说明2account for explain v.解释，说明 accumulate collect v.积累；积聚 accumulate collect v.聚集 adequate sufficient a.充分的；足够的 adhere stick v.黏附；胶着 adjunct addition n.附加物 administered managed v.管理 adorn decorate v.装饰 advent arrival n.出现；到来 adversely negatively ad.不利地；有害地 advocate proponent n.倡导者；辩护者 aesthetically artistically ad.审美地；美学地 affront insult v.公开侮辱；轻蔑 aided helped v.帮助 alert wary a.机敏的 allay reduce v.减轻；减少 alter change v.改变；调整 alternative option n.替代；替代物 altogether completely ad.完全地 ancillary secondary a.附属的；辅助的 annihilate conquer v.消灭；征服 antagonist enemy n.对手；敌人 antecedent predecessor n.先辈 anticipate look forward to v.期待；盼望 apace with as fast as 快速的 appealing attractive a.吸引人的 apply used for v.应用；适用 appreciated recognized v.赏识 appreciation recognition n.鉴赏；鉴别 aptly appropriately ad.适当地 arduous difficult a.艰巨的；艰苦的 article object n.物品，物体 ascend climb v.攀升；升高2assemble gather v.装配；组合2assemble bring together v.装配；组合 assortment variety n.形形色色；各式各样 assumption belief n.确信的想法 at any rate regardless 无论如何；至少 attachment preference for n.依恋；偏好 attained achieved v.达到 attained reached v.达到 attendant accompanying n.服务员 attire clothing n.衣着；盛装 attribute credit v.被认为；被鉴定 attribute characteristics n.特征 avail make use v.有用 avid eager a.渴望的；热心的 barren infertile a.贫瘠的；不毛的 barter exchange v.易货贸易；物物交换 besides in addition to prep.除此之外2bias prejudice n.偏见；嗜好2bias prejudice n.偏见；嗜好 bind tie v.捆；绑；使结合 boast take pride in having n./v.夸口；自恃 boosted raised v.提高，推进 bound limit n.范围；界限 bound held v.限制 break departure from n.决裂；破裂 brief look glance n.瞥视；浏览 bring about cause v.导致；引起 brittle easily broken a.易碎的 by virtue of because of 依靠；由于 calculate determine v.计算；确定 came to the forefront became important carry support v.支撑；支持2carry on conduct v.开展；维持；继续2carry on continue v. cease stop v.停止；结束 celebratory full of praise n.颂扬 celestial astronomical a.天空的；天上的 chance unplanned a.偶然的；碰巧的 characteristics qualities n.性质，特性 charged with assigned to 主管, 掌管 chronicle describe v.记述 circumscribe restrict v.在……周围画线；限制 classify categorize v.分类 clear unobstructed a.畅通的；无阻的3clue information n.线索；信息3clue information n. 3clue proof n. cluster group v.成群2coarse rough a.粗糙的2coarse crude a. coin create v.创造；杜撰 coincide with happen at the same time ad.同时 collective group n.集体 collectively together ad.共同地 come of age establish itself v.达到法定年龄；确立自身地位 comparably similarly ad.可比地；相当地 compelling forceful a.强制的；强迫的 component parts n.部分 compose focus on v.创作；创造 comprise consist of v.包含；包括 concealed covered a.隐藏着的 concentrate cluster v.集中；积聚 conclusive definitive a.最后的 concomitant with in conjunction with ad.协同 concrete specific a.具体的；特定的 configuration arrangement n.结构；形状2confine limit v.限制；局限2confine restrict v. confirm uphold v.证实；确认 conflicting opposing a.冲突的；抵触的 conjectural based on guessing a.猜测的；推测的 consequence result n.结果2conserve store v.保存；保护2conserve retain v. 4considerable large a.很重要的；很大的4considerable substantial a. 4considerable much a. 4considerable great a. consistent constant a.持续的 consort associate v.结交 conspicuous noticeable a.显著的 constituent component n.成分；要素 constitute make up v.构成；组成 consume eat v.吃掉 consumption eat n.消费；消耗3contemporary existing a.当代的；现有的3contemporary current a. 3contemporary written at that time a. convergence gathering n.聚集2convert change v.转换；转变2convert chang v. correspondingly similarly ad.相应地；对应地 count weigh v.有价值；有分量 counter overcome v.反对；驳回 counteract negate v.抵消；反作用 counterpart version n.复本；对应物 crisscross move back andforthv.穿梭；交错往来 critical judge of fine arts connoisseur n.鉴赏家；评论家 crucial important a.重要的 cumbersome burdensome a.麻烦的；笨重的 customary usual a.习惯的；惯例的 dampen moisten v.使潮湿 daring bold a.勇敢的；大胆的 deft skilled a.熟练的；灵巧的 deliberate careful a.审慎的；仔细的 deliver present v.递送；呈递 demand require v.要求；需求 demise death n.死亡 demonstrate show v.表明；证实 dense thick a.稠密的；浓厚的 depend rely v.依靠；依赖 depict represent v.描绘；描述 depress lower v.压低；使沮丧 derive obtain v.得到 derive from base on v.基于 detect find v.探测2detectable measurable a.可察觉的；易发现的2detectable apparent a. devastated ruined a.毁坏的；被破坏的 developing evolving a.发展的；演化的2devote to dedicate v.致力于；献身于2devote to specializing in v. 2dictate determine v.指示；决定；确定2dictate determine v. diffuse travel v.扩散；传播 disaster catastrophe n.灾难 discard get rid of v.丢弃；抛弃 dispute argument n.争论；争执2disseminate spread/impart v.散布；传播2disseminate spread v. 4distinct separate a.清晰的；不同的；独特的4distinct separate a. 4distinct different a. 4distinct separate a. distnctive unique a.特殊的；独特的 distinguish differentiate v.区分；辨别 divergence difference n.差异；变化3diverse dissimilar a.多种多样的；不一样的；不同的3diverse varied a. 3diverse different a. dividing line boundary n.边界；分界线 do sth. repeatedly iterate v.重复；反复2domain field n.领域；范围2domain region n. dominant most common a.主要的；占优势的 dominate be prevalent in v.支配；控制 dramatic striking a.戏剧性的；显著的 drastic radical a.激烈的；猛烈的 drastically severely ad.激烈地3draw attract v.吸引；引导3draw attract v. 3draw instruct v. durability endurance n.经久，耐久2durable long-lasting a.持久的；耐用的2durable strong a. dwelling house n.住处；寓所 eager enthusiastic a.热心的2easily moved portable a.轻便的；可携带的2easily moved portable a. edge advantage n.优势 effect influence v.影响；效果 efficiency effectiveness n.效力 elaborately done in great detail ad.详尽地；精心地 elevate promote v.提高；提升 elicit bring out v.引出 embraced welcomed v.欢迎 emerge appear v.浮现；出现2emit give off v.发出；生产，发行2emit produce v. emphasize stress v.强调 employ use v.雇佣；应用2enable allow v.使能够；使可能2enable help v. enactment performance n.演出；表演 encompass include v.包含 encounter meet v.遇到；相遇 end goal n.末端；目的 endless continuous a.无止境的；无穷的 engage hire v.雇佣 enhance increase v.提高；增进 enhancement improvement n.提高；增进 ensure guarantee v.保证 entire whole a.全部的 entity object n.实体；存在 entomb trap v.埋葬；设陷阱 envelop surround v.遮盖；包围 era period of time n.时期 eradicate eliminate v.除去；消除 erroneous ideas misconception n.误解；错误观念 erroneously identified as mistake v.误以为；误认为 essence basic nature n.基本 essential fundamental a.基本的 establish create v.设立；创作 estimate judge v.鉴定 evidence indicate n.迹象；预示 evolution development n.发展；演化 exalted superior a.高贵的；崇高的2excavate dig v.挖掘；开凿2excavate dig v. exceptional remarkable a.非凡的；例外的2execute create v.造成；制成；履行；执行2execute produce v. exercise utilize v.行使，利用2exert cause v.引起；产生2exert put v.施加(压力等) exorbitant expensive a.昂贵的 expendable unprofitable a.没有用的2expose subject to v.使暴露；暴露于2expose uncover v. 2extend stretch v.延长；扩展2extend increase v. 2extol praise v.赞美2extol praise v. 3extract remove v.提取；取得；根除，移除3extract remove v. 3extract remove v. extraordinary supreme a.非凡的；极度的2fabricate make v.制作；装配；构建2fabricate construct v. facilitate enable v.