chapter 12 sense relations外文翻译
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文12及其翻译
Does Economic Growth (development) Improve Human Morale?By David G. Myers[1] During the mid-1980s my family and I spent a sabbatical year in the historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland. Comparing life there with life in America, we were impressed by a seeming disconnection between national wealth and well-being (happiness). To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed Spartan. Incomes were about half that (income) in the U. S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding (around) St. Andrews, 44 percent did not own a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place not far south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury.[2] In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half-summer stays since (since then), we repeatedly noticed that, despite (=in spite of) their simpler living, the Scots appeared no less joyful (happy) than Americans. We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher, but never about being underpaid or unable to afford (pay for) wants (necessities). With less money there was no less satisfaction with living, no less warmth of spirit, no less pleasure (happiness) in one another's company. Are rich American is happier? [accompany sb. to somewhere][3] Within any country, such as our own, are rich people happier? In poor countries, such as Bangladesh and India, being relatively well off (rich) does make for (cause/ bring about) somewhat (a little) greater well being (happiness). Psychologically as well as (=and) materially, it is much better to be high caste than low caste. We humans need food, rest, warmth, and social contact.[4] But in affluent (rich) countries, where nearly everyone can afford life's necessities, increasing affluence matters (vi.) surprisingly little. In the USA, Canada, and Europe, the correlation between income and happiness is, as University of Michigan researcher Ronald Ingle-hart noted in 1980s 16-nation study, "surprisingly weak [indeed, virtually (actually) negligible]". Happiness is lower among the very poor. But once (they are) comfortable, more money provides diminishing returns. The second piece of pie, or the second $ 50, 000, never tastes as good as the first. So (As) far as happiness is concerned, it hardly matters (vi.) whether one drives a BMW or, like so many of the Scots, walks or rides a bus.[5] Even very rich people -- the Forbes' 100 wealthiest (richest) Americans surveyed by University of Illinois psychologist Ed Diener -- are only slightly happier than average (the ordinary people). With net (<->gross) worth all exceeding (surpassing) $ 100 million, providing ample (enough) money to buy things they don't need and hardly care about, 4 in 5 of the 49 people responding to the survey agreed that "Money can increase OR decrease happiness, depending on how it is used." And some (people) were indeed unhappy. One fabulously (extremely) wealthy man said he could never remember being happy. One woman reported that money could not undo (correct) misery caused by her children's problems. Does economic growth improve human morale? (net weight<->gross weight)[6] We have scrutinized (examined) the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being (happiness) by comparing rich and unrich countries, and rich and unrich people. That (analysis) leaves the final question: Over time (in the long run), does happiness rise (increase) with affluence (wealth)?[7] Typically (Absolutely) not. Lottery winners appear (seem) to gain (get) but (only) a temporary jolt of joy (happiness) from (because of) their winnings. Looking back, they feeldelighted (happy) to have won. Yet the euphoria doesn't last (vi.). In fact, previously enjoyed activities such as reading may become less pleasurable (pleasant). Compared to the high (high spirit) of winning a million dollars, ordinary pleasures (become) pale.[8] On a smaller scale, a jump in our income can boost (promote/ increase) our morale, for a while (a short time). "But in the long run," notes Inglehart, "neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces（bring about）the same feelings of delight that it initially did. Happiness is not the result of being rich, but a temporary consequence (result) of having recently become richer." Ed Diener's research confirms that those whose incomes have increased over a 10-year period are not happier than those whose income has not increased. Wealth, it therefore seems, is like health: Although its utter (complete) absence can breed (produce/ lead to) misery, having it does not guarantee happiness. Happiness is less a matter of getting what we want than of wanting (enjoy) what we have.Are we happier today?[9] We can also ask whether, over time, our collective (total/ comprehensive) happiness has floated upward (increase) with the rising economic tide. Are we happier today than in 1940, when two out of five homes (families) lacked a shower or bathtub, heat often meant feeding a furnace wood or coal, and 35 percent of homes had no toilet? Or consider 1957, when economist John Galbraith was about to describe the United States as The Affluent Society. Americans' per person income, expressed in today's dollars, was less than $ 8,000. Today it is more than $ 16, 000, thanks to increased real wages into the 1970s, increased nonwage income, and the doubling of married women's employment. Compared to 1957, we are therefore "the doubly affluent society"—with double what money buys including twice as many cars per person, not to mention microwave ovens, big screen color TVs, home computers, and $ 200 billion a year spent in restaurants and bars -- two and a half times our 1960 inflation-adjusted restaurant spending per person. From 1960 to 1990, the percentage of us with·dishwashers zoomed from 7 to 45 percent, (zoom in=enlarge<->zoom out)·clothes dryers rose from 20 to 69 percent,·air conditioners soared from 15 to 70 percent.Not best of times (for) the human spirit (morale)[10] So, believing that a little more money would make us a little happier, and having seen our affluence ratchet upward little by little over nearly four decades, are we now happier?