外文文献及翻译：The introdution of the Injection Mold
针刺方法中英文对照
04
By inserting needs into these points, acquisition can restore balance and harmony in the body, leading to improved health and well being
Principles of Acquisition
Needlework technique
Needlework technique
Different cupping methods
mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry引用格式-概述说明以及解释
mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry引用格式-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述在《mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry》这篇长文中，我们将重点关注当前药物化学领域的研究进展和重要的研究成果。
药物化学是一门研究药物设计、合成和优化的学科，对于新药物的开发和治疗疾病具有重要意义。
本文旨在提供一个概述和综述最新的药物化学领域的相关研究成果，以便读者了解当前这一领域的进展情况。
通过对已有的文献进行综合分析和评价，我们将介绍一些有意义的研究成果和突破性进展，以及它们在药物研发和临床应用中的潜在价值。
本文主要分为三个部分。
第一部分是引言，我们将对药物化学的概念和研究领域进行简要介绍，以便读者对该领域有一个大致的了解。
第二部分是正文，我们将详细探讨几个重要的研究要点，包括药物设计、化合物合成和生物活性评价等方面的内容。
最后一部分是结论，我们将总结本文的主要观点和发现，并探讨未来药物化学研究的发展方向。
通过撰写这篇文章，我们希望能够向读者展示当前药物化学领域的发展动态和重要研究成果，为研究人员提供一个全面了解该领域的概览，以及未来研究方向的指导。
同时，我们也希望能够促进学术界之间的合作与交流，推动药物化学领域的进一步发展和创新。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分应该包括以下内容：文章的结构是指文章整体的组织方式和框架，有助于读者理解文章的逻辑和脉络。
本文将按照以下结构展开讨论：引言部分：首先对mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry进行简要介绍，介绍该期刊的背景和特点，以及其在医药化学领域的重要性和影响力。
接着，对本文的研究目的进行明确和具体地描述，即在该期刊上撰写一篇长文，从而引出本文的整体框架。
正文部分：本文的正文将以四个要点为主线进行展开。
每个要点将对mini-reviews in medicinal chemistry的某一方面进行详细探讨。
化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿
化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿引言该文档旨在提供化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿。
以下是一个初步概述，其中包含选定的文献和简要讨论。
文献1：《化学反应动力学研究》- 作者：John Smith- 出版年份：2020年- 摘要：本文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。
作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。
文献2：《化学反应的溶剂效应》- 作者：Emily Johnson- 出版年份：2018年- 摘要：本文研究了不同溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响。
通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验，并分析实验结果，作者确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。
译文稿请注意，以下是对上述两篇文献的简要翻译稿，仅供参考。
文献1翻译稿《化学反应动力学研究》是John Smith于2020年发表的一篇关于化学反应动力学的研究论文。
该文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。
作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。
文献2翻译稿《化学反应的溶剂效应》是Emily Johnson于2018年发表的一篇关于溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响的研究论文。
该文通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验并分析实验结果，确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。
结论该文档提供了两篇化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿的简要介绍。
这些文献涵盖了化学反应动力学和化学反应的溶剂效应两个重要研究领域。
通过阅读这些文献，读者可以了解到关于化学反应动力学和溶剂选择的最新研究成果，并为进一步的研究提供了参考依据。
美国生物医学公司的骨髓穿刺针产品说明书
SimpleOnly three componentsEfficientAll-in-one procedure tocapture the biopsy specimenBetterExcellent specimen withno tissue distortionOrdering informationCat. No.Description Qty. BMNI15GX2I-Type 15G x 2 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNI15GX4I-Type 15G x 4 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ11X4J-Type 11G x 4 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ11X6J-Type 11G x 6 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ8X5J-Type 8G x 5 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs BMNJ13X2J-Type 13G x 2.5 in. bone marrow biopsy needle10/cs 31-CR1SF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type needle, 11G x 4 in.10/cs 31-CR1SFDF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type needle, 11G x 4 in. without lidocaine10/cs 31-CR2SF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type and I-Type needles10/cs 31-CR2SFDF Safety bone marrow biopsy tray with J-Type and I-Type needles without lidocaine10/csTrocar point stylet• Long and sharp trocar point stylet effectively penetrates soft tissue and cortical bone, allowing precise access to the cancellous bone. It is also used for pushing the sample out of the needle at the end of the procedure.Cardinal Health™ Core Retention Bone Marrow Biopsy NeedleFeaturesInsertion aid• Insertion aid helps guide the introduction of the pusher rod into the mouth of theneedle and facilitates the delivery of the biopsy specimen through the opposite/proximal end of the needle.Outer serrations• A series of outer serrations supports drilling and helps the passage of the needle through the cortical layer of bone.• The cutting edge, designed for precision, helps ensure that the bony trabeculae is cut cleanly, giving a better biopsy sample.Unique core retaining device• The unique design allows the sample to expand within the needle, ensuring entrapment and safe capture of a better biopsy sample.No tissue distortion• The core retention bone marrow needle retrieves long, uniform core of marrow tissue with little or no distortion of marrow architecture.© 2021 Cardinal Health. All Rights Reserved. CARDINAL HEALTH, the Cardinal Health LOGO, ESSENTIALTO CARE are trademarks of Cardinal Health and may be registered in the US and/or in other countries. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. Lit. No. 2GM21-1383835-01 (04/2021)For more information, visit /CoreRetentionBoneMarrowNeedle。
双金属纳米颗粒的英文文献2000字左右
双金属纳米颗粒的英文文献2000字左右Dual-metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields. These NPs are composed of two different metallic elements, typically noble metals such as gold and silver, which are combined to form a single nanoparticle. In this review, we will discuss the synthesis, properties, and applications of dual-metallic NPs.Synthesis of dual-metallic NPs can be achieved through various methods, such as chemical reduction, electrochemical deposition, and seed-mediated growth. One commonly used method is the co-reduction of metal salts in the presence of a stabilizing agent, which can control the size and composition of the NPs. Another approach is the Galvanic replacement reaction, where a more reactive metal is used to replace the less reactive metal in the NPs, resulting in a core-shell structure.Dual-metallic NPs exhibit unique properties that are distinct from their single metal counterparts. For example, the combination of two different metals can lead to the formation of alloyed NPs with enhanced catalytic activity, optical