使容易；使便利；帮助 faction side n.小派系 fashion create v.造成，引起 fatal deadly a.致命的 favor prefer v.喜爱 favored perferred a.喜爱的 feed put v.供给；供应 feel detect v.察觉；感觉 finding scientific discovery fine tiny a.细小的 finely minutely ad.精细的 fixture commonplaceobjectn.固定设备；附属装置 flamed burned a.燃烧的 flattering complimentary a.称赞的；奉承的 flourished thrived n.茂盛2forage feed v.搜索；寻找食物2forage search for food v. formidable difficult a.艰难的 fortuitous sudden a.偶然的；幸运的 forward-looking progressive a.向前看的；有远见的 frame pose v.构造；提出 framework structure n.结构；框架 freeing releasing n.解除，释放 frown on disapprove of v.露出不悦之色；表示不赞成 functional usable a.合用的 fundamental basic a.基础的；基本的 furnish provide v.提供；供应 gambit calculated risk n.策略；谋略 gap open n.缺口；缝隙 give rise to bring about v.引起；带来；导致 give way to turn into v.让位；变成 glowing shining a.光亮的 good name reputation n.名声；名誉 gradually by degrees ad.逐渐地；逐步地 graphic vivid a.生动的 grumble complain v.抱怨 hard firm a.坚硬的；牢固的 hardiest most vigorous a.最强健的；最有力的 hard to deal with stubborn a.执拗的；固执的 haul load n.搬运物；载货 heart center n.中心 hemisphere side n.半球；半边 hence for these reasons ad.因此；所以 henceforth from that time on ad.自此以后 herald announce v.预示；预报 hing on depend on v.依靠 hinterland region n.地方；区域 ideal perfect a.完美的 identical exactly alike a.同样的 ignite set on fire v.着火；燃烧 imitate copy v.模仿；伪造 immunity protection n.保护 immutable unchangeable a.不变的 impediment obstacle n.妨碍；阻碍 imperceptibly subtly ad.不可觉察地；极缓慢地 implement tool n.工具；器械 implication significance n.含义；意义 imposing demanding a.紧迫的；紧急的 inaccessible enreachable a.难接近的；难达到的 in place of instead of ad.代替 in reality actually n.实际上；事实上 inaccessible unreachable a.难接近的；难达到的 inception beginning n.起初 incinerate burn up v.烧毁 incised carved a.雕刻的 incise cut v.切割；雕刻 inclination preference n.倾向；偏好 incorporate combine v.结合；合并 indeterminate uncertain a.模糊的；不确定的 influx arrival n.流入；到达 ingenuity resourcefulness n.机灵 inhibit hinder v.阻止；阻碍2initiate start v.开始；引发2initiate cause v. 2innovation new idea n.创新；革新2innovative new a.创新的 insignificant unimportant a.不重要的 instance case n.实例；例证2integral essential a.整体的；不可缺少的；基本的2integral fundamental a. intense extreme a.强烈的；剧烈的 intensive concentrated a.加强的，集中的2intent goal n.目的2intent purpose n. interchangeable equivalent a.相等的；可互换的 intermittently periodically ad.间歇地；断断续续地 intervals periods n.周期 intervention influence n.干涉；影响 intricate complex a.复杂的3intriguing attractive a.迷人的 3intriguing fascinationg a. 3intriguing fascinationg a. invade move into v.侵入 inviting attractive a.吸引人的；诱人的 justify prove v.辩护；证实 key important laborious difficult a.费力的 lie be located v.位于 load weight n.重担 locale place n.场所 lured attracted v.吸引，引诱 magnify intensify v.放大；强化3maintain preserve v.维持；坚持3maintain preserve v. 3maintain keep v. major principal a.主要的；大型的 make possible allow v.允许；使可能 mandate require v.要求 margin edge n.边；边缘2marked pronounce a.明显的；显著的2marked noticeable a. means method n.方法 merely only ad.仅仅地，只不过 meteoric rapid a.迅速的 meticulously carefully ad.小心地 minuscule tiny a.很小的；微小的 minute tiny a.微小的；细微的 modifying changing v.修改；变化 momentarily effortlessly ad.即刻 monopolize dominate v.独占；占优势2moreover furthermore ad.此外；另外2moreover in addition ad. motif design n.图案；花纹 mundane ordinary a.世俗的；普通的 myriad many a.许多的；无数的 nascent immature a.新生的；初生的 necissitate require v.使需要；使成为必需 nevertheless however ad.然而；仍然 norm standard n.标准 note observe v.注意到 notice announce v.宣告，通告2notwithstanding despite prep.尽管2notwithstanding in spite of prep. noxious harmful a.有害的；有毒的3obtain get v.获得；取得3obtain acquire v. 3obtain acquire v. obvious apparent a.明显的；显而易见的 on the threshold of at the start of 在……的起点；开端 optimal best a.最佳的 ornate elaborate a.华丽的 oscillate swing v.来回摇摆；犹豫不决 outbreak beginning n.爆发；开始 outline summarizing v.总结；概括 outstanding excellent a.杰出的；显著的 over great distances faraway a.遥远之处 oversee supervise v.检查；监督 overtake surpass v.赶上，超越 partitioning division n.分割, 划分 peak maximum a.最高的；高峰的 peculiar strange a.奇特的 penetrate go through v.穿透；透过 people in the play actor n.演员；剧中人物 periphery outer edge n.外围 permeate spread through v.渗透；透过 persist continue v.持续 personal magnetism charisma n.个人魅力 pertinent relevant a.有关的 phenomena event n.现象；事件 pick up follow v.寻找；寻路 picture imagine v.想像 pit hole n.坑；洼地 plunge drop n./v.投入，陷入 ponderous heavy a.笨重的 pore hole n.毛孔；细孔 position job n.职位；职务 postulate suggest v.假定；要求 potential possible a.潜在的；可能的 precarious uncertain a.不稳定的 precise accurate a.精确的 prefer favor v.偏好；喜欢 preside manage v.负责；统辖 presumably probably ad.大概 prevailed dominated v.成功，统治2prevailing most frequent a.盛行的；流行的；占优势的2prevailing dominant a. prevent avoid v.制止；阻止 primarily chiefly ad.主要地 primary fundamental a.基本的；初步的 prime principal a.主要的；首要的 primitive undeveloped a.原始的, 远古的 prior to preceding a.在先；居前 prized valued a.贵重的2probe explore v.探察2probe explore v. produce butter n.产物；产品2prolific productive a.多产的2prolific fruitful a. prolonged extended a.持续久的；长时期的2prominent distinguished a.显著的；卓越的；著名的2prominent famous a. proponent supporter n.支持者 prototype model n.原型；范例 protrude project v.突出；伸出 provision supply v.提供……以必需品 pry off locate v.查找 puncture pierce v.刺穿；刺破 pursue chase v.追赶 raise rear v.饲养；养育 random unpredictable a.不可知的 rapidity swiftness n.迅速 rare infrequent a.稀有的；罕见的 rather instead ad.相反；相反地 rather than instead of 而不是 readily easily ad.容易地2realization awareness n.认识；意识2realization recognition n. reap accept v.收获；接受 rear raise v.培养；饲养 reckless irresponsible a.不负责任的 recorded documented a.已纪录的 recruit enlist v.征募；补充 refreshing unusual a.清新的；清爽的 regardless of no matter what a.不管 relate connect v.相关；关联 reliance dependence n.依靠 remarkable significant a.异常的；非凡的 representative typical a.典型的2resemble be similar to v.相似；类似2resemble appear similar to v. resolve find a solution for v.解决 resort to using v.采用 revered respected v.尊敬 revise change v.修正；改造 revitalize bring new life to v.新生 robust strong a.强健的；坚强的 roll back reduce v.压低；减少2rotate alternate v.轮流；更迭2rotate turn v. rotting decaying v.腐烂 roughly approximately ad.概略地；大约 rudimentary undeveloped a.原始的；简单的 rupture burst v.破裂；裂开 rushing rapid a.急流的 sanitation health n.卫生；健康状态 saturate soak v.浸透；饱和 saying two oppositethingsparadox n.悖论；隽语 scale measure n./v.刻度/测量 scattered irrgularlydistributeda.离散的；分散的 scarce rare a.稀有的 scarcely barely ad.稀缺；珍贵 scope extent n.范围 scorched burned v.烧焦 score musicalcompositionsn.乐谱 scurrying rushing v.急赶2secure acquire v.获得；取得2secure safe ad.安全的 sedentary inactive a.不移栖的 sentiment opinion n.意见；观点 serve as function as v.充当；担任 set establish v.确定；安置 settle decide v.决定；解决 settled stabled a.固定的 severe poverty indigence n.贫困；赤贫2shield protect v.保护；避开 significance importance n.