2021年雅思考试巩固预测试题及答案
雅思模拟考试题及答案
雅思模拟考试题及答案听力部分：Section 1: 旅游信息1. 旅游地点的名称是？A. 蓝山B. 绿谷C. 红岩Answer: A. 蓝山2. 旅游团的出发时间是？A. 早上6点B. 早上7点C. 早上8点Answer: B. 早上7点3. 旅游团的费用包括以下哪项？A. 交通B. 住宿C. 餐饮Answer: A. 交通4. 旅游团不包括以下哪项？A. 导游服务B. 保险C. 个人消费Answer: C. 个人消费5. 旅游团的联系电话是多少？A. 0123456789B. 9876543210C. 1234567890Answer: C. 1234567890Section 2: 学术讲座6. 讲座的主题是？A. 气候变化B. 可持续发展C. 环境保护Answer: B. 可持续发展7. 讲座的地点是？A. 图书馆B. 讲堂C. 实验室Answer: A. 图书馆8. 讲座的主讲人是谁？A. 教授B. 学生C. 研究员Answer: A. 教授9. 讲座的时间是？A. 周三下午3点B. 周四下午3点C. 周五下午3点Answer: B. 周四下午3点10. 讲座的参与者需要提前准备什么？A. 笔记本B. 笔记本电脑C. 录音设备Answer: B. 笔记本电脑阅读部分：Passage 1: 城市化的影响11. 根据文章，城市化带来的主要问题是什么？Answer: 城市化导致了交通拥堵和环境污染。
12. 文章提到了哪些解决城市化问题的方法？Answer: 提倡公共交通使用和增加绿地面积。
Passage 2: 教育的重要性13. 文章认为教育对于个人发展的重要性体现在哪些方面？Answer: 教育可以提高个人技能，增强社会参与感，促进个人成长。
14. 文章提到了教育对社会的哪些积极影响？Answer: 教育可以减少犯罪率，提高社会整体的生产力。
写作部分：Task 1: 图表分析15. 描述以下图表，分析其反映的趋势和可能的原因。
2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案(卷十二)
2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案（卷十二）Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure IneffectivePublished: February 5, 2007 New York Times1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are asked to select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look like their bank’s, and should not enter their passwords.4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whoseresults could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.6.“The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image,”said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. “From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time.”7.He added: “If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better,”he said.8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites to find better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do: ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate theiridentities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.12.SiteKey “gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site,”said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. “It was very well received.”13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured. The error message also had a conspicuous spelling mistake, further suggesting something fishy.14.Mr. Gupta of Bank of America said he was not troubled by the results of the survey, and stressed that SiteKey had made the bank’s Web site more secure. He also said that the system was only a single part of a larger security blanket. “It’s not like we’re betting the bank on SiteKey,”he said.15.Most financial institutions, like Bank of America, have other ways to tell if a customer is legitimate. The banks often drop a small software program, called a cookie, onto a user’s PC to associate the computer with the customer. If the customer logs in from another machine, he may be asked personal questions, like his mother’s maiden name.16.Rachna Dhamija, the Harvard researcher who conducted the study, points out that swindlers can use their dummy Web sites to ask customers those personal questions. She said that the study demonstrated that site-authentication images are fundamentally flawed and, worse, might actually detract from security by giving users a false sense of confidence.17.RSA Security, the company that bought PassMark last year, “hasa lot of great data on how SiteKey instills trust and confidence and good feelings in their customers,”Ms. Dhamija said. “Ultimately that might be why they adopted it. Sometimes the appearance of security is more important than security itself.”(811 words )Questions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage1.According to internet security experts, secondary security measures provide little additional protection against fraud.2.In the Harvard and MIT study, two subjects didn’t log on without seeing the correct pictures.3.According to Schechter, more than 90% of online banking customers studied logged on without seeing the right pictures.4.The image system is the only security measure that the banks mentioned in the passage have currently.5.Bank of America is the first bank that adopted the image system.Questions 6-13Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by choosing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6.What is ING Direct and Vanguard?7.What might online banking customers be cheated to give at a fraudulent Web site?8.What may stop online banking customers from using new verification methods?9.The key to online banking security is to verify the ______ of customers.10.Where is PassMark Security located?11.What is the reason why SiteKey is popular among online bankingcustomers?12.What was used instead of images in the Harvard and M.I.T. study?13.How many security methods are mentioned in this passage?Answer keys1. 第一段“Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.”似与问题文字很接近，但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的一个措施，而非泛指所有secondary security measure。
2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案(卷二)
2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案（卷二）Lonely? Feeling low? Try taking a walk -- down the aisle. Getting married enhances mental health, especially if you're depressed, according to a new US study.感觉孤独?情绪低落?那就步入婚姻的殿堂吧!美国的一项研究发现，结婚能够改善心理健康状况，对那些抑郁症患者尤其有效。
The benefits of marriage for the depressed are particularly dramatic, a finding that surprised the professor-student team behind the study.婚姻对抑郁症患者的益处十分明显，这个发现令研究小组里的教授和学生都感到惊讶。