properties, and stability compared to single metal NPs. The electronic structure of dual-metallic NPs can also be tuned by controllingthe composition, size, and shape of the NPs, leading to interesting phenomena such as localized surface plasmon resonance.The applications of dual-metallic NPs are diverse andwide-ranging. In the field of catalysis, these NPs have been employed as efficient catalysts for various reactions, including hydrogenation, oxidation, and reduction. The synergistic effects between the two metals can promote the catalytic activity and selectivity of the NPs, making them promising candidates for industrial applications. In addition, dual-metallic NPs have shown great potential in biomedical applications, such as imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. The unique optical and magnetic properties of these NPs make them suitable for bioimaging and targeted drug delivery, while their biocompatibility and stability are advantageous for in vivo applications.In summary, dual-metallic NPs represent a promising class of nanomaterials with unique properties and versatile applications. The synergistic effects between the two metals can lead to enhanced performance in catalysis, sensing, imaging, and other fields. Future research in this area should focus on developing new synthesis methods, understanding the fundamental properties of these NPs, and exploring theirpotential in emerging technologies. Overall, dual-metallic NPs hold great promise for advancing the field of nanotechnology and contributing to the development of new and improved materials and devices.。
JMC上一篇文献的总结
张参制药工程14221010772Discovery of a Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor Targeting the Frataxin/Ubiquitin Interaction via Structure-Based Virtual Screening andBioassays一个抑制共济蛋白泛素化的新型小分子抑制剂的发现——基于结构的虚拟筛选和生物测定一、研究背景：1、有关弗里德赖希共济失调症（FRDA）弗利特里希氏共济失调症是一种常染色体隐性遗传的神经变性紊乱，由一种控制铁元素稳态的线粒体共济蛋白的部分还原引起。
弗利特里希氏共济失调症是美国和欧洲最常见的遗传性共济失调症，其发病率估计在1:30000到1:50000之间。
这种神经疾病的主要特征是影响中枢和周围神经，导致神经节的初等感觉神经元死亡并并伴有一系列神经学症状。
虽然发病时间高度不统一，还会因为不明原因的部分延迟，这些在出生时和幼儿期表现正常的患者大部分通常在20岁左右出现这类症状。
弗利特里希氏共济失调症的主要病因是人体失调症基因的第一个内含子的GAA异常复制膨胀，抑制了转录，导致大量酶缺失（也包括共济蛋白），线粒体功能紊乱，以及氧化性功能损伤。
目前仍然没有能延缓病情的药物治疗。
2、有关共济蛋白（Frataxin）共济蛋白在细胞核中编码，在细胞质中合成，并作为先导多肽（共济蛋白1-210）被转移至线粒体基质，被蛋白酶修饰成中间体（共济蛋白41-210），最终形成成熟形式（共济蛋白81-210）。
目前认为共济蛋白在线粒体基质中被加工成成熟体，没有发现其在线粒体内的其他后加工程序。
最近，人们在人类干细胞的几种细胞类型的细胞质中发现了大量成熟共济蛋白，它参与了多种生物功能。
这里我们报道了一种。
二、提出问题最近很多研究发现说明了共济蛋白先导物和成熟体聚集体通过泛素-蛋白酶体通路系统（UPS）的直接调控作用。
(完整版)有关隧道方面外文文献与翻译
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thawconditions in the surrounding rock wall of atunnel in permafrost regionsHE Chunxiong（何春雄），（State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology andGeocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Applied Mathematics,South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China）WU Ziwang（吴紫汪）and ZHU Linnan（朱林楠）（State key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology andGeocryologyChinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China）Received February 8, 1999AbstractBased on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted.Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw.A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermalconditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and maintenance of new tunnels in cold regions.Many tunnels，constructed in cold regions or their neighbouring area，s pass through the part beneath the permafrost base .After a tunnel is excavat，edthe original thermodynamical conditions in the surroundings are and thaw destroyed and replaced mainly by the air connections without the heat radiation, the conditions determined principally by the temperature and velocity of air flow in the tunnel ，the coefficients of convective heat transfer on the tunnel wall，and the geothermal heat. In order to analyze and predict the freeze and thaw conditions of the surrounding wall rock of a tunnel，presuming the axial variations of air flow temperature and the coefficients of convective heat transfer, Lunardini discussed the freeze and thaw conditions by the approximate formulae obtained by Sham-sundar in study of freezing outside a circular tube with axial variations of coolant temperature .We simulated the temperature conditions on the surface of a tunnel wall varying similarly to the periodic changes of the outside air temperature .In fact，the temperatures of the air and the surrounding wall rock material affect each other so we cannot find the temperature variations of the air flow in advance; furthermore，it is difficult to quantify the coefficient of convective heat exchange at the surface of the tunnel wall .Therefore it is not practicable to define the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall according to the outside air temperature .In this paper, we combine the air flow convective heat ex-change and heat conduction in the surrounding rock material into one mode，l and simulate the freeze-thaw conditions of the surrounding rock material based on the in situ conditions of air temperature，atmospheric pressure，wind force at the entry and exit of the tunnel，and the conditions of hydrogeology and engineering geology. MathematicalmodelIn order to construct an appropriate model, we need the in situ fundamental conditions as a ba-sis .Here we use the conditions at the scene of the Dabanshan Tunnel. The Dabanshan Tunnel is lo-toted on the highway from Xining to Zhangye, south of the Datong River, at an elevation of 3754.78-3 801.23 m, with a length of 1 530 m and an alignment from southwest to northeast. The tunnel runs from the southwest to the northeast.Since the mon thly-average air temperature is ben eath O'}C for eight mon ths at the tunnel site each year and the construction would last for several years，the surrounding rock materials would become cooler during the construction .We conclude that, after excavation, the pattern of air flow would depend mainly on the dominant wind speed at the entry and exit，and the effects of the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the