[11] We are not (happy at all). Since 1957, the number telling the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center that they are "very happy" has declined from 35 to 30 percent. Twice as rich, and a little less happy. In fact, between 1956 and 1988, the percentage of Americans saying they were "pretty (very) well satisfied with your present financial situation" dropped from 42 to 30 percent. [live/ lead a happy/ miserable life][12] We are also more often downright (completely) miserable. Among Americans born since World War II, depression has increased dramatically –tenfold (ten times), reports University of Pennsylvania clinical researcher Martin Seligman. Today's 25-year-olds are much more likely (possible) to recall a time in their life when they were despondent (depressed) and despairing than are their 75-year-old grandparents, despite the grandparents having had many more years to suffer all kinds of disorder, from broken legs to the anguish of depression. Researchers debate the actualextent (degree) of rising depression... but no matter how we define depression, the findings (discoveries) persist. Today's youth and young adults have grown up with much more affluence, slightly less overall happiness, and much greater risk of depression, not to mention tripled teen suicide and all the other social pathologies we have considered (discussed). Never has a culture (nation) experienced such physical comfort combined with such psychological misery. Never have we felt so free, or had our prisons so overstuffed. Never have we been so sophisticated (complicated) about pleasure, or so likely to suffer broken relationships.[13] These are the best of times materially, "a time of elephantine (great) vanity and greed" observes Garrison Keillor, but they are not the best times for the human spirit. William Bennett, no critic of free market economies, is among those who recognize (find) the futility (uselessness) of economics without ethics and money without a mission (goal/ purpose): "If we have full employment and greater economic growth -- if we have cities of gold and alabaster -- but our children have not learned how to walk in goodness, justice, and mercy, then the American experiment, not matter how gilded (beautiful), will have failed." (1, 208 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDavid Myers is a social psychologist and a communicator (writer) of psychological science to college students and the general public.EXERCISESAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. What struck the author during his stay in St. Andrews, Scotland?A. The historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland.B. Obvious disconnection between national wealth and well-being.C. The natural beauty of St. Andrews, Scotland.D. The unwealthy yet peaceful life in St. Andrews, Scotland.2. What did the Scots think about their simple life?A. They were unsatisfied with the simple life and complained a lot.B. They blamed Margaret Thatcher for the poor living standard.C. They never complained, though they were unable co afford wants.D. They were happy and satisfied with their simple life.3. What's the difference that affluence makes between poor countries and rich ones?A. In poor countries, affluence matters surprisingly little while in rich countries affluence matters a great deal.B. In poor countries, affluence doesn't matter while in rich countries affluence matters a great deal.C. Increasing affluence means the same for people both in rich countries and in poor ones.D. Affluence makes great difference in poor countries while it matters surprisingly little in rich ones.4. What does the author imply by "The second piece of pie never tastes as good as the first."?A. You will never have the same feeling if you are full.B. Driving a BMW is the same as walking or riding a bike once you have enough to eat.C. Once people have enough income for comfortable life, then more income provides diminishing returns.D. For the poor people they will not refuse to have something more.5. What is the attitude of the wealthiest Americans towards money and happiness?A. Money could either increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used.B. Money could increase or decrease happiness, depending on how much money one owns.C. Money could not bring happiness but troubles.D. Money could bring neither happiness nor troubles.6. According to the author, what is the consequence of becoming rich?A. Troubles.B. A high spirit.C. Miseries.D. Temporary happiness.7. Why does the author say that wealth is like health?A. Health and wealth are both blessings, yet having both does not ensure happiness.B. The more wealth one has, the happier one is.C. One will never be happy if he is rich, but in poor health.D. Both money and health are essential to happiness.8. What are the causes of the rising income of Americans?A. Increased real wages and decreased nonwage income.B. Decreased nonwage income and working women.C. Increased nonwage income and more married working women.D. Increased real wages but decreased married women's employment.9. What is culturally typical of today's American society?A. More affluent and more comfortable.B. Physical comfort combined with psychological misery.C. More affluent yet less comfortable.D. More affluent and less psychologically depressed.10. What's the main idea of the passage?A. Wealth can't ensure the improvement of human morale.B. People in poor countries enjoy life more than those do in poor countries.C. Human beings need both health and wealth in order to have a happy life.D. It is the best time for human wealth as well as happiness.