意义；重要性 significant meaningful a.有重要意义的 site location n.地点；场所 skepticism doubt n.怀疑主义；怀疑态度 sketch draw v.速写；素描 skilled expert a.熟练的；擅长的 skyrocket increase rapidly v.猛涨，突增 sleep briefly nap n.小睡；打盹 smooth operation effectivefunctioning snap break v.折断；拉断2sole only a.唯一的；独一的2sole only a. solemn serious a.严肃的；庄重的 sort out separate v.挑选出 source basis n.根源；水源；根本 source of energy fuel n.能源；燃料 spanning covering v.包含 spark bring about v.激发；发动 spawn create v.酝酿；引起 speculate hypothesize v.推测；假设 staggering overwhelming a.压倒的；压倒之势的 standard customary a.标准的 standing not flowing a.停滞的；不流动的2staple popular edition n.主要成分；流行的东西2staple basic element n. stimulate encourage v.激发；促进 storey level n.楼层；层 strain stress v.拉紧，重压 strength basis n.实力；基础 stress emphasize v.强调 striking noticeable a.显著的；惊人的 strikingly noticeablely ad.显著地；惊人地 stringent strict a.严格的；严厉的 strip remove v.除去：剥去 struggle competition n.竞争 stunning impressive a.令人印象深刻的 subject susceptible a.易受影响的；遭受影响的 subjugated conquered v.征服 subscribe to agree with v.同意 subsequent later a.后来的 subsidize finance v.资助；赞助 subsidy finance n.补助金；补贴 succinct concise a.简洁的；简练的 sufficient adequate a.足够的；充足的 suitably appropriately ad.适宜地 sumptuous luxurious a.豪华的；奢侈的 sums amounts n.和2supplant replace v.取代；替代2supplement extension n.补充；补遗2supplement add to v.补充，增加 support hold v.支持；支撑 supposedly seemingly ad.想象地；表面上 supremacy dominance n.至高无上；支配地位 supreme most outstanding a.最大的；极度的 surge increase sharply v.急剧增加 surging accelerating a.高涨的；跃进的 suspend hang v.挂；悬挂 sustain support v.支撑 sweep extend v.扫过：伸展；逶迤 symmetrical proportionallybalanceda.对称的；匀称的 tangled twisted together a.混乱的 technically officially ad.学术上；正式地 telling challenging a.有效的；有力的 teeming with full of a.充满；富于 tempting attractive a.诱人的 tend care for v.照顾，照料 testimony to evidence of n.证据；证明 thanks to because of n.由于；多亏 thereby by that means think highly admire v.钦佩；羡慕2thrive grow well v.繁荣；兴旺2thrive flourish v. thwart frustrate v.妨碍；使挫折 tolerate endure v.忍受；忍耐 trace imprint n.痕迹；遗迹 transform change v.转换；改变 transition change v.转变；过渡 trend tendency n.趋势；趋向 typify characterize v.代表，表现2ultimately eventually ad.最后2ultimately in the end ad. unchronicled unrecorded a.未记录的3undergo experience v.经历 3undergo experienced v. 3undergo experienced v. underscore emphasize v.强调 underwater craft submarine n.潜水艇 undoubtedly certainly ad.的确地2unique particular a.独特的；非凡的2unique singular a. 2unprecedented never seen before a.空前的2unprecedented not existing before a. unravel discover v.解开；阐明 unrestricted unlimited a.无限制的；自由的 unsubstantiated unverified a.未证实的；未核实的 urged encouraged v.催促，鼓励 usher begin v.引导；开始 various different a.不同的 vary differ v.变化；改变2vast large a.巨大的；大量的；广阔的2vast great a. venture endeavor n.冒险；冒险行动 version form n.版本；形式 very closely intimately ad.亲密；密切 vestige evidence n.遗迹；残余 virtually completely n.实质地 want to much greedy a.贪婪的；贪心的 whether if conj.是否 wider more extensive a.宽广的 witness observe v.目睹；目击2yield provide v.产生；出产；生长；产生效果2yield produce v. 。
中石油托福词汇题
实用文档VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION1. Recent discoveries in Montana indicate that some dinosaurs may have resided in colonies.(A) lived(B) died(C) hunted(D) fed2. Algae vary in their capacity to tolerate salinity changes.(A) desire(B) ability(C) effort(D) purpose3. Most classical music is recorded in studios where minimal extraneous sounds and distractions are likely to occur.(A) reliable(B) complementary(C) the loudest(D) the fewest4. Voted the most valuable player of the National League in 1949, baseball player Jackie Robinson also received a gold medal that year for his role in bettering race relations.(A) improving(B) discussing(C) evaluating(D) bartering5. Although great strides in agricultural technology have resulted in massive production increases, weather remains an important limitation.(A) abrupt(B) enormous(C) long-term(D) overdue6. The American dancer Loie Fuller used perfume to create special effects during her performances.(A) dim lights(B) strange music(C) darkness(D) scent7. The circulatory system helps dispose of wastes that would harm the body if they accumulated.(A) catch up with(B) bear up under(C) get rid of(D) run out of8. The amount of time spent watching television in the average household in the United States has risen steadily since television sets were introduces in the 1950's.(A) discreetly(B) consistently(C) automatically(D) disproportionately9. In 1896 George Washington Carver became director of the Department of Agricultural Research at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a position he retained for the rest of his life.(A) expanded(B) managed(C) cherished(D) kept10. Penicillin was discovered by chance in 1928.(A) finally(B) accidentally(C) experimentally(D) opportunely11. Lamp filaments are made from tungsten, a strong metal that can hold up under high temperatures without melting.(A) reduce(B) withstand(C) illuminate(D) reflect12. The junior college has become a significant component in the expansion of educational opportunities in the United States since the Second World War.(A) force(B) element(C) concept(D) academy13. During their winter hibernation period, bears doze.(A) sleep lightly(B) lose fur(C) go hungry(D) have babies14. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause cancer if inhaled.(A) picked up(B) taken indoors(C) breathed in(D) eaten up15. Known as "The First Lady of Song." Ella Fitzgerald got her start as a professional singer when she won a contest at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in 1934.(A) an award(B) an argument(C) a competition(D) a contract16. Chromium is a comparatively scarce element, occurring in nature only in compounds.(A) complex(B) strong(C) hard(D) rare17. Many photographers prefer to take pictures at twilight, when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.(A) at dusk(B) at noon(C) in the spring(D) in the fall18. The climate of the Middle Atlantic region of the United States varies with the altitude and land surface.(A) ocean waves(B) humidity(C) wind direction(D) elevation19. Since the Second World War, most urban growth in the United States has occurred on the outskirts of existing metropolitan areas.(A) in the counties(B) on the edges(C) on the streets(D) at the intersections20. A recent study concluded that unstable weather patterns may cause migraine headaches.(A) unforeseen(B) variable(C) violent(D) unusual21. Janet Guthrie was the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500, the most prestigious automobile race in the United States.