tunnel would be very small .Since the dominant wind direction is northeast at the tunnel site in winter, the air flow in the tunnel would go from the exit to the entry. Even though the dominant wind trend is southeastly in summer, considering the pressure difference, the temperature difference and the topography of the entry and exi，tthe air flow in the tunnel would also be from the exit toentry .Additionally，since the wind speed at the tunnel site is low，we could consider that the air flow would be principally laminar.Based on the reasons mentione，dwe simplify the tunnel to a round tube，and consider that theair flow and temperature are symmetrical about the axis of the tunnel，Ignoring the influence of the air temperature on the speed of air flow, we obtain the following equation:ra (/ v a v 亠X + 7 ★亦…at/ TI ^ u -z — + (/ — +d t % where t, x, r are the time, axial and radial coord in ates; U, V are axial and radial wind speeds; T is temperature; p is the effective pressure(that,isair pressure divided by air den sity); v is the kin ematic viscosity of air; a is the thermal con ductivity of air; L is the len gth of the tunn el; R is the equivale nt radius of the tunnel secti on; D is the len gth of time after the tunnel con structi on ;S f (t), S u (t) are frozen and thawed parts in the surrounding rock materials respectively; f , u and C f ,C u are thermal conductivities and volumetric thermalcapacities in frozen and thawed parts respectively; X= (x , r) , (t) is phase change front; Lh is heat late nt of freez ing water; and To is critical freez ing temperature of rock ( here we assume To= -0.1C).2 used for sol ving the modelEquation( 1)shows flow. We first solve those concerning temperatureat that thetemperature of the surrounding rock does not affect the speed of air equationsconcerning the speed of air flow, and then solve those equations every time elapse. 2. 1 Procedure used for sol ving the continu ity and mome ntum equati onsSince the first three equati ons in(1) are not in depe ndent we derive the sec ondequati on by xand the third equation by r. After preliminary calculation we obtain the followingelliptic equation concerning the effective pressure p:「艺p ,丄空仃肚、J 裂 工 r 3r\ dr) ~ t 卄升 1 0 < x < A 3U av\ 2V Z nJ" Q ・ (2)» 0 < r < R .0 < x < L, O < r < fi j <? V rr 3V 丽4 □齐 <7*3? tl/亦("狂丿 + 7 a?J-产' 0 < t < 77, 0 < x < fj’Oc r < /? j 3 / R T\ 1 3 f ^r\ a?=芥2右八7芥(s 苏n 0 < t < D , 0 < jr < £ T O < 尸吃 K* -iff 入己art d s at 亠张［仏c= r u ( (ar r 3 TA-九昇）1 小弓訂⑺丹，0 < f < Z> f ( i r > € S f { t ):0 < l <. ( x ( r ) 6 S u (< )； f * « r o t 0 t Di = “屠 O W Y 6+) I乔*左石r(R-)»Then we solve equatio ns in(1) using the follow ing procedures:(i ) Assume the values for U0 V0;(ii ) substituting U0 , V0 into eq. (2), and solving (2), we obtain p0;(iii) solving the first and second equations of(1), we obtain U0, V1;(iv) solving the first and third equations of(1), we obtain U2, V2;(v) calculating the momentum-average of U1, v1 and U2, v2, we obtain the new U0, V0;the n return to (ii);(vi) iterating as above until the disparity of those solutions in two consecutive iterations is sufficiently small or is satisfied, we then take those values of p0 U0 andV0 as the in itial values for the n ext elapse and solve those equati ons concerning the temperature..2 .2 En tire method used for sol ving the en ergy equati onsAs mentioned previously, the temperature field of the surrounding rock and the air flow affect each other. Thus the surface of the tunnel wall is both the boun dary of the temperature field in the surrounding rock and the boundary of the temperature field in air flow .Therefore , it is difficult to separately identify the temperature on the tunnel wall surface , and we cannot independently solve those equations concerning the temperature of air flow and those equations concerning the temperature of the surrounding rock .In order to cope with this problem, we simultaneously solve the two groups of equati ons based on the fact that at the tunnel wall surface both temperatures are equal .We should bear in mind the phase cha nge while sol ving those equati ons concerning the temperature of the surro unding rock a nd the convection while solvi ng those equations concerning the temperature of the air flow, and we only need to smooth those relative parameters at the tunnel wall surface .The solvi ng methods forthe equati ons with the phase cha nge are the same as in refere nee [3].2.3 Determ in ati on of thermal parameters and in itial and boun dary con diti ons2.3.1 Determination of the thermal parameters. Using p= 1013.25-0.1088 H , wecalculateP air pressure p at elevati on H and calculate the air den sity using formula , where T is the yearly-average absolute air temperature and G is the humidity constant of air. Letting C P be the thermal capacity with fixed pressure, the thermal con ductivity , and the dyn amic viscosity of air flow, we calculate the thermal con ductivity and of the surro unding rock are determ ined from the tunnel site.2 .3.2 Determ in ati on of the in itial and boun dary con diti ons .Choose the observed mon thly average wind speed at the entry and exit as boun dary con diti ons of wind speed and choose the relative effective pressure p=0 at the exit ( that,isthe entry of 2 [5]the dominant wind trend) and p (1 kL/ d) v /2 on the section of entry ( thatis , the exit of the dominant wind trend ), where k is the coefficie nt of resista neealong the tunnel wall, d = 2R , and v is the axial average speed. We approximate T varying by the sine law accord ing to the data observed at the sce ne and provide a suitable boundary value based on the position of the permafrost base and thegeothermal gradie nt of the thaw rock materials ben eath the permafrost base.3 A simulated exampleUsing the model and the solving method mentioned above , we simulate thevarying law of the air temperature in the tunnel along with the temperature at the entry and exit of the Xiluoqi No.2 Tunnel .We observe that the simulated results are close to the data observed[6].The