"We actually found the opposite of what we expected," said Adrianne Frech, a PhD sociology student at Ohio State University who conducted the study with Kristi Williams, an assistant professor of sociology.俄亥俄州立大学社会学博士阿德里亚诺·弗雷希和社会学助理教授克里斯季·威廉斯主持了该项研究。
弗雷希说：“事实上我们发现的结果和预期完全相反。
”They expected to find that one spouse's depression weighed too much on the marriage, but "just mattering to someone else can help alleviate symptoms of depression".研究人员原本期望证明配偶的抑郁症会对婚姻产生很大的负面影响，不料却发现“结婚能够减轻抑郁症”。
雅思阅读考试巩固试题附答案
雅思阅读考试巩固试题附答案无知是智慧的黑夜，没有月亮、没有星星的黑夜。
以下是小编为大家搜索整理雅思阅读考试巩固试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生!Changes in AirAA federal ban on ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), to conform with the Clean Air Act, is, ironically, affecting 22.9 million people in the U.S. who suffer from asthma, Genetic inhaled albuterol, which is the most commonly prescribed short-acting asthma medication and requires CFCs to propel it into the lungs, will no longer be legally sold after December 31, 2008. Physicians and patients are questioning thewisdom of the ban, which will have an insignificant effect on ozone but a measurable impact on wallets: the reformulated brand-name alternatives can be three times as expensive, raising the cost to about $40 per inhaler. The issue is even more disconcerting considering that asthma disproportionately affects the poor and that according to recent surveys, an estimated 20 percent of asthma patients are uninsured.BThe decision to make the change was political, not medical or scientific, says pharmacist Leslie Hendeles of the University of Florida, who co-authored a 2007 paper in the New England Journal of Medicine explaining the withdrawal and transition. In 1987 Congress signed on to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, an international treaty requiring the phasing out of all nonessential uses of CFCs. At that time, medical inhalers were considered an essential use because no viable alternative propellant existed. In 1989 pharmaceutical companies banded together and eventually, in 1996, reformulated albuterol with hydrofluoroalkane.CThe transition began quietly, but as more patients see their prescriptions change and costs go up, many question why this bail must begin before generics become available. At least one member of the FDA advisory committee, Nicholas J. Gross of the Stritch-Loyola School of Medicine, has publicly regretted the decision, recanting his support and requesting that the ban be pushed back until 2010, when the first patent expires.DGross notes that the decision had nothing to do with the environment Albuterol inhalers contributed less than 0.1 percent of the CFCs released when the treaty was signed. Lt's a symbolic issue Gross remarks. Some skeptics instead point to the billions of dollars to be gained by the three companies holding the patents on the available HFA-albuterol inhalers, namely Glaxo-SmithKline, Schering-Plough and Teva. Althoughthe FDA advisory committee recognized that the expenses would go up, Hendeles says, it also believed that the companies would help defray the added costs for individuals, Firms, for instance, had committed to donating a million HFA inhalers to clinics around the country. According to Hendeles, GlaxoSmithKline did not follow through, although Schering-Plough and Teva did. GlaxoSmithKline did not respond to requests for comment.EThe issue now, Hendeles says, is that pharmaceutical-grade CFCs are in short supply, and the public faces the risk of a shortage of albuterol inhalers if the FDA does not continue promoting the production of HFA inhalers. He posits that even costs of generics would go up as CFCs become scarcer. Gross disagrees, saying that the inhaler shortage and the closure of CFC manufacturing plants are a result of the ban.FThe HFA inhalers also have encountered resistance because some asthmatics insist that they do not work as well as the CFC variety. But, Hendeles says, the differences are in the mechanics and maintenance—unlike CFC inhalers, the HFA versions must be primed more diligently and rinsed to accommodate the stickier HFA formulation. They also run out suddenly without the warning with a CFC inhaler, that the device is running low. Pharmacists may not tell people of these things, and the doctors don't know, Hendeles says.GThe main public health issue in this decision may be the side effects of the economics, not the drug chemistry. Multiple studies have shown that raising costs leads to poorer adherence to treatment. One study discovered that patients took 30 percent less amtiasthma medication when their co-pay doubled. In the ease of a chronic disease such as asthma, it is particularly difficult to get people to follow regular treatment plans. Generally speaking, for any reason you don’t take medication, cost makes it more likely” that you do not, comments MichaelChernew, a health policy expert at Harvard Medical School.HSuch choices to forgo medication could affect more than just the patients themselves. For example, Hendeles points out, in a pregnant mother with untreated asthma, less oxygen is delivered to the fetus, which can lead to congenital problems and premature birth. And considering that the disease disproportionately strikes the poor, what seemed to be