(A) fastest(B) wealthiest(C) most honored(D) most dangerous22. Logrolling is a sport in which contestants perform various maneuvers while treading on a floating log.(A) speeches(B) duties(C) marches(D) moves23. The reproductive potential of aphids is unmatched in the insect world.(A) unqualified(B) unrecognized(C) underestimated(D) unequaled24. The boom in silver production after 1860 spurred the use of innovative machinery in crafting silver flatware and vessels.(A) stimulated(B) allowed(C) required(D) accompanied25. Barbara Reed, a probation officer in Ohio, tried to climinate overly sweet foods from probationers’ diets in order to temper their antisocial behavior.(A) explain(B) moderate(C) do away with(D) learn about26. If roundworms are removed from the soil and placed in a liquid, they thrash helplessly around.(A) carelessly(B) tirelessly(C) powerlessly(D) heartlessly27. H.L.Mencken's sardonic prose left an indelible mark on the English language.(A) an unrivaled(B) an unmistakable(C) a pretentious(D) a permanent28. In studying social groups, sociologists often gain insightthrough the use of such devices as questionnaires.(A) access(B) credibility(C) publicity(D) understanding29. After his military defeat in 1865, Robert E. Lee entreated the people of the South to work for national harmony.(A) warned(B) urged(C) commanded(D) recruited30. The value of a topaz is largely determined by its quality.(A) especially(B) actually(C) mainly(D) alwaysVOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION1. In addition to being organs of hearing our ears assist us in maintaining our sense of balance.(A) Without(B) Instead of(C) Besides(D) In contrast to2. British Columbia's first gold rush was followed directly by the discovery of gold in eastern Canada.(A) secretly(B) importantly(C) smoothly(D) immediately3. The scientist and agricultural innovator George Washington Carver aided the economy of the South by developing hundreds of commercial uses for crops such as the peanut.(A) restored(B) stabilized(C) helped(D) changed4. Although best known for his political writing, reformer W. E. B.Du Bois also produced noteworthy fiction and poetry.(A) musical(B) unnoticed(C) extensive(D) significant5. The Mandan Indians lived beside the Missouri River where they cultivated fields of beans, corn, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco.(A) surveyed(B) farmed(C) irrigated(D) discovered6. Copper is commonly alloyed with zinc to make brass.(A) mixed(B) beaten(C) layered(D) heated7. Colorful parades were commonly organized on the frontier to display newly arrived merchandise.(A) cavalry mops(B) objects for sale(C) immigrants to the West(D) circus shows8. Europeans established permanent colonies on the eastern shores of what is now the United States t hroughout the seventeenth century.(A)during(B) before(C) up until(D) just after9. The Atlantic trade winds and the belt of calms between them shift northward and southward with the seasons.(A) intensify(B) twist(C) move(D) rush10. Eudora Welty's stories deal with life in the rural South.(A) criticize(B) elevate(C) concern(D) ridicule11. Boston owes some of its economic success to its outstanding public transportation network.(A) busy(B) scenic(C) remarkable(D) gigantic12. In 1973 Ernest Vincent Wright wrote the 50,100-word novel Gadsby without once using the letter "e"(A) simply(B) ever(C) at once(D) at first13. Caused by an ascorbic acid deficiency, scurvy was a serious humana affliction until fairly recent times(A) attribute(B) notion(C) situation(D) problem14. Because light travels more quickly than sound, a rumble of thunder never precedes a bolt of lightning.(A) follows(B) accompanies(C) brings about(D) comes before15. Inuits depend mainly on fishing and hunting for their sustenance.(A) training(B) luxuries(C) recreation(D) livelihood16. Long acclaimed as one of the world's leading sopranos. Beverly Sills retired from her singing career to become artistic directorof the New York City Opera.(A) principal(B) versatile(C) imposing(D) demanding17. Under proper conditions an iceboat can actually travel faster than the presuming breech.(A) suitable(B) unlikely(C) various(D) windy18. Swallows nest in barns, sheds, chunneys and other secluded places.(A) isolated(B) high(C) comfortable(D) rural19. The harpsichord, developed during the Middle Ages, was one of the forerunners of the piano.(A) competitors(B) imitators(C) predecessors(D) offspring20. Geneticist Barbara McClintock discovered that genes, which prescribe the function of cells in plants and animals, can move in unpredictable ways.(A) inhibit(B) mimic(C) alter(D) dictate21. Artists of the school of New Realism deliberately avoid expressing what they feel or think about the subject of their paintings.(A) subtly(B) actually(C) consistently(D) intentionally22. Citizens of foreign countries who hold certificates of deposit in Canadian banks are responsible for paying the Canadian government a tax on their investment earnings.(A) revenue(B) commission(C) product(D) banking23. In the Nothern Hemisphere, summer days are considerably longer than winter days.(A) above all(B) very much(C) in a way(D) on the whole24. In the 1400's artists often created their own pigments by pulverizing semiprecious stones.(A) washing color from(B)making a powder of(C) imitating colors of(D) brushing dust from25. The genetic material DNA contains coded information for the synthesis of proteins.(A) analysis(B) formation(C) absorption(D) functioning26. Cosmologists are more concerned with the origin and evolution of the universe than with the composition of the planets and stars.(A) interaction(B) background(C) outlook(D) make-up27. Gorillas build make-shift-hit nests each night after a day of foraging for leaves and beetles.(A) erode temporary(B) wide strong(C) skillfully camouflaged(D) individually tailored28. Until about A. D. 1400 iron was invariably smelted by the direct or bloomery process.(A) cheaply(B) rapidly(C) always(D) seldom29. For centuries before the first astronomers' probings, the Sun had been viewed only as a deity and was therefore not often the subject of scientific study.(A) a satellite(B) a god(C) an illusion(D) a planet30. Most of the great mountain systems now in existence developed fairly late in geologic history.(A) equally(B) somewhat(C) decidedly(D) altogether。
中石油托福考试TOEFL_语法大全90年08月
7. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf ---of the telephone. (A) than inventing (B) than as the inventor (C) the invention (D) as the inventor 8. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary --- associated with the idea of remembrance. (A) and becomes (B) became (C) becoming (D) to become 9. --- that of iron construction, the technology for constructing buildings with reinforced concrete developed rather rapidly. (A) Dissimilar (B) Different (C) Not likely (D) Unlike 10. Although adult education in the United States began in colonial times, --- chief growth has taken place since the 1920’ s. (A) its (B) so it (C) but its (D) it is 11. Hot objects emit --- do cold objects. (A) rays more than infrared (B) rays are more infrared than (C) more than infrared rays (D) more infrared rays than 12. An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately --- from Marathon to Athens. (A) the distance is (B) that the distance is (C) is that the distance (D) the distance
中石油模拟托福应试精讲50页PPT
1、不要轻言放弃ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔．卡耐基。
梦 境
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
中石油模拟托福应试精讲 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
中石油模拟托福应试精讲PPT文档50页
31、别人笑我太疯癫，我笑他人看不 穿。(名 言网) 32、我不想听失意者的哭泣，抱怨者 的牢骚 ，这是 羊群中 的瘟疫 ，我不 能被它 传染。 我要尽 量避免 绝望， 辛勤耕 耘，忍 受苦楚 。我一 试再试 ，争取 每天的 成功， 避免以 失败收 常在别 人停滞 不前时 ，我继 续拼搏 。
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
42、只有在人群中间，才能认识自 己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育； 而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔Байду номын сангаас
33、如果惧怕前面跌宕的山岩，生命 就永远 只能是 死水一 潭。 34、当你眼泪忍不住要流出来的时候 ，睁大 眼睛， 千万别 眨眼!你会看到 世界由 清晰变 模糊的 全过程 ，心会 在你泪 水落下 的那一 刻变得 清澈明 晰。盐 。注定 要融化 的，也 许是用 眼泪的 方式。
35、不要以为自己成功一次就可以了 ，也不 要以为 过去的 光荣可 以被永 远肯定 。
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联
中国石油考试中心老托福试题及答案
0310托福真题0310听力1A She is younger than her sister .B she does not spend much time with her sister’s children.C she does not get along well with her sisterD she no longer resembles her sister.2A Paper plates are cheaper than dishes.B Dishes break more easily than paper plates.C There is no need to wash any dishes now.D The woman’s roommate will return soon.3A She has not applied to any universities yet,B She will begin university classes in a few weeks.C She does not know yet if a university will accept her.D She is too busy to contact the university right now.4A Reconsider his position laterB Allow the student to miss classC Lower the student’s gradeD Suggest that the student try to reschedule the operation5A He does not have enough money for the trip yet.B He is planning to work during spring break .C The trip is too far off in the future to think about.D He has changed his mind about going to Canada.6A The photograph is not good enough to send.B The photograph was not taken at the Grand Canyon.C They already sent Mary a photograph of their vacation.D Sending pictures through the mail is too expensive.7A She should have asked to be excused from the trip.B She deserves the zero.C She is right to be angry.D She should have gone on the field trip.8A He wants to live off campus.B There are advantages and disadvantages to living off campus.C Living space in the dorm is crowded.D There are only a few apartments available off campus.9A Turn down the volume of the musicB Turn the music offC Play a different style of music.D Listen to music in a different room.10A It took a long time to finish the building.B He was too busy to notice the opening of the hotel.C He did not know the hotel had a restaurant.D He would like to meet the woman for brunch next Sunday.11A Go to her class.B Cancel her appointment with the president.C Ask her professor to excuse her from class.D Attend the presentation.12A She admires Steve’s relationsh ip with his father.B She does not know Steve or his father.C Her daughter is older than Steve.D She disagrees with the man.13A He has heard the new CD.B He does not enjoy classical music.C He is not interested in the CD.D He rarely listens to music.14A Buy tickets for the next showing.B Leave the theaterC Change their seats for a better viewD Ask the couple in front of them to be quiet15A The library closes earlier during the summer.B The library is closed during summer vacation.C The library will be open until midnight tonight.D She does not usually go to the library during the summer.16A She is sorry the man has to cancel the plansB She wants to hand in her report early.C She would like to go with the man.D she does not usually enjoy the symphony.17A He has other plans for the eveningB He is looking forward to attending the party.C He often misses Linda’s parties.D he wants to know if he should bring anything to the party.18A There is just about enough time to do the jobB The desk has never been so orderly.C The clock on the desk needs to be set.D The desk really needs organizing.19A He enjoys looking at the flowers.B He thinks the park is boring.C He does not like walking with the woman.D He does not see any trees.20A There are not very many hotels in the area.B She stayed at the Clover Inn last month.C She is not sure the man’s parents would like the Clover Inn.D It may be too late to get a room at the Clover Inn.21A Wait until later to eatB Go to the cafeteria without herC Bring her some food from the cafeteriaD Meet her at the cafeteria22A He has to work with his brother .B He has no definite plans.C He usually works on weekends.D His plants depend on the woman.23A Buy stamps at the post officeB Mail the woman’s billC Drive to the woman’s houseD Pick up a package from the post office24A The woman should call Bill to check his schedule.B The woman should have left for the airport earlier.C The woman does not need to rush to meet Bill .D Traffic near the airport could delay the woman’s arrival.25A She did better on the quiz than the man did.B She did not have to take the quiz.C She has not yet received her grade on the quiz.D She did not do well on the quiz.26A He will be happy to share their dessertB He did not know what time he was supposed to arrive.C He expected the traffic to be bad.D He is not upset that they ate lunch.27A She has to quit her job in the laboratory.B She cut herself while working in the laboratory.C She enjoys doing laboratory experiments.D She feels that the man is dedicated to his work too.28A Ask for directionsB Try a different route to the beachC Go back for the mapD Cancel their trip29A He would like the woman to reschedule the meeting.B He will meet the woman briefly on FridayC The report will not be ready until Thursday.D The report was finished last Friday.30A Find out when the bookstore opensB Withdraw some cashC Inquire about a jobD Spend her extra money on books31A Ways to determine the age of a