Xiluoqi No .2 Tunnel is located on the Nongling railway in northeastern Chinaand passes through the part ben eath the permafrost base .It has a len gth of 1kinematic viscosity using the formulas aC p and —.The thermal parameters160 m running from the northwest to the southeast, with the entry of the tunnel in the no rthwest, and the elevati on is about 700 m. The dominant wind direct ion in the tunnel is from no rthwest to southeast, with a maximum mon thly-average speed of 3 m/s and a minimum monthly-average speed of 1 .7 m/s . Based on the data observed we approximate the varying sine law of air temperature at the entry and exit with yearly averages of -5°C, -64C and amplitudes of 189C and 176C respectively. The equivalent diameter is 5 .8m, and the resista nt coefficie nt along the tunnel wall is 0.025.Sineethe effect of the thermal parameter of the surrounding rock on the air flow is much smaller than that of wind speed , pressure and temperature at the entry and exit, werefer to the data observed in the Dabanshan Tunnel for the thermal parameters.Figure 1 shows the simulated yearly-average air temperature in side and at theentry and exit of the tunnel compared with the data observed .We observe that the differenee is less than 0 .2、C from the entry to exit.4 Predict ion of the freeze-thaw con diti ons for the Daba nsha n Tunnel4 .1 Thermal parameter and in itial and boun dary con diti onsUsing the elevation of 3 800 m and the yearly-average air temperature of -3 C , we ues: 2, dbaervccl rdijea»Disuse from theemr>/m1；阿严1 龄n o( simulAted and drived air 左血呼存afurr in Xihioqa g 2 Tunnel in 1979, I、SicmilMed vibFigure 2 shows a comparis on of the simulated and observed mon thly-averageair temperature in-side (dista nee greater tha n 100 m from the en try and exit) thetunn el. We observe that the principal law is almost the same, and the main reason forthe differe nee is the errors that came from approximat ing the vary ing si ne law at the entry and exit; especially , the maximum monthly-average air temperature of 1979was not for July but for August.Tic 凹聽阿弊口of sitnuhied and abserv回«ir lera-peraruir inaide the Xihi呦No, 2 Twind in 1979 1 * Simi- hlrdvdu£A； 2, uLMrved vadiii^.calculate the air density p=0 .774 kg/m 3.Sinee steam exists In the air, we choose the thermal capacity with a fixed pressure of air C p 1.8744kJ/(kg.°C), heat conductivity 2.0 10 2W/(m.0C) and6 and the dynamic viscosity 9.218 10 kg /(m.s). After calculation we obtain the5 2 thermal diffusivity a= 1 .3788 10 m / s and the kinematic viscosity ,1.19 10 5m 2 /s .Con sideri ng that the sect ion of automobiles is much smaller tha n that of thetunnel and the auto-mobiles pass through the tunnel at a low speed , we ignore the piston effects, coming from the movement of automobiles, in the diffusion of the air.We con sider the rock as a whole comp onent and choose the dry volumetric cavity d 2400kg / m ‘content of water and unfrozen water W=3% and W=1%, and the thermalcon ductivity u 1.9W/m.°c , f 2.0W /m.o c ,heat capacityAccording to the data observed at the tunnel site the maximum monthly-average wind speed is about 3 .5 m/s , and the minimum monthly-average wind speed is about 2 .5 m/s .We approximate the wind speed at the entry and exit as一 2v(t) [0.028 (t 7) 2.5](m/s), where t is in mon th. The in itial wind speed in the tunnel is set to ber 2 U (0,x,r) U a (1 (R )2),V(0,x,r) 0.The initial and boundary values of temperature T are set to beT(x = .1 ■+ 耐血(洁和-y) T ,T(O t x,/t a ) = - Jt 0) x O.OJ-C , f - r ) x O. D3・ t. /i r F W K wwhere f(x) is the distanee from the vault to the permafrost bas , and R0=25 m is the radius of do-main of solution T. We assume that the geothermal gradient is 3%, the yearly-average air temperature outside tunnel the is A=-3 0C , and the amplitude is B=12 0C .C V 0.8kJ /kg.o c and C f(0.8 4.128w u )1 W (0.8 4.128w u ) 1 WAs for the boundary of R=Ro，we first solve the equations considering R=Ro as the first type of boundary; that is we assume that T=f(x) 3%0C on R=Ro. We find that, after one year, the heat flow trend will have changed in the range of radius between 5 and 25m in the surrounding rock.. Considering that the rock will be cooler hereafter and it will be affected yet by geothermal heat, we appoximately assume that the boundary R=Ro is the second type of boundary; that is，we assume that the gradient value，obtained from the calculation up to the end of the first year after excavation under the first type of boundary value, is the gradient on R=Ro of T.Considering the surrounding rock to be cooler during the period of constructio，n we calculate from January and iterate some elapses of time under the same boundary. Then we let the boundary values vary and solve the equations step by step(it can be proved that the solution will not depend on the choice of initial values after many time elapses ).4 .2 Calculated resultsFigures 3 and 4 show the variations of the monthly-average temperatures on the surface of the tunnel wall along with the variations at the entry and exit .Figs .5 and 6 show the year when permafrost begins to form and the maximum thawed depth after permafrost formed in different surrounding sections.4 .3 Prelimi nary con clusi onBased on the in itial-bo un dary con diti ons and thermal parameters men tioned above, we obtai n the followi ng prelimi nary con clusi ons:1) The yearly-average temperature on the surface wall of the tunnel isapproximately equal to the air temperature at the entry and exit. It is warmer duri ng the cold seas on and cooler duri ng the warm seas on in the internal part (more tha n 100 m from the entry and exit) of the tunnel than at the entry and exit . Fig .1 shows that the internal mon thly-average temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall is1.2°C higher in January, February and December, 1C higher in March and October, and1 .6C lower in June and August, and 2qC lower in July than the air temperature at the entry and exit. In other mon ths the infernal temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall approximately equals the air temperature at the entry and exit.2) Since it is affected by the geothermal heat in the internal surrounding section,>oz □『enf X 2x < 3S £上 £«『M 除 Mirf^ce 垃 tiiiubel *rtk th 盘亚ut 込 ihc h^ntl . 