武汉大学2019年博士入学考试英语真题
武汉大学 博士学位英语 期末考试复习资料
2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习一、段落分析第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incanmonuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第二段Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,”then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sop histicated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoesreduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those ofour generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its metho d. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20% Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
博士生英语试题及答案
博士生英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. PhenomenonD. Fact2. Which of the following is the correct usage of "affect"?A. The weather will affect tomorrow.B. The weather will be affected by tomorrow.C. The weather will affect tomorrow's plans.D. The weather will be affected to tomorrow's plans. ...10. In the sentence "He is one of the most talented students in the class," the word "talented" refers to:A. GiftedB. EducatedC. SkilledD. Trained答案：1. C2. C...10. A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ of the new policy has caused a lot of controversy.A. implementationB. introductionC. executionD. application2. Despite his _______, he managed to finish the project on time.A. illnessB. healthC. sicknessD. disease...10. The _______ of the experiment was to determine the effects of different variables.A. purposeB. goalC. aimD. target答案：1. B2. A...10. C三、阅读理解（每篇5分，共20分）阅读以下文章，回答后面的问题。
博士入学英语试题及答案
博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。
The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
武大博士英语考试真题
武大博士英语考试真题In recent years, the English proficiency test for doctoral candidates at Wuhan University has gained significant attention and importance. This comprehensive examination serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating the English language skills of aspiring doctoral scholars. The test is meticulously designed to assess various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, writing abilities, listening skills, and oral communication.The reading comprehension section presents candidates with a diverse range of academic texts, encompassing various disciplines and genres. These passages are carefully curated to challenge the candidates' ability to comprehend complex ideas, grasp nuances, and synthesize information from multiple sources. The questions accompanying these texts delve into the candidates' critical thinking skills, requiring them to analyze, interpret, and draw inferences from the provided material.The writing component of the examination is a true test of the candidates' ability to articulate their thoughts coherently and persuasively. Typically, candidates are asked to compose a well-structured essay on a given topic, demonstrating their command oflanguage, organization, and argumentative skills. This section not only evaluates their ability to convey ideas effectively but also their mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing proficiency.The listening section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts. This may include academic lectures, discussions, or dialogues on a wide range of topics. The questions accompanying these audio materials test the candidates' ability to grasp main ideas, follow intricate arguments, and identify relevant details. Furthermore, this section often evaluates their note-taking abilities, a crucial skill for effective learning and research.The oral communication component of the examination measures the candidates' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in spoken English. This may involve individual presentations, group discussions, or one-on-one interviews with examiners. Candidates are evaluated on their fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and ability to engage in substantive academic discourse. This section also assesses their ability to think critically and articulate their ideas in a coherent and persuasive manner.Preparing for the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test requires dedication, extensive practice, and a solid foundation in the English language. Candidates often seek guidance from experiencedinstructors, engage in mock tests, and immerse themselves in a variety of English language resources to hone their skills. The examination not only serves as a gateway to doctoral studies but also prepares candidates for the rigorous demands of academic research and international collaboration in their respective fields.Ultimately, the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test stands as a testament to the institution's commitment to excellence and its recognition of the pivotal role of English language proficiency in the pursuit of advanced research and scholarly endeavors. By successfully navigating this comprehensive examination, candidates demonstrate their readiness to contribute to the global academic community and embark on a journey of intellectual exploration and discovery.。
博士学位英语考试真题及答案
博士学位英语考试真题及答案题目1：Which of the following statements is true about academic writing?A. It often uses informal language.B. It avoids using citations from other sources.C. It emphasizes clarity and precision.D. It does not require careful planning.答案：C题目2：The main purpose of a research paper is to ____.A. entertain the readerB. persuade the readerC. present new ideas or findingsD. describe personal experiences答案：C题目3：In academic writing, a citation is used to ____.A. add humor to the textB. support an argument with evidenceC. increase the word countD. make the text more creative答案：B题目4：When writing an abstract for a research paper, it is important to ____.A. include detailed experimental proceduresB. provide a summary of the main pointsC. discuss the limitations of the studyD. present personal opinions about the topic答案：B题目5：Plagiarism refers to the act of ____.A. copying someone else's work without proper citationB. using complex vocabulary to impress readersC. avoiding using citations in academic writingD. discussing personal opinions in a research paper答案：A题目6：In academic writing, a thesis statement is a sentence that ____.A. entertains the reader with a jokeB. presents the main argument or purpose of the paperC. provides background information about the topicD. discusses the limitations of previous research答案：B题目7：The passive voice is often used in academic writing to ____.A. sound more informalB. emphasize the actions of the subjectC. avoid mentioning who performed an actionD. make the text more creative答案：C题目8：Effective academic writing should be ____.A. vague and ambiguousB. concise and focusedC. full of unnecessary detailsD. written in a conversational style答案：B请注意，这些题目只是示例，并不代表真实的博士学位英语考试题目。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语PhD Exam Questions and Answers: EnglishIntroduction:For individuals pursuing a doctoral degree, the PhD exam is a critical milestone that tests their knowledge and competency in their chosen field. In this article, we will explore selected PhD exam questions and provide comprehensive answers in English. The questions cover a range of topics and aim to assess the candidate's understanding and analytical skills.Question 1:Discuss the impact of technology on global communication.Answer 1:Technology has revolutionized global communication, breaking down barriers and creating new opportunities. The widespread availability of the internet and social media platforms has enabled instantaneous connection across continents. This has facilitated the exchange of information and ideas, fostering collaboration and innovation on a global scale. Additionally, technology has made communication more accessible and affordable, bridging the gap between individuals and cultures. However, there are challenges, such as language barriers and the digital divide, that need to be addressed to ensure equal access to communication technologies worldwide.Question 2:Explain the concept of sustainable development and its significance in today's world.Sustainable development refers to the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes the integration of economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection. In today's world, sustainable development is of utmost importance due to various reasons. The increasing population and consumption patterns have put significant pressure on natural resources and ecosystems. Sustainable development offers a framework to balance economic development with environmental conservation, ensuring the well-being of current and future generations. It is crucial for addressing climate change, poverty, and inequality, creating a more equitable and resilient society.Question 3:Discuss the impact of globalization on cultural diversity.Answer 3:Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on cultural diversity. On one hand, globalization promotes the sharing and exchange of diverse cultures, leading to increased awareness and appreciation of different traditions and practices. It allows individuals to explore and celebrate cultural diversity, fostering tolerance and understanding. On the other hand, globalization can also lead to cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures overshadow and erode unique local traditions. The influx of global media and consumerism has the potential to dilute indigenous cultures. It is essential to strike a balance, preserving cultural heritage while embracing the benefits of global interconnectedness.Examine the role of ethics in scientific research.Answer 4:Ethics plays a fundamental role in scientific research, ensuring the integrity, validity, and societal impact of scientific endeavors. Researchers have a responsibility to conduct their work with honesty, transparency, and respect for participants and subjects. Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality, and minimizing harm to individuals and the environment. Additionally, ethical research practices involve avoiding plagiarism, fraudulent data manipulation, and conflicts of interest. Upholding ethical standards promotes the credibility and trustworthiness of scientific findings, contributing to the advancement of knowledge for the betterment of society.Conclusion:The PhD exam questions presented above provide a glimpse into the diverse topics that candidates may encounter during their doctoral journey. These questions necessitate critical thinking, extensive knowledge, and effective communication skills. By thoroughly understanding and successfully answering such questions, individuals demonstrate their readiness to contribute to their respective fields of study. The pursuit of a PhD is not only an academic endeavor but also a commitment to expanding knowledge and making a positive impact on society.。
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。