fossilB The identity of a fossil the woman foundC A comparison of two shellfish fossilsD Plans for a field trip to look for fossils32A The class is going to study them .B They evolved from brachiopods.C They are similar to brachiopods in appearance.D They belong to the same species as brachiopods.33A It has a ribbed shell.B It has an unusually large valve.C It was found near the water.D It is smaller than a mollusc.34A He has never seen a fossil that old.B It could be many millions of years old.C It is probably a recent specimen.D He will ask the lab how old it is.35A Take it to classB Put it in her collectionC Take it to the labD Leave it with her professor36A A jewelry store robberyB Buying a birthday presentC Writing a storyD Doing research for a class assignment37A Her professor did not like her story .B She had trouble finishing her assignmentC she did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.D She was taking too many courses,38A Take some extra timeB Do a writing exerciseC Do some work for another courseD Write the story ending first39A To go shoppingB To do research for her storyC To meet with her professorD To take a break from her work40A To describe ways pests can damage plantsB To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC To explain how corn plants developD To describe how a natural pesticide works41A Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD Knives cutting its stalk42A By flying in circles around a fieldB By detecting a chemical signalC By inspecting individual corn leavesD By noticing the caterpillar’s coloration43A Recently discovered manuscriptsB Similarities among religionsC Methods of analyzing ancient manuscriptsD How ancient manuscripts are preserved44A The simplicity of their languageB Their ageC The location of their discoveryD The material they are made of45A Orally preserved teachingsB A collection of lettersC A diaryD A scholarly article46A Ancient settlers in AsiaB How Buddhism is practiced todayC The spread of Buddhism in AsiaD Why some languages disappear47A The language they are written in is not widely known.B They cannot be moved from where they were foundC The writing in them has fadedD Many people want credit for the discovery.48A The advantages of an economy based on farmingB Reasons farmers continued using river transportationC The role of cotton in the United States economyD Improved methods of transporting farm crops49A The new technology used to build roadsB The ability to transport goods over landC The trade in grain and cottonD The linking of smaller local roads into one long road50A Reduced charges for transporting farm productsB Required payment from vehicles that used their roadsC Made repairs to older roadsD Installed streetlights on roads connecting major cities10月语法1.The musical comedy Oklahoma! did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt......(a)original themes(b)to original themes(c)that were original themes(d)how original themes2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.(a)an animal breathes air that(b)an animal that breathes air(c)an animal breathes air(d)that an animal breathes air3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.(a)is the largest(b)the largest(c)that is the largest(d)the largest that is a4.It is said that United Stales literature......individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.(a)was achieved(b)achieved(c)to achieve(d)achieving5.Lucy Stone ,......first feminists in the United States ,helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.(a)the one(b)who was the(c)another(d)one of the6.......,including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.(a)Depending on many factors(b)Many factors depending on(c)Factors depending on many(d)On many factors depending(7)Duke Ellington's orchestra ,......his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.(a)he played(b)playing(c)that it played(d)was playing(8)The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface......(a)as is today(b)than today is(c)than they do today(d)that today(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide.(a)property owners benefited so that(b)why property owners benefited(c)that if property owners benefited(d)that property owners benefited(10)Helium is not flammable and ,next to hydrogen ,is......(a)known the lightest gas(b)lightest the known gas(c)the lightest gas known(d)the known gas lightest(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to30 years.(a)live(b)to live(c)they live(d)their living(12)Portland,......,is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.(a)which Maine's largest city(b)Maine's largest city where(c)is Maine's largest city(d)Maine's largest city13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)Except for14.Cells,first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered......in the nineteenth century.(a)them as microcosm of living organisms(b)the microcosm of living organisms(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large ,gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.(a)it is mostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)both are almost16．Bacterial cultures are used commercially in the preparation of food products such that yogurt ,sour cream ,and vinegar.17.Anyone with absolute ,or perfect,pitch are able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.18.Sea horses usually live along the shore among seaweed and other plants to which they cling to by their tails.19.Babies have soft spots between the bones of their skulls ,which allowing for further growth.20.T.S.Elot,who a poet ,playwright, literary critic ,and editor ,was a leader of the Modemist movement in poetry.21.The Pacific Ocean comprises almost th e entire boundary westernof North and South America.22．Established in 1948 ,the State University of New York is the singly largest university system in the United States.23.Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature ,records the visible world, and extension human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate.24.Because of their rapidly changing economically fortunes, many frontier towns of the American West underwent spectacular fluctuations in population in the nineteenth century.25.Virtually no disease exists today for which there is no drug that can be given ,neither to cure the disease or to alleviate its symptoms.26.Calcium is essential for blood clotting ,for the action of certain enzymes, and for the normal contraction and relax of muscles.27.The large collection of the Williams College Museum of Art includes ancient and medieval art ,but much exhibits are modern or contemporary.28.The technique of spectroscopy allows analyst of incoming light after it has been separated into its component wavelengths by passage througha prism.29.Today,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway conveys 40,000 vehicles in normal year.30.Since prehistoric times ,artists (have been)arranged colors on surfaces (in ways) (that express) their ideas (about people) ,the world ,and religion.31.