专业英语课文翻译
刚整理的专业英语课文翻译
第一单元Human bodyTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 16 Basic Concepts of MechanismsA combination of interrelated parts(相关零件的组合体) having definite（确定的）motions and capable of performing useful work may be called machine.具有确定的运动轨迹,并且能做有用的功联接在一起的零件的组合称为机器.A mechanism is a component of a machine consisting of two or more bodies arranged so that the motion of one compels the motion of the others.机构是机器的组成要素.机器由二个及以上的机构组合而成.因此其中一个构件的运动会带动其它的构件的连锁运动.Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms without reference to the forces that act on the mechanism运动学仅研究机构的运动而不考虑作用在机构上的力.Dynamics is the study of motion individual bodies and mechanisms under the influence of forces and torques.动力学研究独立构件的运动及力和扭矩作用下对机构的影响.The study of forces and torques in stationary systems (and systems with negligible inertial effects) is called statics研究平衡中的力和扭矩,该系统忽略惯性影响,称之为静力学.Synthesis is the procedure by which a product (a mechanism, for example) is developed to satisfy a set of performance requirements合成是一个程序,通过该程序能够不断改进一个产品(例如一个机构)直到满足一系列的性能要求.If a product configuration is tentatively specified and then examined to determine whether the performance requirements are met, the process is called analysis.如果需要探索性的详细阐述产品的构造结构,然后检验,判断该产品是否满足性能要求,这个过程称为分解.The design of mechanisms involves both synthesis and analysis.机构设计包括合成和分解.The design process begins with the recognition of a need. A set of requirements is then listed设计从对于需求的确认开始,罗列出一系列的要求.Detailed analyses of displacements, velocities, and accelerations are usually required通常需要对位移,速度,加速度进行具体分析.This part of the design process is followed by an analysis of forces and torques. 设计过程中的这个部分是紧跟在对力和扭矩的分析之后.The design process may continue long after（很久以后）the first models have been produced and may include redesigns of components that affect velocities, accelerations, forces, and torques在制造完毕第一个模型之后,该设计过程仍有可能持续很长一段时间. 并且有可能会重新设计这些会影响速度,加速度及所知扭矩的零部件In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufactures must continuously modify their product and their methods of production为了在年复一年的技术中取得优势,大多数制造商必须不断调整修改他们的产品及加工方式.Increases in the production rate, upgrading of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction are frequently required,为了增加出产率,提高产品的性能,经常需要重新设计来降低成本以及减轻重量. Success may hinge on（决定于） the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic analysis 对问题进行正确的运动学和动力学分析是成功的关键.Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into（成为……的一部分）machines designed centuries ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changed over the years很久以前,许多基本的连杆构造就已经运用在机器设计中去了,并且我们用来称呼它们的术语在不断的变化,.Thus, definitions and terminology are not consistent throughout thetechnical literature.因此技术供应文献中的定义和说明不是一成不变的In most cases, however, meanings will be clear from the context of the descriptive matter.在大多数的情况下,然而定义,义意可以在的解释性的描述内容中清晰的获得,A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics and dynamics of machines are defined below下面定义了在学习,研究机构运动学和动力学中一些特别重要的术语.Link A link is one of the rigid bodies or members joined together to form a kinematic chain.杆件是一个刚体或者连接在一起形成运动链的零部件,因此被称为刚性构件或者是简单构件.The term rigid link, or sometimes simply link, is an idealization used in the study of mechanisms that does not consider small deflections due to strains in machine members刚性构件是在机械装置中的理想化模型.这样就不无需考虑由机器零部件所产生的应力造成的微小偏移量.A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.一个绝对刚性或不可延展的构件只能存在于教科书上的机械零部件的模型.For typical machine parts, the maximum changes in dimension are on the order of only a one-thousandth of the part length.