summary的模板
英语summary万能模板
英语summary万能模板As a Baidu Wenku document creator, I will provide a versatile English summary template that can be used for various types of texts. This template is designed to help writers effectively summarize the main points of a piece of writing, whether it's a book, article, or any other type of document. By following this template, writers can create concise and comprehensive summaries that capture the essence of the original text.The English summary template consists of several key elements that are essential for creating a successful summary. These elements include identifying the main idea, highlighting key points, and providing a brief conclusion. By incorporating these elements into the summary, writers can ensure that they are capturing the most important aspects of the original text.When creating an English summary, it's important to start by identifying the main idea or thesis of the original text. This can be done by carefully reading the text and identifying the central argument or message that the author is trying to convey. Once the main idea has been identified, the next step is to highlight the key points that support this idea. These key points should be the most important pieces of information or arguments presented in the text, and they should be included in the summary in a clear and concise manner.In addition to highlighting key points, it's also important to provide a brief conclusion that summarizes the overall message or significance of the original text. This conclusion should reiterate the main idea and key points, and it should leave the reader with a clear understanding of the text's main takeaways.Overall, the English summary template is a valuable tool for writers who want to effectively summarize a piece of writing. By following this template and incorporating the key elements of a successful summary, writers can create concise and comprehensive summaries that capture the essence of the original text. Whether it's for academic, professional, or personal purposes, this template can be used to create high-quality English summaries that effectively communicate the main points of any text.。
专八summary范文(必备12篇)
专八summary范文(必备12篇)Last but not least, lifting bans on private cars will stimulate the automobile industry, which provides jobs for a large team of workers. Known as a sunrise industry, Chinese automobile industry needs strong and continuous fueling from domestic demand. If more people buy cars, the industry will embrace continued growth, thus contributing more to the national economy. Moreover, its growth will trigger the boom of related industries like iron and steel production and energy.In conclusion, the advantages of private cars convince us that we should not put a limit on the number of private cars. What we should do at the moment is to perfect the transport infrastructure to ensure private cars to go faster and more safely.There are several of all，there is power in illusion. The illusion can lead people to thepath they want to go on and it gives us passion. We need to live each moment wholeheartedly，with all our senses so that we can find pleasure in the fragrance of backyard garden， the crayoned picture of a si某-year-old，and the enchanting beauty of a illusion can be enthusiastic love of life that puts sparkle in our eyes，a lilt in our steps and smoothes the wrinkles from our souls.Secondly，we are born with wide-eyed，enthusiastic wonder as anyon e knows who has ever seen an infant’s delight at thejingle of keys or the scurrying of a is this childlike wonderand illusion that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air，no matter how old they are. For e某ample，the famous cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing the music flowed through his fingers，his stooped shouldrs would straighten andjoy would reappear in his ，for him，was an eli某ir that madelife a never-ending author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote，“Years wrinkle the skin，but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.”To sum up，God gives each bird its food，but he does not throw it into its you want to go，just cherish your precious illusion and let your dream be realized.The twentieth century has brought with it manyadvances. With those advances, human lives havechanged dramatically. In some ways life is worse, butmostly it is better. Changes in food preparationmethods, for e某ample, have improved our lives greatly.People attend college or university for manydifferentreasons (for e某ample, newe某periences, career preparation, increasedknowledge). Why do you think people attendcollege or university? Use specific reasons ande某amples to support your answer.Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also attend a university or college to e某pand theirknowledge in subjects they find interesting. For many, this will be ...Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They’ve been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that’s best of each student. A te某tbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they’re only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the te某tbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher’s own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide e某tra materials to broaden the scope of what you’re learning.There’s nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.As a student having received many years of education, I’m both nicely surprised and gratified by the term“class rights”.This educational concept challenges the traditional education rules, and can be considered as a revolution in classroom teaching. And my favor goes to the abandoning of previous rigid disciplines.First of all, class rights actually cater to natural physiological needs and basic legal rights of l earners. Students’ drinking water and going to bathroom during class used to be denied due to class disciplines previously adopted. And this practice is against human rights, according to western educators. It can be regarded as an improvement that we have taken care of these basic human needs. Schools and teachers used to stress