1, JnFig, 6. Tk ； KJiimiflE thwed depih H!!e (T pennatrafit frrfuwd in y*snjDrs^ncr fnwr irwiy m Hf V TT IP 胴列h/iHT 替 砖卩皿巾冲 ftp ihf Bijrhfi* rtf iMwidt^hTumi . J .山甲 Jtli f = l 52h "\l2. 【尸匚gtjnt-nj*11X- £ gy 2即 ncu产«药-工一匚t ^fwrwr df tkr fmnh 】厂肌'**i 芦 P EI 严Mfewr [he- jeu wrieo pemafrffil bepu tc farm LFI i±d-□hsun 氐 fromcniry/n“ H m昭巧 Q j O m V".总町 L h ■ — Z 0 5 G 小二 研 SNuance Mim em^ m nti (JiMancc A 100 a fram cfUi} 血 eiLl) tcviperatmc on rfcr<ufiic<*i 2 . uwHr ur lemperifuft. 5 4 3 2 I o LJ/qlsp ■■u.%l£ily uduylil -餌也IT*especially in the central part, the internal amplitude of the yearly-average temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall decreases and is 1 .(6 lower than that at the entry and exit.3 ) Under the conditions that the surrounding rock is compact , without a great amount of under-ground water, and using a thermal insulating layer(as designed PU with depth of 0.05 m and heat conductivity =0.0216 W/m°C, FBT with depth of0.085 m and heat conductivity =0.0517W/m C), in the third year after tunnel construction, the surrounding rock will begin to form permafrost in the range of 200 m from the entry and exit .In the first and the second year after construction, the surrounding rock will begin to form permafrost in the range of 40 and 100m from the entry and exit respectively .In the central part, more than 200m from the entry and exit, permafrost will begin to form in the eighth year. Near the center of the tunnel, permafrost will appear in the 14-15th years. During the first and second years after permafrost formed, the maximum of annual thawed depth is large (especially in the central part of the surrounding rock section) and thereafter it decreasesevery year. The maximum of annual thawed depth will be stable until the 19-20th years and will remain in s range of 2-3 m.4) If permafrost forms entirely in the surrounding rock, the permafrost will providea water-isolating layer and be favourable for communication andtransportation .However, in the process of construction, we found a lot of underground water in some sections of the surrounding rock .It will permanently exist in those sections, seeping out water and resulting in freezing damage to the liner layer. Further work will be reported elsewhere.严寒地区隧道围岩冻融状况分析的导热与对流换热模型何春雄吴紫汪朱林楠（中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室）（华南理工大学应用数学系）摘要通过对严寒地区隧道现场基本气象条件的分析，建立了隧道内空气与围岩对流换热及固体导热的综合模型;用此模型对大兴安岭西罗奇 2 号隧道的洞内气温分布进行了模拟计算，结果与实测值基本一致;分析预报了正在开凿的祁连山区大坂山隧道开通运营后洞内温度及围岩冻结、融化状况.关键词严寒地区隧道导热与对流换热冻结与融化在我国多年冻土分布及邻近地区，修筑了公路和铁路隧道几十座.由于隧道开通后洞内水热条件的变化;，普遍引起洞内围岩冻结，造成对衬砌层的冻胀破坏以及洞内渗水冻结成冰凌等，严重影响了正常交通.类似隧道冻害问题同样出现在其他国家（苏联、挪威、日本等）的寒冷地区.如何预测分析隧道开挖后围岩的冻结状况，为严寒地区隧道建设的设计、施工及维护提供依据，这是一个亟待解决的重要课题.在多年冻土及其临近地区修筑的隧道，多数除进出口部分外从多年冻土下限以下岩层穿过.隧道贯通后，围岩内原有的稳定热力学条件遭到破坏，代之以阻断热辐射、开放通风对流为特征的新的热力系统.隧道开通运营后，围岩的冻融特性将主要由流经洞内的气流的温度、速度、气—固交界面的换热以及地热梯度所确定.为分析预测隧道开通后围岩的冻融特性，Lu-nardini借用Shamsundar研究圆形制冷管周围土体冻融特性时所得的近似公式，讨论过围岩的冻融特性.我们也曾就壁面温度随气温周期性变化的情况，分析计算了隧道围岩的温度场[3].但实际情况下，围岩与气体的温度场相互作用，隧道内气体温度的变化规律无法预先知道，加之洞壁表面的换热系数在技术上很难测定，从而由气温的变化确定壁面温度的变化难以实现.本文通过气一固祸合的办法，把气体、固体的换热和导热作为整体来处理，从洞口气温、风速和空气湿度、压力及围岩的水热物理参数等基本数据出发，计算出围岩的温度场.1数学模型为确定合适的数学模型，须以现场的基本情况为依据•这里我们以青海祁连山区大坂山公路隧道的基本情况为背景来加以说明.大坂山隧道位于西宁一张业公路大河以南，海拔3754.78~3801.23 m全长1530 m，隧道近西南一东北走向.由于大坂山地区隧道施工现场平均气温为负温的时间每年约长8个月，加之施工时间持续数年，围岩在施土过程中己经预冷，所以隧道开通运营后，洞内气体流动的形态主要由进出口的主导风速所确定，而受洞内围岩地温与洞外气温的温度压差的影响较小；冬季祁连山区盛行西北风，气流将从隧道出曰流向进口端，夏季虽然祁连山区盛行东偏南风，但考虑到洞口两端气压差、温度压差以及进出口地形等因素，洞内气流仍将由出口北端流向进口端•另外，由于现场年平均风速不大，可以认为洞内气体将以层流为主基于以上基本情况，我们将隧道简化成圆筒，并认为气流、温度等关十隧道中心线轴对称，忽略气体温度的变化对其流速的影响，可有如下的方程其中t为时间，x为轴向坐标，r为径向坐标；U, V分别为轴向和径向速度，T 为温度，P为有效压力(即空气压力与空气密度之比少，V为空气运动粘性系数，a为空气的导温系数，L为隧道长度，R为隧道的当量半径，D为时间长度S f(t),(1)S u(t)分别为围岩的冻、融区域• f, u分别为冻、融状态下的热传导系数，C f,C u分别为冻、融状态下的体积热容量，X=(x,r) , (t)为冻、融相变界面,To为岩石冻结临界温度(这里具体计算时取To=-0.10°C), L h为水的相变潜热2求解过程由方程(1)知，围岩的温度的高低不影响气体的流动速度，所以我们可先解出速度，再解温度•2.1连续性方程和动量方程的求解由于方程((1)的前3个方程不是相互独立的，通过将动量方程分别对x和r求导，经整理化简，我们得到关于压力P的如下椭圆型方程：3U BV 3(J dV\ 2严升dr dxi r20<i<Z f>0<r<J R.于是，对方程(1)中的连续性方程和动量方程的求解，我们按如下步骤进行⑴设定速度U0,V0;(2) 将U 0,V0代入方程并求解，得P0(3) 联立方程(1)的第一个和第二个方程，解得一组解U1,V1;(4) 联立方程((1)的第一个和第三个方程，解得一组解U2,V2;(5) 对((3) ,(4)得到的速度进行动量平均，得新的U 0,V0返回⑵;(6)按上述方法进行迭代，直到前后两次的速度值之差足够小•以P0,U0,V0作为本时段的解,下一时段求解时以此作为迭代初值•2. 2能量方程的整体解法如前所述，围岩与空气的温度场相互作用，壁面既是气体温度场的边界，又是固体温度场的边界，壁面的温度值难以确定，我们无法分别独立地求解隧道内的气体温度场和围岩温度场•为克服这一困难，我们利用在洞壁表面上，固体温度等于气体温度这一事实，把隧道内气体的温度和围岩内固体的温度放在一起求解，这样壁面温度将作为末知量被解出来•只是需要注意两点：解流体温度场时不考虑相变和解固体温度时没有对流项；在洞壁表面上方程系数的光滑化•另外，带相变的温度场的算法与文献［3］相同.2. 3热参数及初边值的确定热参数的确定方法：用p=1013.25-0.1088H计算出海拔高度为H的隧道现场的大气P压强，再由P计算出现场空气密度，其中T为现场大气的年平均绝对温GT度，G为空气的气体常数•记定压比热为C p,导热系数为，空气的动力粘性系数为•按a 和一计算空气的导温系数和运动粘性系数.围岩的热物理C p参数则由现场采样测定.初边值的确定方法：洞曰风速取为现场观测的各月平均风速.取卞导风进曰的相对有效气压为0，主导风出口的气压则取为p (1 kL/d) V2/2［5］，这里k为隧道内的沿程阻力系数，L为隧道长度，d为隧道端面的当量直径，为进口端面轴向平均速度.进出口气温年变化规律由现场观测资料，用正弦曲线拟合，围岩内计算区域的边界按现场多年冻土下限和地热梯度确定出适当的温度值或温度梯度.3计算实例按以上所述的模型及计算方法，我们对大兴安岭西罗奇2号隧道内气温随洞曰外气温变化的规律进行了模拟计算验证，所得结果与实测值⑹相比较,基本规律一致.西罗奇2号隧道是位十东北嫩林线的一座非多年冻土单线铁路隧道，全长1160 m，隧道近西北一东南向，高洞口位于西北向，冬季隧道主导风向为西北风.洞口海拔高度约为700 m ,月平均最高风速约为3m/s,最低风速约为1.7m/s.根据现场观测资料，我们将进出口气温拟合为年平均分别为-50C和-6.40C，年变化振幅分别为18.90C和17.60C的正弦曲线.隧道的当量直径为5.8 m,沿程阻力系数取为0.025.由于围岩的热物理参数对计 算洞内气温的影响远比洞口的风速、压力及气温的影响小得多，我们这里参考使用了大坂山隧道的 资料.图1给出了洞口及洞内年平均气温的计算值与观测值比较的情况，从进口到 出口，两值之差都小于0.20C .图2给出了洞内（距进出口 100m 以上）月平均气温的计算值与观测值比较的 情况，可以看出温度变化的基本规律完全一致， 造成两值之差的主要原因是洞口 气温年变化规律之正弦曲线的拟合误差，特别是 1979年隧道现场月平均最高气 温不是在7月份，而是在8月份.4对大坂山隧道洞内壁温及围岩冻结状况的分析预测4. 1热参数及初边值按大坂山隧道的高度值 3 800 m 和年平均气温-30C ，我们算得空气密度0.774kg/m 3 ；由于大气中含有水汽，我们将空气的定压比热取为[7]C p 1.8744kJ/m s 导热系数 2.0 102W/m °C ，空气的动力粘性系数取为9.218 10 6 kg/m s ,经计算，得出空气的导温系数a 1.3788 10 5m 2 /s 和运 动粘性系数1.19 10 5m 2/s .考虑到车体迎风面与隧道端面相比较小、车辆在隧道内行驶速度较慢等因素，我们这里忽略了车辆运行时所形成的活塞效应对气体扩散性能的影响. 岩体的导热系数皆按完好致密岩石的情况处理，取岩石的干容重3d 2400kg/m 时，含水量和末冻水含量分别为W=3%和 W=1 %，s-- cs 釜09 Irum mt? entry/mFig. I. Cpnpajriion of s^nwlated «nd cbwrwd air ten-p*r- 也uiz in Xilwoqi Nu ・ 2 Tumcl in l 切0+ I . Einmhkad val- UPi 2T cjbMrral values .Fig. 2 B The 普咖抨占阿■ of tiitiLkled And rdbtprved «r twr- perifurr inAide llw Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnd in 11974 1. Simb-laJfed Talu«{ 2, oEwmxd raJufa . Y-5fT MglloJ 签EMJfl nu盘Su1.9W/m.o c , f2.CW/m.o c 岩石的比热取为 C V 0.8kJ/kg.°C ,「 (0.8 4.128W u ) d , C u d . 1 W另外，据有关资料，大坂山地区月平均最大风速约为3.5 m/s ,月平均最小 大风速约为2.5m/s 我们将洞口风速拟合为V(t) [0.028 (t 7)22.5](m/s)，这 里t 为月份.洞内风速初值为：U(0,x,r) U a (1(―)2), V (0, x, r) 0.这里取 RU a 3.0m/s .而将温度的初边值取为r( E r > = 丁(—旷)三 A + 甘至"-号)弋・/XO” 工* ff Q > m (Z<^) 一 «o> x 0-03%： ” r x y 一 尸〉>：o .0-3» 尺 c 尸 w 尺叮 lx - H, 旷w这里记f (x)为多年冻土下限到隧道拱顶的距离，Ro = 25m 为求解区域的半径.地 热梯度取为3%,洞外天然年平均气温 A=-3 0C ，年气温变化振幅B=120C .对于边界R = Ro ,我们先按第一类边值(到多年冻土下限的距离乘以3 %)计 算，发现一年后，在半径为 5m 到25m 范围内围岩的热流方向己经发生转向.考 虑到此后围岩会继续冷却，但在边界 R=R 0上又受地热梯度的作用，我们近似地 将边界R= Ro 作为第二类边界处理，即把由定边值计算一年后R=R 。