对于典型的零部件,最大的尺寸变化量仅仅是沿着该部件长度方向的千分之一.We are justified（合理的） in neglecting this small motion when considering the much greater motion characteristic of most mechanisms当考虑到大多数的机构相对较为显着的运动特征,忽略这点微量的偏移是合情合理的. The word link is used in a general sense to include cams, gears, and other machine members in addition to cranks, connecting rods and other pin-connected（铰接） components通常意义所说的杆件包括凸轮,齿轮以及它的机器零件的曲柄,连杆机构和其它的销件连接部分.Frame The fixed or stationary link in a mechanism is called the frame机架机械装置中固定或静止不动的构件称为机架.When there is no link that is actually fixed, we may consider one as being fixed and determine the motion of the other links relative to it如果实际中确实没有构件是固定的,我们可以假设其中某个是固定的,这样可以判断出其它与之相连构件的运动.In an automotive engine, for example, the engine block (see Fig.14.1) isconsidered the frame, even though the automobile may be moving例如汽车发动机,我们通常是把发动机气缸视为机架,让它保持静止不动,实际上整部汽车者是运动的.Degree of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom of a linkageis the number of independent parameters required to specify the position of every link relative to the frame or fixed link自由度连杆机构的自由度是给定独立参数的数目，需要自由度来确定某一个与机架或固定杆件相连接的构件的位置，If the instantaneous configuration of a system may be completely defined bespecifying one independent variable, that system has one degree of freedom如果系统的瞬间结构完全可以由一个独立的变量来确定，这样系统就具有一个自由度，An unconstrained rigid body has six degrees of freedom:大多数实际上运用的机构装置只有一个自由度。
专业英语课文翻译
ACCESS 访问the internet and the telephone system are similar—you can connect a computer to the internet much like you connect a phone to the telephone system . 互联网和电话系统是相似的你可以将计算机连接到互联网更像你将电话连接到电话系统。
once you are on the internet ,your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computer-a computer that branches all over the world. 一旦你在互联网上，您的计算机变得什么看起来像一个巨大的计算机——一个计算机的扩展，世界各地的分支机构。
when provided with a connection to the internet ,you can use a browser program to search the Web. 当提供一个连接到互联网，您可以使用要搜索Web 的浏览器程序。
PROVIDERS 提供商the most common way to access the internet is through an internet service provider(ISP).访问互联网的最常见方式是通过互联网服务运营。
（因特网络提供商）the providers are already connected to the internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access the internet.供应商已经连接到互联网并提供路径或个人能够访问互联网的连接。
your college or university most likely provides you with free access to the internet either through its local area networks or through a dial-up or telephone connection. 你的学院或大学最有可能为您提供免费接入到互联网通过其局域网络或通过拨号或电话连接。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 1 Why GIS?现在，许多组织在地理信息系统和地理数据库方面花费大量的金钱。
预言显示，在整个下一个十年，将有数十亿美元花费在这些上面。
为什么在现今成为现实，而在仅仅几年前，GIS还是稀有之物？迅速下降的计算机硬件成本，使得能够负担得起GIS的人迅速增多，范围变广。
更重要的是，我们终于认识到，地理学（和数据描述的地理学）是我们日常生活环境的部分：几乎我们所做的每一个决策都是被一些地学事实所限制，所影响，或是所支配的。
我们派消防车以最快的速度，尽可能短的路径到达着火现场。
我们的中央政府经常根据人口数量拨款物给地方政府。
我们通过确认疾病的流行地区和传播速度来研究疾病。
这种对地理信息的需求与对GIS的需要相吻合，解释了它迅速普及的原因。
然而，如此概括不能够解释GIS为什么能帮助和怎样帮助你。
首先，你必须知道GIS 是什么和它能用来做什么。
下面的主题将帮助你理解GIS。
GIS是什么？在1980年代，GIS的使用显著地增长。
现在，对企业、政府和学术界来说，运用GIS 的许多不同的应用已是寻常之事。
因而GIS的许多定义已经出现了。
例如，翻到本书的词汇表，你将发现GIS被描述为：由计算机硬件、软件、地理数据和人员构成的有机集成，被设计来有效搜集、储存、更新、处理、分析和展示各种空间相关信息。
尽管这个定义正确、全面、并被广泛接受，但它对初学GIS的人帮助不多。
当你读完此工作手册，这个定义的含义将变得清晰，但目前，考虑一个更简单的定义：能够支持和使用数据描述地表区域的计算机系统。
空间操作许多计算机程序，诸如spreadsheets, statistics packages, 或drafting packages能处理简单的地理或空间数据，那么，为什么他们不是通常所认为的是GIS呢？一个通常被接受的回答是，如果它允许对数据进行空间操作，这样的GIS才是GIS。
作为一个例子，考虑下面的表格：这个表格表明，在所选择的活动中心，从事GIS某一方面工作者的大致数量。
专业硕士英语课文翻译顾明远主编
Unit 1 Text1 What’s the Big Idea?Nokia sponsors a wide range of educational, cultural and other activities. One of the most unusual activities was the sponsoring of “Future Histories”, a collection of stories by prominent writers of science ficti on .Why should a telecommunications company become involved with literature? It could be called “research”.诺基亚公司举办了一系列有关教育文化的的意义活动。
其中最不寻常的一项活动是举办“未来的历史”，由科幻小说作家们收集的小说故事系列。
为什么一个通讯公司变得与文学有牵涉，它就是所谓的“科学研究”。
Science and literature have traditionally been hostile to each other. Writers have regarded scientists as dull creatures who take pleasure in destroying great words of the imagination with boring facts. Scientists have thought of writers as frivolous people with no respect for the rules of evidence. At the heart of their mutual suspicion is the question of who owns the truth. Does something become real when it is imagined or when it is physically created?科学和文学传统上就相互敌对。
专业英语王立琦版课文翻译
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to anext ernal circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
大学-英语专业-精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译
大学英语专业精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译《Half a Day》一、①I walked alongside my father ,clutching his right hand.（走在父亲的身旁，我紧紧地抓住他的右手）②All my clothes were new : the black shoes , the green school uniform ,and the red cap.（那时，我穿着黑鞋子，绿校服，戴着红帽子，它们都是新的。