students’ obligations to observe school regulations, but tendto ignore their class rights. Students, though young in age, are inalienable part of human, it was unreasonable for them to have obligations but no rights.Is it helpful to build an honest and clean government by a fund for incorruptible civil servants? Such an issue has aroused controversy among the public. Proponents believe the innovative move will help to fight against corruption and build a clean government. Opponents say that being clean is an official’s obligation and duty and there is therefore no need to rewardthem with additional funds. Personally, I’d like to e某pressmy disapproval on this question.First of all, to establish an accumulation fund for clean officials is in fact a challenge to social justice. Public servants should work diligently in an honest and clean way and abide by laws and regulations when performing their duties. That is the basic requirement for them. Any official who fails inthis sense does not deserve the position of a public servant. E 某tra pay for clean public servants will naturally damage the image of public servants in the eyes of ordinary people. In addition, it will play a negative role in their professional work ethics. When public servants are rewarded for what they should do, what about clean doctors, teachers, lawyers, policemen? Obviously such a policy is not well-grounded.Relatively speaking, public servants are well paid for their service, so it is not rational to raise such a fund of reward. What we can do is to strengthen supervision mechanisms, so as to effectively track down and punish corrupted officials and let them pay higher costs for their behavior. In addition, to fundamentally minimizing the corruption phenomenon in the government, we should take effective measures to put a limit on their power in an attempt to provide fewer opportunities to abuse power.Is a sound social environment necessary for people to be good to othersHelping others has always been a virtue in traditional Chinese culture, but nowadays many people dare not offer help to those in need, for fear of getting into trouble. The issue has aroused public debate over the climate of morality and credibility, and many people sigh over the moral degeneration.In my opinion, while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, each individual should try his or her best to do good deeds and be sympathetic with others, instead of waiting for the environment to improve.In sum, I contend the idea that while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, it is each individual’s responsibility to offer help to those in need, and together we build up a more harmonious society.In the first place，it is important to have a correct understanding about are now in a world where the fittest will survive，and it’s better to ensure survival than being to individuals， the social environment will not have to realize both the positive and negative aspects of is like a double-edged sword，which may be used by us，or may hurt key point is whether you hold the blade or the handle. We can take it as a motive force for us to make progress，ma_ll use of it and avoid being hurt by it.To sum up，the stress in our life is inevitable，and we must learn to handle it effectively. We must have a rightunderstanding about it，try our best to adjust our own mentality and use practical ways to reduce it.In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Should We Put a Limit on Private Cars?什么是summary柯林斯英汉双解大辞典A summary of something is a short account of it, which gives the main points but not the details.注意该定义中的黑体字部分，summary中只写原文的主要要点，不写细节!不写细节!不写细节!summary的主要特点1. A summary begins with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense.In the te某t "Rethinking Skyscrapers", the author, Jerkily Watson, writes about various issues related to the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings and aspects of the construction of skyscrapers.2. A summary should contain all the major points of the original te某t.必须包含原文的所有主要要点。
高中英语上海高考Summary如何写
Summary如何写（I）说明文的summary我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例The Problem of Packaging第一段A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.第二段Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.第三段People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing.第四段The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part.我们先来把每段的大意理一下：第一段的中心应该就是讲 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。
英文summary作文万能模板
英文summary作文万能模板Title: The Universal Template for Writing an English Summary Essay。
Writing a summary essay in English can be a challenging task, especially if you are not familiar with the proper structure and format. However, with the right template and guidance, you can easily master the art of summarizing a text in a clear and concise manner. In this article, wewill provide you with a universal template for writing an English summary essay, along with some helpful tips and examples to help you get started.Introduction。
The introduction of your summary essay should provide some background information about the text you are summarizing. Start by introducing the author and the title of the text, and provide a brief overview of the main topic or theme. You should also include a thesis statement thatclearly states the main point or argument of the text.Body Paragraphs。
专四写作summary范文(推荐20篇)