中英文翻译、外文文献翻译——浇铸钛和金的显微结构和机械性能
附录一浇铸钛和金的显微结构和机械性能摘要：通过感应熔化的方法而获得的Ti21523合金，研究热处理和冷却凝固率对其显微结构和机械性能的影响和作用。
结果表明：通过增加冷却凝固率，可以使Ti21523合金的显微结构从单一化特征及大尺寸的粒状结构变成了具有优良性能的小尺寸粒状结构。
通过采用不同的方法和对不同时期的合金进行处理，合金相位逐渐在粒状晶体的内部和粒状晶体的边界上沉淀。
由于沉淀物晶相的改变，合金承受拉力的性能和伸长率同时被改良。
在σb=1. 406Gpa、δ=4. 5%时，将会获得一种具有良好性能的合金,在临界区域里使用这种合金会让我们收到满意的效果。
关键字浇铸Ti21523合金；冷却凝固率；机械性能1 介绍钛合金以其优良的机械性能，在飞机、航空航天和其它领域中，受到了人们的关注和认可，尤其是在较高特殊作用力的环境之下。
在降低航天器的质量并改进的它的运输适宜性上，该合金受到了关注。
为了满足以上两种情况，一种被叫做贝它钛的重要钛合金逐渐得到发展和优化。
由于其具有高抗力、弹性系数和伸长率等良好的综合性能，合金 Ti215V23Cr23Sn23Al(Ti21523) 已经变成了潜在的选择材料被用于在那些贝它类型合金之中。
从以上的论述中我们可以知道，Ti21523合金在室温有较好的可使用性，同时也适用于寒冷的工作环境之下。
不幸地是，由于合金的高处理成本以及诸如低可塑性和高刚度等缺点，使其在制造复杂的联合体和薄壁件时存在许多问题，成为影响其在航空航天业中广泛应用的关键所在。
为了降低其合成成本并达到其易于重新塑造的弹性，精密铸造技术被引入到了这个领域中。
但是由于铸造出来的合金其贝它晶粒较大且机械性能很低，故此Ti21523合金的使用受到了极大的限制。
由于热处理对Ti21523合金的力有影响，因此Ti21523合金还是可以改善其伸长率并提高它的机械性能的。
关于热处理对Ti21523合金的影响的研究首先在美国和前苏联开展。
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注射模具的介绍1.模具基本知识1.1引言我们日常生产、生活中所使用到的各种工具和产品，大到机床的底座、机身外壳，小到一个胚头螺丝、纽扣以及各种家用电器的外壳，无不与模具有着密切的关系。
模具的形状决定着这些产品的外形，模具的加工质量与精度也就决定着这些产品的质量。
因为各种产品的材质、外观、规格及用途的不同，模具分为了铸造模、锻造模、压铸模、冲压模等非射胶模具，以及射胶模具。
近年来，随着射料工业的飞速发展和通用与工程射料在强度和精度等方面的不断提高，射料制品的应用范围也在不断扩大，如：家用电器、仪器仪表，建筑器材，汽车工业、日用五金等众多领域，射料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。
一个设计合理的射料件往往能代替多个传统金属件。
工业产品和日用产品射料化的趋势不断上升。
1.2 模具的一般定义在工业生产中，用各种压力机和装在压力机上的专用工具，通过压力把金属或非金属材料制出所需形状的零件或制品，这种专用工具统称为模具。
1.3 模具的一般分类可分为射胶模具及非射胶模具：（1）非射胶模具有：铸造模、锻造模、冲压模、压铸模等。
A．铸造模——水龙头、生铁平台B．锻造模——汽车身C．冲压模——计算机面板D．压铸模——超合金，汽缸体（2）射胶模具根据生产工艺和生产产品的不同又分为：A．注射成型模——电视机外壳、键盘按钮（应用最普遍） B．吹气模——饮料瓶 C．压缩成型模——电木开关、科学瓷碗碟D．转移成型模——集成电路制品E．挤压成型模——胶水管、射胶袋F．热成型模——透明成型包装外壳 G．旋转成型模——软胶洋娃娃玩具注射成型是射料加工中最普遍采用的方法。
该方法适用于全部热射性射料和部分热固性射料，制得的射料制品数量之大是其它成型方法望尘莫及的，作为注射成型加工的主要工具之一的注射模具，在质量精度、制造周期以及注射成型过程中的生产效率等方面水平高低，直接影响产品的质量、产量、成本及产品的更新，同时也决定着企业在市场竞争中的反应能力和速度。
注射模具是由若干块钢板配合各种零件组成的，基本分为： A 成型装置（凹模，凸模） B 定位装置（导柱，导套） C 固定装置（工字板，码模坑） D 冷却系统（运水孔） E 恒温系统（加热管，发热线） F 流道系统（唧咀孔，流道槽，流道孔） G 顶出系统（顶针，顶棍）1.4 模具的类型根据浇注系统型制的不同可将模具分为三类:（1）大水口模具：流道及浇口在分模线上，与产品在开模时一起脱模，设计最简单，容易加工，成本较低，所以较多人采用大水口系统作业。
（2）细水口模具：流道及浇口不在分模线上，一般直接在产品上，所以要设计多一组水口分模线，设计较为复杂，加工较困难，一般要视产品要求而选用细水口系统。
（3）热流道模具：主要由热浇口套，热浇道板，温控电箱构成。
热流道模具是在一个半模有流道加热系统的两板式模具。
热流道系统分成两个部分：分流板和喷嘴。
分流板的通道将射料传送到一个和分型线平行平面，这个平面在型腔的上面。
喷嘴垂直于分流板安装，把射料从分流板送进行腔。
热流道系统的优势:（1）无水口料，不需要后加工，使整个成型过程完全自动化，节省工作时间，提高工作效率。
（2）压力损耗小。
2．注射模设计模具有很多的规则。
这些规则和标准的做法，都是基于逻辑，过往的经验，方便性，经济性。
设计，模具制造，和成型，它通常的优势就是遵循规则。
但有时候，它可能会做出更好的，如果一项方法是被忽视和另一种方法被选择。
在一些书中,最普通的规则都会一一列出,而设计者设计的东西也仅仅是跟着以往的经验走而已。
设计者应该研究出新的想法和方法,来进行新的成型和选择模具材料。
注射工艺过程就是从给料斗送进粉状或粒状的射料混合物，经过定量区和熔化区，然后将其注射到模具型腔中。
注射过程说明：模具是一种生产射料制品的工具。
它由几组零件部分构成，这个组合内有成型模腔。
注射时，模具装夹在注射机上，熔融射料被注入成型模腔内，并在腔内冷却定型，然后上下模分开，经由顶出系统将制品从模腔顶出离开模具，最后模具再闭合进行下一次注射，整个注射过程是循环进行的。
注射模至少是由装在注射机的两个压板上的两部分组成，以便可以开模和合模。
在合模的时候,模具的两半部分形成的产品成型表面是由射料熔体通过浇口和热流道系统注入模具型腔形成的。
模具中冷却的原则是产品要在模具中冷却和凝固,以便随后可以脱模。
随着产品注射的完成,模具就必须开模。
产品的形状决定着它是否由模具两部份简单地开模或由有侧向分型来开模。
模具的设计是由产品的形状和产品开模的方式决定的。
注射成型的产品可以分为以下几类:无侧抽芯的产品；有侧向开口的外侧抽芯的产品；有内侧抽芯的产品；有外侧抽芯和内侧抽芯的产品。
3．注射模具的组成3.1 型腔空间型腔空间是在模具中的一个形状,当注射的材料充满这个空间的时候,它就会呈现出和型腔空间一样的形状。
在注射成型时,射料是通过很高的压力注射入型腔空间的,所以模具必须要足够的坚固来抵抗注射的压力,以防变形。
3.2 型腔的数量许多的模具，特别是较大产品的模具，仅仅只有一个模具型腔，但是也有许多的模具，特别是比较大型的模具，都会有2个或更多的型。
究其原因就是它纯粹的经济性。
它仅仅是注入多个型腔比注入一个型腔多花了一点的时间。
今天,大多数的模具型腔数量都是以这些数字为参考的: 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,128。
选择这些数字（偶数）的原因是为了在长方形区域内布置型腔方便，这样就有利于设计、定尺寸、加工制造和围绕机器中心对称，这种对称分布对于保证每个型腔分配到相同的锁模力非常重要。
3.3 型腔和型芯按照习惯，腔空间的中空部分称为型腔。
与型腔空间所匹配的部分称为型芯。
大部分射胶制品是杯形的。
但这并不意味着它们看起来就像是一个杯，只是它们有一个内部和外部。
产品的外部是由型腔形成的,而内部是有由型芯形成的。
通常情况下,型腔是位于注射一边的那半模具上,而型芯是位于可以移动的那半模具上的。
这样安排的原因是注射机上的移动板有一个弹射装置,而产品是收缩和包紧在型芯上的,然后产品就可以通过此来弹射出来。
大部分的注射机在注射的一边都不会安装弹射装置。
对于模具包含复杂型腔和多型腔模具，试图象整体模具那样在一块钢板加工型腔和型芯是不让人满意的。
型腔和型芯分别决定着成型的外部和内部的形状,而它们的整体决定着整个成型的方式。
3.4 分模线为了能够生产出一个模具,我们必需具备有两个分半的模具,一半装型腔一半装型芯。
这两个板分离时的部分叫做分模线,简称P/L。
其实,这是一个分离的区域或面,但是为了方便,我们习惯叫它成一条线。
模具的分型面是两模板接近型腔的那些部分，它们对接一起形成油封并且避免型腔里射性材料的损失。
分模线可以是任何形状的, 许多的注射成型都是要求分模线是不在同一平面或是曲面的,但是为了便于模具制造,最好设计在同一个平面上。
为了能够在模具上脱出产品,分模线总是在分布在产品最宽的圆周区域。
对一些形状来说，设置分模线或其角度是非常有必要的，但是在任何情况下，都要有目的地让它容易加工，以确保当注射的时候模具能够紧紧地合在一起。
如果分模线设计不好,射料将会溢出来,那样产品就会有一个非常大的凹陷,那样的产品肯定会被拆除,否则那样的产品是不能够使用的。
甚至更危险的是,射料喷射进模具的时候,它会飞溅出伤害到人本身。
3.5 流道和浇口现在,增加介绍的是把射料从外面带到型腔空间的装置。
在射料冷却之前(也就是射料冷却后不能在流动之前),它必需有足够的压力以便使射料能够充满型腔。
流动的通道就是流道,它把注射机的喷嘴和模具连接了起来,流道是一个独立的型腔, 流道本身要光滑,以便可以阻止射料自由流动。
同时, 型腔被充满后，浇口处先凝固，注射机螺杆抽回时可防止成型中的回流。
浇口是一个小型的开口,它引导着流道到型腔空间。
浇口是一个渠道,是连接与流道相通的小口。
与其他的进料系统相比,它有一个很小的横截面积。
在射料充满型腔后,浇口很快就会冷却,注射的喷嘴往后退,在模具退后的时候射料还是留有在喷嘴中的。
4. 注射机的工作过程注射模具是安装在注射机上的，它的注射成型过程是由注射机来完成的。
以下是注射机的工作过程：注射成型机通过抽真空把射料原料从干燥机吸到料斗里面。
料斗实际上是一个小的漏斗，它被安装在机台料筒的后面。
开始起实际作用的地方是料筒，料筒实质上是四周都是加热器的一个很大的螺杆安放室，它把原料送向模具。
随着螺杆的旋转，原料在料筒里前进并成为熔融状态。
只有完全熔融后，原料才会在螺杆高速旋转产生的挤压力下射进模腔。
当螺杆前端压室注满射料时，螺杆被迫后退，断开限位开关而开动液压缸，从而向前推动螺杆，将熔融射料注射到闭合的模具型腔中。
型腔被充满后，浇口处先凝固，注射机螺杆抽回时可防止成型中的回流。
螺杆端部称为喷嘴，从这里开始直到模具型腔这段空间内，熔融材料没有被加热，并且一直处于被冷却的状态。
流道水口料就是在喷嘴到模腔之间冷却固化的射料，属于工艺废料。
实际上，在喷嘴到模腔之间的冷却射料是“主流道”，但它和流道是连在一块的。
有一些关于处理水口料的方法，但这不是我们这里要讨论的。
大多数人以前都见过流道，但却没有认出。
最容易见到他们的地方是由单独零件构成的飞机和汽车模型上，在这些零件上面一般都附着着流道系统。
一般地，水口料被顶出，落进安放在模具下面的落料装置（通过一个斜坡传送通道），或者被机械手取出，然后投入粉料机。
粉料机把水口料绞成碎料并送回干燥机。
尽管塑料一旦被加热就会发生降解，而且有些成型工艺不允许碎材混入原材料里面，因为这样会导致成品的缺陷。
这种情况下水口料可以用到其他地方或者干脆不用。
收缩在成型中影响深远，大部分塑料冷却后会收缩20%。
为了在重点（关键）塑料零件上--当然不只是玩具---克服这种现象，模具设计者必须把这个要素考虑到设计里面去，那样成型出来的产品才能满足设计规格。
顶针是模具本身的零件，用来在模具打开的时候顶出产品。
整个过程都有注射成型机控制。
一个成型周期实际上就是合模--注射--开模--顶出。
模具被锁紧在机台上，前模固定不动（在机台的料筒侧），后模则可以移动。
上面说的顶针就是后模侧。
当模具打开，产品吸附在后模侧以被顶出。