a good, responsible environmental decision might in the end exact an unexpected human toll.Question 14-18Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA Nicholas J. GrossB Michael ChernewC Leslie Hendeles14. Put forward that the increase in the price of drugs would contribute to the patients' negative decision on the treatment.15. Spoke out a secret that the druggists try to hold back.16. Pointed out that the protocol itself is not concerning the environment.17. Demonstrated that the stop of providing alternatives for CFCs would worsen rather than help with the situation.18. In public repented of his previous backing up of the prohibition proposal.Question 19-22Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage19. It took almost a decade before the replacement drug for the asthma therapy was ultimately developed by the joint effort of several drug companies.20. One of the FDA committee members had a decisive impact on the implement of the ban on chlorofluorocarbons.21. As a matter of fact, the emitted chlorofluorocarbons in asthma treatment took up quite an insignificant amount at the time when the pact was reached.22. The HFA and CFC inhalers have something different regardingthe therapeutic effect.Question 23-27Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.American people with asthma would be impacted by...23...about chlorofluorocarbons which would consume the ozone layer. The usually used...24...would be considered illegal because it needs the propelment of...25.... The...26...would cost the patients considerably more money. Impoverished people are far more likely to Suffer from asthma and what makes it even worse is that some of them are in...27...condition.。
雅思模拟测试题及答案
雅思模拟测试题及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确答案。
A. 去图书馆B. 去电影院C. 去超市D. 去公园[答案] B2. 根据所听短文，回答以下问题：Q: 演讲者提到了哪些地方的旅游胜地？A. 巴黎B. 纽约C. 伦敦D. 悉尼[答案] C二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下段落，判断以下陈述是否正确。
陈述一：文中提到了三种不同的学习方法。
陈述二：作者认为自学是最有效的学习方式。
[答案] 陈述一：正确；陈述二：错误。
2. 根据文章内容，选择最佳标题。
A. 学习方法的比较B. 学习环境的重要性C. 学习工具的选择D. 学习时间的管理[答案] A三、写作部分1. 请根据以下图表，写一篇不少于150字的报告，描述该地区的人口变化趋势。
[范文]根据图表显示，该地区在过去十年中经历了显著的人口增长。
2005年，人口数量为500,000，而到了2015年，人口数量增长至750,000。
这种增长趋势反映了该地区经济的快速发展和生活条件的改善。
预计未来几年，人口数量将继续增长。
2. 请针对以下问题写一篇议论文，阐述你的观点。
问题：是否应该在城市中禁止使用私家车？[范文]私家车在城市中的使用带来了诸多问题，如交通拥堵和环境污染。
然而，私家车也为人们的出行提供了便利。
我认为，应该通过提高公共交通的效率和鼓励使用环保车辆来逐步减少私家车的使用，而不是立即禁止。
四、口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的一项运动，并解释为什么喜欢它。
[答案]我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
我喜欢游泳，因为它是一项全身运动，可以锻炼身体的各个部位。
此外，游泳还能帮助我放松心情，减轻压力。
2. 讨论一下你如何看待社交媒体对青少年的影响。
[答案]社交媒体对青少年有着复杂的影响。
一方面，它为青少年提供了与朋友交流和获取信息的平台。
另一方面，过度使用社交媒体可能导致青少年沉迷于虚拟世界，影响他们的学习和社交能力。
因此，家长和学校应该引导青少年合理使用社交媒体。
雅思模拟考试题及答案
雅思模拟考试题及答案一、听力部分1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。
A. 火车将在10分钟后到达。
B. 火车已经晚点了20分钟。
C. 火车将在30分钟后出发。
答案：B2. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。
A. 男士建议女士去看医生。
B. 女士建议男士去看医生。
C. 两人都同意去看医生。
答案：A二、阅读部分Passage 1阅读以下短文，并回答以下问题。
The history of the bicycle can be traced back to the early 19th century, when it was first invented as a means of transportation. Over the years, the bicycle has evolved from a simple wooden frame to a complex machine with gears and brakes.3. 根据短文，自行车的历史可以追溯到哪个世纪？A. 18th centuryB. 19th centuryC. 20th century答案：B4. 短文中提到自行车最初是由什么制成的？A. 金属B. 木头C. 塑料答案：BPassage 2阅读以下短文，并回答以下问题。
Many people believe that the internet has changed the way we communicate. With the advent of social media, people can now share their thoughts and experiences with others instantly.5. 根据短文，互联网改变了什么？A. 我们的工作方式B. 我们的沟通方式C. 我们的学习方式答案：B6. 短文中提到的社交媒体允许人们做什么？A. 立即分享他们的想法和经历B. 与朋友面对面交流C. 通过邮件发送信息答案：A三、写作部分Task 1根据所给图表，描述以下趋势。
国外英语考试：2021雅思(IELTS)真题模拟及答案(2)
国外英语考试：2021雅思（IELTS）真题模拟及答案(2)1、During summer vacation ______.（单选题）A. all institutional housing facilities close down.B. additional living costs are involved.C. university canteens remain open.D. monthly living expenses decrease.试题答案：B2、南京中山陵为（）。
（多选题）A. 西式建筑B. 民族形式建筑C. 中西结合式建筑D. 日式建筑试题答案：B3、根据明清的科举考试制度，乡试一般每三年一次，在各省省城举行，经乡试合格而取中者称为（）。
（多选题）A. 秀才B. 贡士C. 举人D. 解元试题答案：C4、Credit unions on campus ______.（单选题）A. are open 24 hours a day.B. provide the usual financial services offered by banks.C. deduct fees for normal transactions.D. are open on public holidays.试题答案：B5、因为土地是国家的根本，所以皇帝每年夏至日必须亲自或派人到（）的地坛去祭地。
（多选题）A. 京城南郊B. 京城西郊C. 京城北郊D. 京城东郊试题答案：C6、In the conversion of the soil at the Hallside site, ______.（单选题）A. two types of worms are being used.B. three types of worms are being used.C. many types of worms are being used.D. thousands of different types of worms are being used.试题答案：A7、引渭水作长池并在池中筑蓬莱山以象征神山仙境的上林苑是由（）下令修建的。
2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案(卷八)