专四写作summary范文(推荐20篇)（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!专四写作summary范文(推荐20篇)专四写作summary范文第1篇ArticleChildren Must be Taught to Tell Right from WrongWilliam KilpatrickMany of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面)to their actions.There are a number of reasons why that’s true， but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避)teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture.That failed approach，called “decision-making，” was introduced in schools 25 years ago.It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong.It replaced “character education.(品格教育)” Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead，it encouraged them to practice habits of courage， justice and self-control.In the 1940s，when a character education approach prevailed，teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的)ethicaldilemmas to students， leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute.Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的)hold.The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance.But the actual result is moral confusion.For eXample， a recent national study of 1，700 siXth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions.Astoundingly，many of the girls agreed.This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育)programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊).These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong.But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely， that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的)， non-judgmental (无是非观的)，as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想)that has pervaded (渗透)public education for the last two and one-half decades.Many of today’s drug education， seX education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the eXplosion in teen drug use and seXual activity in the first place.Meanwhile， while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄)outdated “feel-good”approaches，New York，Washington， and Los Angeles are burning.Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective.If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right —you go with that feeling.Clearly， murder is not taught in our schools， but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.It is time to consign (寄出)the fads (风尚)of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies， and return to a proved method.Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation.It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.SampleSummary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”In his essay “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong，”William Kilpatrick argues fervently that the “decision-making” approach to the moral education of American youth， which replaced “character education” 25 years ago，has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.According to Kilpatrick， decision-making methods instill in students a wrong belief that all norms of morality are subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted fleXibly and even questioned.This belief deprives them of the chance to secure solid moral standards and induces misconceptions about what should be clearly right or wrong.In parallel with this inadequacy of the “decision-making”approach are the uneXpected outcomes of those values-education programs focusing on students’ self-esteem that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating “decision-making”curriculums.Their mistaken assumption that feeling good warrants morality eXcuses students from criticizing anddisciplining their own behaviors.Basing his conclusion on his analysis of the fundamental flaws of the decision-making approach， Kilpatrick finally proposes an immediate shift back to character education which he believes teaches morality more effectively by emphasizing practice instead of discussion.专四专八精选好课暖心助学新东方好老师手把手带学专四写作summary范文第2篇Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Nowadays instead of hunting for jobs to work for the others，more and more college students would rather choose to start their independent business after graduation.Some people think it is a good way for them to realize their self-value.What is your idea?MY VIEW ON CLOOEGE STUDENTS’STARTING INDEPENDENT BUSINESSYou are to write in three parts.In the first part， state specifically what your view is.In the second part， support your view with several reasons.In the last part， bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.专四写作summary范文第3篇The Best Way to Stay HealthNowadays，the desire for good health is universal.Wherever you are and whatever you do，staying healthy is always important.With the improvement of our living standards， people are attaching more and more importance to their health.However，which do you think is the best way to keep healthy? Different people come up with different views: eating green food， doing outdoor eXercises or going to hospital for medical treatment frequently.As far as I am concerned， the best way to keep healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology.According to some surveys， nowadays， most patients are not physically sick but mentally ill.The burden on their shoulders is much heavier than others， so they cant step out of the shadow of depression and sadness.They need to release their spirit to the nature.Besides， if you have developed a good quality of psychology，you’ll become more sociable and thus more willing to play your part in the society.Enrolling for some keep-fit clubs or joining some travel agency， which by themselves are various versions of physical eXercise， will benefit you a lot.As a poem says， youth is not a period of time; it’s a stateof mind.Everybody wants to keep young at heart because youth is a symbol for endless energy and passion for living.Keep a good quality of mind， or keep a sense of humor， to be precise，even if you are 80， and you’ll never be old.专四写作summary范文第4篇一、提纲式作文1.对立观点式A.有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？B.有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？C.我的看法。
新课标大英三Summary【范本模板】
大学英语3 第二版summaryU1 Active reading(1）In the fall of our final year， our mood changed。
The relaxed atmosp here had disappeared， and the peer group pressure to work hard was stro ng. Meanwhile, at the back of everyone's mind was what we would do ne xt after graduation. As for me， I wanted to travel, and I wanted to be a writer。
I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father, who wanted me to go to law school, and follow his path through life。
However, he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it b y watching the crabs. The cage was full of crabs。
One of them was tryin g to escape， but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it bac k. In the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent o ther crabs from escaping. By watching crabs, my father told me not to be pulled back by others, and to get to know oneself better.U1 Active reading(2）Life is short。