以上就是关于注射模具的相关介绍。
The introdution of the Injection Mold1. Mold basic knowledge1.1 IntroductionThere is a close relationship with all kinds of mold,which are refered to our daily production, and life in the use of the various tools and products, the large base of the machine tool, the body shell, the first embryo to a small screws, buttons, as well as various home appliances shell. Mold’s shape determine the shape of these products, mold’s precision and machining quality determine the quality of these products,too. Because of a variety of products, appearance, specifications and the different uses,mold devide into Die Casting into the mould, die forging, die-casting mould, Die, and so on other non - plastic molds, as well as plastic mold. In recent years, with the rapid development of the plastics industry, and GM and engineering plastics in areas such as strength and accuracy of the continuous enhancement , the scope of the application of plastic products have also constantly expanded, such as: household appliances, instrumentation, construction equipment, automotive, daily hardware, and many other fields, the proportion of plastic products is rapidly increasing. A rational design of plastic parts often can replace much more traditional metal pieces. The trend of industrial products and daily products plasticed is rising day after day.1.2 Mold general definitionIn the industrial production，with the various press and the special instruments which installed in the press,it produces the required shape parts or products through pressure on the metal or non-metallic materials, this special instruments collectively call as the mold.1.3 Mold general classificationMold can be divided into plastic and non - plastic mould: (1) Non-plastic mould: Die Casting, forging Die, Die, die-casting mould and so on. A. Die Casting - taps, pig iron platformB. Forging Die - car body C. Die - computer panel D. Die Casting Die - superalloy, cylinder body (2) For the production technology and production, the plastic mold are divided into different products: A. Injection molding die - TV casing, keyboard button (the most common application) B. Inflatable module - drink bottles C. Compression molding die - bakeliteswitches, scientific Ciwan dish D. Transfer molding die - IC products E. Extrusion die - of glue, plastic bags F. Hot forming die - transparent shell molding packaging G. Rotomoulding mode - Flexible toy doll. Injection Molding is the most popurlar method in plastics producing process. The method can be applied to all parts of thermoplastic and some of thermosetting plastics, the quantity of plastic production is much more than any other forming method.Injection mold as one of the main toolsof injection molding processing,whosh production efficiency is low or high in the quality of precision、manufacturing cycle and the process of injection molding and so on,directly affect the quality of products, production, cost and product updates, at the same time it also determines the competitiveness of enterprises in the market's response capacity and speed. Injection Mold consists of a number of plate which mass with the various component parts. It divided into: A molding device (Die, punch)B positioning system (I. column I. sets) C fixtures (the word board, code-pit) D cooling system (carrying water hole) E thermostat system (heating tubes, the hotline) F-Road System (jack Tsui hole, flow slot, streaming Road Hole) G ejection system (Dingzhen, top stick).1.4 Type of moldIt can be divided into three categories according to gating system with the different type of mold :(1) intake die: Runner and gate at the partig line,it will strip together with products when in the open mode,it is the most simple of design, easy processing and lower costing.So more people operations by using large intake system. (2) small inlet die:It general stay in the products directly,but runner and gate are not at the partig line.Therefore,it should be design a multi-outlet parting line.And then it is more complex in the designing, more difficult in processing, generally chosing the small inlet die is depending on the product’s requirements. (3) hot runner die:It consists of heat gate, heat runner plate, temperature control box. Hot runner molds are two plate molds with a heated runner system inside one half of the mold. A hot runner system is divided into two parts: the manifold and the drops. The manifold has channels that convey the plastic on a single plane, parallel to the parting line, to a point above the cavity. The drops, situated perpendicular to the manifold, convey the plastic from the manifold to the part. The advantages of hot runner system ：(1)No outlet expected, no need processing, the whole process fully automated, save time and enhance the efficiency of the work. (2) small pressure loss.2、Injection MoldThere are many rules for designing molds.These rules and standard practices are based on logic,past experience,convenience,and economy.For designing,mold making,and molding,it is usually of advantage to follow the rules.But occasionally,it may work out better if a rule is ignored and an alternative way is selected.In some texts,the most common rules are noted,but the designer will learn only from experience which way to go.The designer must ever be open to new ideas and methods,to new molding and mold material that may affect these rules.The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.Injection molding process: Mold is a production of plastic tool. It consists of several parts and this group contains forming cavities. When it injects molding, mold clamping in the injection molding machine, melting plastic is Injected forming cavities and cooling stereotypes in it, then it separate upper and lower die,it will push the production from the cavity in order to leave the mold through ejection system, finally mold close again and prepared the next injection. The entire process of injection is carried out of the cycle.An injection mold consists of at least two halves that are fastened to