）③They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for first time.（然而，因为今天是我第一次被送去上学，所以这些衣服并没有给我带来一丝快乐。
）二、①My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help.（母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时地回头看她，希望会从她那里得到帮助。
）②We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms.（我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。
）三、①“Why school ?”I asked my father .“What haveI done ?”（“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么吗？”）四、①“I’m not punishing you,”he said ,laughing.“School’s not a punishment. It’s a place that makes useful men out of boys. Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?”（“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 10 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids1.Chemistry of EstersEsters are neutral compounds derived from reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The esters of any individual carboxylic acid form a homologous series whose lower members are volatile liquids with pleasant, often fruit-like odours. As the relative molecular mass increases, volatility decreases and the esters gradually become viscous, oily liquids or waxy solids. They are immiscible with water and ethyl ethanoate is widely used as an organic solvent. They are polar compounds with boiling points well below those of carboxylic acids of corresponding relative molecular mass, since there is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding:CH3CO2CH2CH3CH3CH2CO2CH3CH3CH2CH2CO2H Ethyl ethanoate (M r=88) methyl propanoate (M r=88) butanoic acid (M r=88) b.p.=77℃ b.p.=80℃ b.p.=163℃Esters occur naturally. Those derived from certain long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and the alcohol propane-1,2,3-triol(glycerol)are important constituents of vegetable oils and animal fats. Ester polymers, called polyesters, are very important synthetic materials; an example is the synthetic polyester fibre Terylene.The following reactions are typical of esters.1.1HydrolysisThe hydrolysis of an ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol is the reverse of the esterification process and involves an equilibrium:RCOOR’+H2O RCOOH+R’OHThe composition lf the equilibrium mixture is the same, no matter whether one has started from an equimolar mixture of acid and alcohol, or ester and water. Like esterification, the rate of hydrolysis is very slow but hydrolysis is catalysed by acid or alkali. Alkali hydrolysis is usually the more effective method because the salt of the carboxylic acid, rather than the free acid, is obtained, so that the equilibrium position is pushed so much towards the products that reaction is virtually complete. The hydrolysis is normally effected by heating the aster with sodium hydroxide solution under reflux. As hydrolysis proceeds, the separate ester and aqueous layers gradually merge into one. If the alcohol is wanted is can be distilled out of the alkaline mixture; acidification of the residue with sulphuric acid will liberate the free carboxylic acid, which may then be distilled from the solution. The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is sometimes referred to as saponification because the reaction is used in soap-making.1.2 ReductionEsters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which the ester is derived. The other organic product is the alcohol corresponding to the alcohol component of the ester:RCOOR’→RCH2OH+R’OHe.g.CH3COOCH3→CH3CH2OH+CH3OHMethyl ethanoate ethanol methanol2.Chemistry of Acid ChloridesAcid chlorides are very reaction compounds and hence are not found in nature. Theyare conveniently prepared by the action of sulphur dichloride oxide ( thionyl chloride ) on a carboxylic acid, since the other product of the reaction are gases. The acid chlorides are generally volatile liquids and find applications, in many small-scale laboratory syntheses. The following reactions, in which the chlorine is replaced by other groups, are typical of acid chlorides.2.1 HydrolysisAcid chlorides are vigorously hydrolyzed on contact with water, heat and fumes of hydrogen chloride being evolved. The acid chlorides even fume on contact with