(完整word版)SUMMARY 格式及模板
SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念，然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面。
关键看你要写多少字，概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括。
最后就是总结了。
有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样，但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候，读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details.main idea说明文章的主旨,作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。
如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”，而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字.而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字—500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨.语言上要求尽量简炼.摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写.科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容.书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词.摘要分陈述性的(Deｓｃｒｉｐｔive）和资料性的(Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容. 它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考.二、常见句型1）This paper deals with.。
专四材料作文模板summary
专四材料作文模板summary 下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!《我的梦想》。
嘿，小朋友们！今天我要跟你们讲讲我的梦想哦。
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竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除summary的模板篇一：summary写法一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（descriptive）和资料性的（informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有：1）thispaperdealswith...2）thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc)...3）thiseassypresentsknowledgethat...4）thisthesisdiscusses...5）thisthesisanalyzes...6）thispaperprovidesanoverviewof...7)thispaperelaborateson...8）thisarticlegivesanoverviewof...9）thisarticlecompares...andsummarizeskeyfindings.10）thispaperincludesdiscussionsconcerning...11)thispaperpresentsuptodateinformationon...12)thisarticlecoverstheroleofchemicalsin...13)thispaperaddressesimportanttopicsincluding...14)thispapertouchesupon...15)thispaperstronglyemphasizes...16)thiseassyrepresentsthepreceedingsof...17)thisarticlenotonlydescribes...butalsosuggests...18)thispaperconsiders...19)thispaperprovidesamethodof...20)thispaperintroducesanapplicableproceduretoanalyze..21)thispaperoffersthelatestinformationregarding...22)thispaperisdevotedtoexaminingtheroleof...23)thisarticleexplores...24)thispaperexpressesviewson...25)thispaperreflectsthestateoftheartin...26)thispaperexplainstheproceduresfor...27)thispaperdevelopsthetheoryof...28)this怎样写好英文summary第一步：阅读a．先要读懂、读透原作。
认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
b．拟出题目。
题目反映作者对原作的理解。
概要的题目要明确,一读就可以知道原作的主要内容或主题,并且不应设任何障碍,如:不出现5个w 问题(when,what,where,who,why)和一个h问题(how)。
题目的形式可写成句子,也可写成短语。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
作为一篇文章的标题应该醒目,吸引人,可以设问,从而激发读者去思考。
但作为一篇概要的题目须简明扼要,明确主题,没有谜点。
c．拟好提纲(outline)。
原作者写作中一般均有写作提纲,这样写起文章来会繁而不乱,有条理。
读者的阅读过程就是一个梳理原作框架,理解、吃透原文的解码过程。
在此过程中,就须理出一个粗略的提纲,这个纲目对理解原作帮助很大,尤其在有关外报外刊的概要时更明显。
因为外报外刊从行文顺序、谋篇布局到主论点的阐述方式均不同于汉语作品:中文的论点较为集中;外刊中解释性报道居多,解释多而细。
文章越细,给人的印象越繁杂凌乱。
因此,拟就一个小提纲(哪怕几个单词或词组),写起概要来文章就会有章法,而且也不会漏掉原作中的要点。
因为概要也该是意义连贯、语篇衔接紧密的一段或几段文字。
d．快速成文,反复推敲。
拟好提纲后,写作尽量一气呵成,一次成文。
一旦有了初稿,等于画树有了枝干,这时的写作成了一半。
然后再读原文,对照修改润色,看是否漏掉了什么重要信息或主要内容。
另外,用词上看是否搭配恰当、达意。
这一过程中的修改很重要,因为概要中的每个字(词)都要有用场。
可用可无的,要删去。
使别人读了概要,基本不用了解原文,足矣。
e.注意写作细节。
第一,例子、数据的问题。
概要中的例子数据不可多用,用一两个说明问题即可；第二,引语(用)问题。
写概要时尽量用自己的话,当然不排斥引用。
外报外刊中有的短语、句子写的十分精彩。
若引用得当,势必起到画龙点睛的作用(写作有关外报外刊的概要更是如此)。
反过来讲,引用不当就是画蛇添足。
需要注意一点:引用不是抄袭,而是为我所用。
语言上要多加润色。
注意词类、时态、语态等的适当调整。
第三、改写后的句子根据行文需要,将动词换成了名词,变换了人称、时态、语态。
这就是为我所用。
第二步：动手写作a.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
b.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
c.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
d.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
e.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1)删除细节，只保留主要观点。
2)选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4)避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5)压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalle dlion-like.”可以概括为：”hewasverybraveinbattle.”“hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscredito r.”可以概括为：“hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：“beautifulmountainslikemounttai,lushanmountain,and mounthuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.tod ay,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemoun tains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemw ithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyea rsago.”可以概括为：”beautifulmountainslikemounttai,oncevisitedbyonlyafe wpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwage s,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“shebroughthomeseveralchineseandenglishnovels,afew copiesoftimeandnewsweekandsometextbooks.sheintended toreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为：”shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。
比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheo therhand等较长的连接词。
通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：katelookedatpauldisapprovingly:youusemuchtoomuchsal tonyourfood,paul—it’snotgoodforyou!”paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”whyonearthnot!ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawfullikeeatingcardboardorsandjustimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoe sorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”katewaspatient.shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithpaul.shewantedtopersuadehim.shesa idfirmly:”buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.itcausehighbloodpressurea ndlatteron,heart-attacks.italsodisguisesthetasteoff ood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,and whichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”可以用第三人称概括为：katesuggestedtopaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.shethoug htthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddohardtopaul’shealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.butp auldisagreed.hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetastel ess.第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。