the two platens of the injection molding machine so that can be opened and closed.In the closed position,the product-forming surfaces of the two mold halves define the mold cavity into which the plastic melt is injected via the runner system and the gate.Cooling provisions in the mold provide for cooling and solidification of the molded product so that it can be subsequently ejected.For product ejection to occur,the mold must open.The shape of the molded product determines whether it can be ejected simply by opening the two mold halves or whether undercuts must be present.The design of a mold is dictated primarily by the shape of the product to be molded and the provisions necessary for product ejection.Injection-molded products can be classified as:1).Products without undercuts.2).products with external undercuts of lateral openings.3).products with internal undercuts.4).products with external and internal undercuts.3.The composition of injection mold3.1 Mold Cavity SpaceThe mold cavity space is a shape inside the mold,when the molding material is forced into this space it will take on the shape of the cavity space.In injection molding the plastic is injected into the cavity space with high pressure,so the mold must be strong enough to resist the injection pressure without deforming.3.2 Number of CavitiesMany molds,particularly molds for larger products,ate built for only 1 cavity space,but many molds,especially large production molds,are built with 2 or more cavities.The reason for this is purely economical.It takes only little more time to inject several cavities than to inject one.Today,most multicavity molds are built with a preferred number ofcavities:2,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,128.These numbers are selected because the cavities can be easily arranged in a rectangular pattern,which is easier for designing and dimensioning,for manufacturing,and for symmetry around the center of the machine ,which is highly desirable to ensure equal clamping force for each cavity.3.3 Cavity and CoreBy convention,the hollow portion of the cavity space is called the cavity.The matching,often raised portion of the cavity space is called the core.Most plastic products are cup-shaped.This does not mean that they look like a cup,but they do have an inside and an outside.The outside of the product is formed by the cavity, the inside by the ually,the cavities are placed in the mold half that is mounted on the injection side,while the cores are placed in the moving half of the mold.The reason for this is that all injection molding machines provide an ejection mechanism on the moving platen and the products tend to shrink onto and cling to the core,from where they are then ejected.Most injection molding machines do not provide ejection mechanisms on the injection side.For moulds containing intricate impressions,and for multi-impression moulds, it is not satisfactory to attempt to machine the cavity and core plates from single blocks of steel as with integer moulds. The cavity and core give the molding its external and internal shapes respectively, the impression imparting the whole of the form to the molding.3.4 The Parting LineTo be able to produce a mold,we must have ta least two separate mold halves,with the cavity in one side and the core in the other.The separation between these plates is called the parting line,and designated P/L.Actually,this is a parting area or plane,but,by cinvention,in this intext it is referred to as a line. The parting surfaces of a mould are those portion of both mould plates, adjacent to the impressions, which butt together to form a seal and prevent the loss of plastic material from the impression.The parting line can have any shape, many moldings are required which have a parting line which lies on a non-planar or curved surface,but for ease of mold manufacturing,it is preferable to have it in one plane.The parting line is always at the widest circumference of the product,to make ejection of the product from the mold possible.With some shapes it may be necessary to offset the P/L,or to have it at an angle,but in any event it is best to have is so that itan be easily machined,and often ground, to ensure that it shuts off tightly when the mold is clamped during injection.If the parting line is poorly finished the plastic will escape,which shows up on the product as an unsightly sharp projection,which must then be removed;otherwise,the product could be unusable.There is even a danger that the plastic could squirt out of the mold and do personal danger.3.5 Runners and GatesNow,we must add provisions for bringing the plastic into these cavity spaces.This must be done with enough pressure so that the cavity spaces are filled completely before the plastic "freezes"(that is,cools so much that the plastic cannot flow anymore).The flow passages are the sprue,from wherethe machine nozzle contactss the mold,the runners,which distribute the plastic to the individual cavities, the wall of the runner channel must be smooth to prevent any restriction to flow. Also, as the runner has to be removed with the molding, there must be no machine marks left which would tend to retain the runner in the mould plate.And the gates which are small openings leading from the runner into the cavity space. The gate is a channel or orifice connecting the runner with the impression. It has a small cross-sectional area when compared with the rest of the feed system. The gate freezes soon after the impression is filled so that the injection plunger can be withdrawn without the probability of void being created in the molding by suck-back.4. The injection molding machine processInjection Mold is installed in the injection molding machine, and its injection molding process is completed by the injection molding machine. Following is the injection molding machine process.The molding machine uses a vacuum to move the plastic from the dryer to it's initial holding chamber. This chamber is actually a small hopper on the back of the "barrel" of the machine。