(Few substances) look less (alike than) coal and diamonds ,yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.32.Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure ,increase cloud cover ,and rising humidity.33.Obsidian is formed when siliceous lava cools too rapidly to crystallized into rock-forming minerals.34.European settlers in North America moved from the Atlantic coast across 3,000 miles forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains until they reached the Pacific Ocean.35.Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life.36.In this world of high technology ,it is easy to forget that the most important tools ever developed for learning is still the book.37.The element potassium makes up less than one half percentage of the human body.38.Twenty thousand years ago a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.39.The Crow ,Blackfoot ,and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beaded decorations.40.In the late 1800’s ,United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad ,powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.Questions 1-9:Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moonout from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s(5)most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinkedbrown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The(10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometersthick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat(15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks onEuropa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images ofEuropa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurfaceocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a(20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of thematerial forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primalSun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquidright to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior(B)Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons(C)Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons(D)Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.2.The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)changing(B)perfect(C)visible(D)fascinating3.In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell”in order to help readers(A)visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B)appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewingEuropa from far away(C)understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D)recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered5. what does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in commonwhich of the following?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?(A) A long period of extremely high tides(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky coreQuestion 10-19Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples ofthe Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings ofcultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In bothareas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding(5)and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certainnative plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.(10) The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of theMidwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years agoand domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” isnot used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period(15)elsewhere in the world.Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of thecontinent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there islittle evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticatedfoods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering(20)wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather thanfor food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were allweedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form aroundhuman settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and(25)dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almostdomesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, becauseethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant foodand had detailed knowledge of plants.10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology(C) Their development of agriculture(D) Their distribution of work between men and women11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to(A) seeds(B) river valleys(C) the Midwest and the Southeast(D) experimentation and domestication12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?(A) 7,000 years ago(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago(C) Long after the Neolithic period(D) Before the Archaic period13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sufficient(B) healthful(C) varied(D) dependable14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for thecultivation of plants in eastern North America?(A) Lack of enough wild food sources(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements(C) Provision of work for an increasing population(E)Desire for the consistent availability of food15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A)in addition to(B)instead of(C)as a replacement(D)such as16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritionalvalue(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) stayed(B) originated(C) grew well(D) died out18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all earlydomesticated plants?(A) They were varieties of weeds.(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who begancultivating plants were(A) medical workers(B) leaders of ceremonies(C) women(D) huntersQuestions 20-29Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the othersto follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the routeby intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail(5 )pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the contextchanges. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants ineither direction.Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has tobe kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use(10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitiveto these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,(15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone willevaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from sideto side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna intothe vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.(20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new courseuntil its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and soweaves back and forth down the trail.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The mass migration of ants(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail(C) Different species of ants around the world(D) The information contained in pheromones21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) look up(B) walk toward(C) revolve around(D) search for food22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to(A) periodically(B) incorrectly(C) rapidly(D) roughly23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single(A) message(B) dead ant(C) food trail(D) species24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trailpheromones?(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals(B) To attract different types of ants(C) To protect their trail from other species(D) To indicate how far away the food is25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to pointout(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) include(B) provide(C) cover(D) select28. The word “ oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) falling(B) depositing(C) swinging(D) starting。
托福阅读素材之石油资源
托福阅读素材之石油资源Petroleum Resources石油资源1.Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.段落梗概：石油和天然气都是来自海底的有机物沉淀。
部分有机物分解，部分沉积。
2.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settli ng on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.段落梗概：持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。
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ascend
climb
2 assemble
gather
2 assemble
bring together
assortment
variety
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belief
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regardless
attachment
preference for
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full of praise
celestial
astronomical
chance
unplanned
characteristics
qualities
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v. 攀升；升高 v. 装配；组合 v. 装配；组合 n. 形形色色；各式各样 n. 确信的想法
great
consistent
constant
consort
associate
conspicuous
noticeable
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component
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make up
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consume
eat
consumption
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3 contemporary
existing
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current
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written at that time
convergence
gathering
2 convert
change
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考频
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abundant
accelerate
accessible
according to
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account
2 account for
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accumulate
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thick
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lower
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obtain
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detect
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correspondingly similarly
count
weigh
counter
overcome
counteract
negate
counterpart
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move back and forth
critical judge of fine connoisseur
acrutscial
disaster discard dispute 2 disseminate 2 disseminate 4 distinct 4 distinct 4 distinct 4 distinct distnctive distinguish divergence 3 diverse 3 diverse 3 diverse dividing line do sth. repeatedly 2 domain 2 domain dominant dominate dramatic drastic drastically 3 draw 3 draw 3 draw durability 2 durable 2 durable dwelling eager 2 easily moved 2 easily moved edge effect efficiency elaborately elevate elicit embraced emerge
adorn
advent
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affront
aided
alert
allay
alter
alternative
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阅 读 词 汇新 题
正确的选项 plentiful increase available depending on for that reason consequently explain explain explain collect collect sufficient stick addition managed decorate arrival negatively proponent artistically insult helped wary reduce change option completely secondary conquer enemy predecessor look forward to as fast as attractive used for recognized recognition appropriately difficult object
conclusive
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concomitant with in conjunction with
concrete
specific
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2 confine
limit
2 confine
restrict
confirm
uphold
conflicting
依靠；由于 v. 计算；确定
v. 支撑；支持 v. 开展；维持；继续 v. v. 停止；结束 n. 颂扬 a. 天空的；天上的 a. 偶然的；碰巧的 n. 性质，特性
主管, 掌管 v. 记述
circumscribe
restrict
classify
categorize
clear
unobstructed
easily broken
by virtue of
because of
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determine
came to the forefront became important
carry
support
2 carry on
conduct
2 carry on
continue
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stop
celebratory
catastrophe get rid of argument spread/impart spread separate separate different separate unique differentiate difference dissimilar varied different boundary iterate field region most common be prevalent in striking radical severely attract attract instruct endurance long-lasting strong house enthusiastic portable portable advantage influence effectiveness done in great detail promote bring out welcomed appear
reached
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accompanying
attire
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credit
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characteristics
avail
make use
avid
eager
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exchange
besides
in addition to
2 bias
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bind
tie
boast
take pride in having
boosted
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break
departure from
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