2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案（卷八）雅思阅读文本：The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from sat ellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed.Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionizeand excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas,which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.雅思阅读题目：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles(C) The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras2. The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) ideas(B) stars(C) events(D) colors3. The word "picture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) frame(B) imagine(C) describe(D) explain4. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere(C) it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind(D) it is strongest in the polar regions5. The word "them" in line 16 refers to(A) polar regions(B) electrons(C) atoms and molecules(D) aurora radiations6.According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?(A) greenish-white(B) crimson(C) blue(D) violet7. The word "emit" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) change from(B) connect with(C) add to(D) give off8. The word "glowing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) shining(B) moving(C) charging(D) hanging9.Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth(B) solar flares are very intense(C) the speed of the solar wind is reduced(D) the excitation of atoms is low10. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding ofauroras?(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.(C) Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in auroras.(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will beavailable.11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "magnetosphere" (line 6)(B) "electrons" (line 15)(C) "ionize" (line 15)(D) "fusion" (line 29)雅思阅读答案：BCBBCADABAAEconomic EvolutionA Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation producedby random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive”and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur.But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation”in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about beingconquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayeknever makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.Questions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement if falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passageSKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.Questions 6-8Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?A a strict ruleB a smart strategyC a tightly managed authorityD a powerful legislation7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economicsA an official announcementB a diplomatic eventC the exchange of goodsD certain written correspondenceE some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situationQuestions 9-13SummaryComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that therelationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.文章题目：经济进化论篇章结构体裁论说文题目经济进化论结构A段：Yanomam人和曼哈顿人在年收入及库存单位上存在巨大差异B段：介绍复杂适应系统C段：物质经济通过产品生产和产品选择完成进化D段：经济由下而上进行选择E段：经济进化论解释了采猎者如何进化为贸易者F段：贸易可以自由演化，也可以由更高力量来控制试题分析Question 1-13题目类型：LIST OF HEADINGS题号定位词文中对应点题目解析1 SKUs A段第三句A段提到SKUs(库存单位)，只是将Yanomam 人和曼哈顿人在年收入和库存单位上的差异做了一个比较，并未说明SKUs是否能够衡量经济发展水平。
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2021年雅思考试巩固预测试题及答案Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold25 January 2007From New Scientist Print Edition.Stuart Clark1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor Ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilitiesin the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the wayEarth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However, apersistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and othercritics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms areat work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities thatcause the temperature fluctuations.(716 words)Questions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila GrandpierreB. Gábor ÁgostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. ...claims there抯 a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce instabilities in the solar plasma.3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperatureoscillation begins and when ends.Questions 10-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold thetemperature ...10...in the sun's interior, but the slight changes in the earth's ...11... alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun's interior. The sun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Andthe ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the sentences in paragraph 1(There's a dimmerswitch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2 (Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)2. A BSee para.3: ?i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor Ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible".5. FalseSee para.5: for the past million years, ice ages haveoccurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," ... Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect. (The passage doesn抰mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"?"The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards, 卙e says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea tosee where we are in the temperature oscillation.") and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical).10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.11. orbitSee para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, 匛arth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: ?i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.13. cyclesSee para.4: …allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 millionkelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.14. randomSee para.4: Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.(By HE Xiao)。