moist air, and hence must always be protected from moisture during storage. For the same reason reactions involving acid chlorides must be carried out with water-free reagents, and if a solvent is used, it must also be dry. Care must always be exercised when handling them.RCOCL+H2O→RCOOH+HCLThe acid chlorides are named according to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the suffix-oic being replaced by –oyl; thus ethanoic acid forms the acid chloride, ethanoyl chloride.2.2 Reaction with alcoholsAcid chlorides react with alcohols, although slightly less vigorously than with water, to form eaters;RCOCl+R’OH→RCOOR’+HClThis is a particularly useful method of making esters because the reaction goes to completion, and hence high yields may be expected.2.3 Reaction with ammonia and amines \When an acid chloride is added to a cold, concentrated ammonia solution, a vigorous reaction takes place and an acid amide is formed:RCOCl+NH3→RCONH2+HClA similar reaction occurs with an amine and the reaction is often performed in a dry ether solvent to moderate its vigour. The product is an N-substituted amide, i.e. an amide in which hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by an alkly group:RCOCl+R’ NH2→RCONHR’+HClA secondary amine will also react in a similar fashion but a tertiary amine will not. The reaction of an acid chloride with an amine is used commercially in the manufacture of the very important range of semi-synthetic penicillins, first product by the Beecham Group in 1959. By varying the acid chloride, various groups can be introduced into the essential penicillin structure to produce new penicillin antibiotics with important pharmacological properties not possessed by natural penicillin.2.4 ReductionAcid chlorides can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or, more conveniently in the laboratory, by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. The reduction product is a primary alcoholRCOCl→RCH2OH2.5 Friedel- Crafts reactionAcid chloride enters into a substitution reaction with aromatic compounds to formketones. This reaction is known as the Friedel- Crafts reaction.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
School of chemical engineering and pharmaceuticaltest tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷test tube rack试管架beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶wide-mouth bottle广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gas measuring tube气体检测管volumetric flask容量瓶transfer pipette移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿ground joint磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿desiccators干燥皿long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filter flask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管plastic squeez e bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸球microspatula微型压舌板pipet吸量管mortar and pestle研体及研钵filter paper滤纸Bunsen burner煤气灯burette stand滴定管架support ring支撑环ring stand环架distilling head蒸馏头side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶air condenser空气冷凝器centrifuge tube离心管fractionating column精(分)馏管Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹utility clamp铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹 burette clamp pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平分析化学absolute error绝对误差accuracy准确度assay化验analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标level of significance显著性水平 limit of quantitation定量限masking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度primary standard原始标准物purity纯度qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析random error偶然误差reagent试剂relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品relative standard deviation相对标准偏差 selectivity选择性sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significant figure有效数字solubility product溶度积1standard addition标准加入法standard deviation标准偏差standardization标定法stoichiometric point化学计量点systematic error系统误差有机化学acid anhydride 酸酐acyl halide 酰卤alcohol 醇aldehyde 醛aliphatic 脂肪族的alkene 烯烃alkyne炔allyl烯丙基amide氨基化合物amino acid 氨基酸aromatic compound 芳香烃化合物amine胺butyl 丁基aromatic ring芳环,苯环 branched-chain支链chain链carbonyl羰基carboxyl羧基chelate螯合chiral center手性中心conformers构象copolymer共聚物derivative 衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷ester酯ethyl乙基fatty acid脂肪酸functional group 官能团general formula 通式glycerol 甘油，丙三醇heptyl 庚基heterocyclie 杂环的hexyl 己基homolog 同系物hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydroxide 烃基ketone 酮levorotatory左旋性的methyl 甲基molecular formula分子式monomer单体octyl辛基open chain开链optical activity旋光性（度）organic 有机的organic chemistry 有机化学organic compounds有机化合物pentyl戊基phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer 聚合物，聚合体propyl丙基ring-shaped环状结构 zwitterion兼性离子saturated compound饱和化合物side chain侧链straight chain 直链tautomer互变（异构）体structural formula结构式triglyceride甘油三酸脂unsaturated compound不饱和化合物物理化学activation energy活化能adiabat绝热线amplitude振幅collision theory碰撞理论empirical temperature假定温度enthalpy焓enthalpy of combustion燃烧焓enthalpy of fusion熔化热enthalpy of hydration水合热enthalpy of reaction反应热enthalpy o f sublimation升华热enthalpy of vaporization汽化热entropy熵first law热力学第一定律first order reaction一级反应free energy自由能Hess’s law盖斯定律Gibbs free energy offormation吉布斯生成能heat capacity热容internal energy内能isobar等压线isochore等容线isotherm等温线kinetic energy动能latent heat潜能Planck’s constant普朗克常数potential energy势能quantum量子quantum mechanics量子力学rate law速率定律specific heat比热spontaneous自发的standard enthalpy change标准焓变standard entropy of reaction标准反应熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔熵standard pressure标压state function状态函数thermal energy热能thermochemical equation热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡uncertainty principle测不准定理zero order reaction零级反应 zero point energy零点能课文词汇2实验安全及记录：eye wash眼药水first-aid kit急救箱gas line输气管safety shower紧急冲淋房water faucet水龙头flow chart流程图loose leaf活页单元操作分类：heat transfer传热Liquid-liquid extraction液液萃取liquid-solid leaching过滤vapor pressure蒸气压membrane separation薄膜分离空气污染：carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳particulate matter颗粒物质photochemical smog光化烟雾primary pollutants一次污染物secondary pollutants二次污染物 stratospheric ozone depletion平流层臭氧消耗sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcanic eruption火山爆发食品化学：amino acid氨基酸,胺amino group氨基empirical formula实验式,经验式fatty acid脂肪酸peptide bonds肽键polyphenol oxidase 多酚氧化酶salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶 steroid hormone甾类激素table sugar蔗糖triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂adrenal gland肾上腺ionizing radiation致电离辐射food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate味精,谷氨酸一钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors天然食用香料,天然食用调料nutrasweet天冬甜素potassium bromide 溴化钾propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯sodium chloride氯化钠sodium nitraten硝酸钠sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠trans fats反式脂肪genetic food转基因食品food poisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternal and child health care妇幼保健护理national patriotic health campaign committee(NPHCC) 全国爱国卫生运动委员会rural health农村卫生管理the state food and drug administration (SFDA)国家食品药品监督管理局光谱：Astronomical Spectroscopy天文光谱学Laser Spectroscopy激光光谱学 Mass Spectrometry质谱Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱Attenuated T otal Reflectance Spectroscopy衰减全反射光谱Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy电子顺磁谱Electron Spectroscopy电子光谱Infrared Spectroscopy红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-ray Spectroscopy伽玛射线光谱Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy复用或频率调制光谱X-ray SpectroscopyX射线光谱色谱：Gas Chromatography气相色谱3High Performance Liquid Chromatography高效液相色谱Thin-Layer Chromatography薄层色谱magnesium silicate gel硅酸镁凝胶retention time保留时间mobile phase流动相stationary phase固定相反应类型：agitated tank搅拌槽catalytic reactor催化反应器batch stirred tank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜exothermic reactions放热反应pilot plant试验工厂fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜multiphase chemical reactions 多相化学反应packed bed reactor填充床反应器redox reaction氧化还原反应reductant-oxidant氧化还原剂acid base reaction酸碱反应additionreaction加成反应chemical equation化学方程式valence electron价电子combination reaction化合反应hybrid orbital 杂化轨道decomposition reaction分解反应substitution reaction取代(置换)反应Lesson5 Classification of Unit Operations单元操作Fluid flow流体流动它涉及的原理是确定任一流体从一个点到另一个点的流动和输送。