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the tour choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. In 1977, I took my first ever _____ year and spent a couple of months at the Australian National University in Canberra.A. underpaidB. sabbaticalC. prosperousD. affluent2. He has had _____ opportunity to exercise leadership, which he almost invariably directs along positive channels, and has improved in the various skills.A. ampleB. utter (complete/ thorough)C. messyD. greedy3. Presumably (perhaps) they are paid their _____ salaries to spot (look for) errors such as these.A. despairingB. fabulous (unbelievable)C. depressingD. sympathetic4. It still depends on flow-patterns, even when the air is so thin as to be almost _____.A. diminishingB. tripledC. negligibleD. perceivable (=comprehensive)5. This would carry with it a responsibility on their part to help devise (design) the tests, or atleast to _____ their content.A. boost (increase/ promote)B. breadC. guaranteeD. scrutinize (examine)6. But he was already affected (influenced) by a(n) _____ which induced courage and recklessness.A. euphoriaB. mission (task)C. (idea->) ideologyD. bewilderment (confusion)7. Not only was there physical weakness but also intense loneliness and sometimes mental_____ due to (because of) lack of occupation (job) in the "workhouse" (workshop/ factory/ company) and the chronic sick wards.A. moraleB. enthusiasmC. starvation (=hanger)D. anguish(extreme pain)8. Worst of all is the sense (feeling) of utter (thorough) _____ because it is far too late to change anything.A. luxuryB. possessionC. futilityD. dominance9. The (mode<->) mood was (desperate->) despairing, _____ and war-weary pathetic (poor/pitiful) rather than rebellious.A. deficientB. destructiveC. despondent (depressed)D. declining (fall)10. She was born friendly and intelligent with none of the _____ so often associated with beautiful women.A. vanityB. casteC. lotteryD. eternity (eternal: adj.)B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.well off necessity diminish undo persistwell-being underpay downright zoom delight1. This suggests that Sterling's strength, unwelcome though it seemed, may actually have been conductive (helpful) to Britain's economic well-being (health/ development).2. The coal miners complain that they are ridiculously underpaid, especially as the work is so dangerous.3. We have seen the value of our house diminish substantially (considerably) over the last six months.4. It's very difficult to u ndo (correct) the damage that's caused by inadequate (improper) parenting (parental education) in a child's early years.5. The company's benefits zoomed (increase) from nil (zero/ naught) in 1981 to about $ 16 million last year. (zoom in=enlarge; zoom out)6. But she was an orphan, and the uncle and aunt with whom she lived were not at all well off (rich).7. For some women at this stage, cooking can become an absorbing (attractive) hobby rather than the necessity of life it was when there were others to feed -- a social pleasure or simply (only) a personal indulgence (favor/ preference).8. Those words uttered (spoken) by some political leaders would sound banal (cliché) and from one or two others downright phony (adj. n. false).9. Call your doctor for advice if symptoms persist for more than a few days.10. Yet there is much of scenic and historic interest here to delight (make sb. happy/ happiness)the leisurely visitor. (scene->scenery->scenic)III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage ea fully and choose the best answer front the four chokes given below the passage.Millions of people, especially in cities, find that life has become a dizzying and exhausting (tiring/ tiresome) rush (run). This is particularly (especially) so in Western lands (countries). At a recent meeting in the United States, a speaker asked his audience to 1 raise their hands if they felt tired much of the time (most of the time). Instantly, 2 a sea of hands went up. (If you can make it in New York, you can make it anywhere else; make it=succeed/ make a living) The book Why Am I So Tired? says: "Modern life is full oflist is endless."In years 4 gone (passed) by, life was simpler, and the pace of life was slower. People tended to live more peacefully (live in harmony). Daytime was for work, and nighttime was for one's family and for bed. Today, there are a number of reasons why people feel 5 increasingly tired and fatigued.One factor may be that people sleep less. And one of the more significant (important) developments that caused the change was the, 6 arrival of the electric light. With the flick of a humans could control the length of the "day", and people soon began 7(=sitting up late). Indeed, many had little choice in the matter because factories began to operate 8 around the clock and service industries extended their hours.Other technological radio, TV, and the personal computer, havealso played a role (part) in10 turn up (turn out/ appear) at work sleepy and tired after a long night's viewing (watching). Home computers, and the endless distractions that they offer, also tempt (attract) millions to stay up late.1. A. rise B. arise C. raise D. arouse2. A. a sea of B. a flock of C. a bunch of D. a band of3. A. interests B. advances C. tensions D. conflicts4. A. to come B. gone by C. to go D. passed away5. A. greatly B. intensively C. increasingly D. comprehensively6. A. display B. arrival C. demonstration D. announcement7. A. keeping on B. staying up C. sitting about D. standing for8. A. the clock round B. against the clock C. by the clock D. around the clock9. A. disturbing B. dividing C. detecting D. depriving10. A. tune in B. tear off C. turn up D. take inIV. TranslationPut the following ports into Chinese.1. To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed Spartan. Incomes were about half that in the U. S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St. Andrews, 44 percent did notown a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place not far south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury.对绝大多数美国人而言，苏格兰人的生活可称得上清贫，其收入大约仅为美国人的一半。
(完整word版)学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
論語的兩章節 Confucius说明书
Two Chapters from theAnalects*論語的兩章節Confucius*This translation follows mostly James Legge’s,with occa-sional variants by u,Chichung Huang,or Confucius Publishing Co.Ltd.The Lun Yu論語(literally‘collated conversa-tions’)records some of the deeds and sayings of Master Kong(Kong Zi or Kong Fuzi,whence the Latin Confucius)and of his immediate cir-cle of disciples.The lessons derived in many ways and on many levels from these analects,have made of this text for more than two thousand years the backbone of Far Eastern culture.They have been recited uninterruptedly by schoolchil-dren from China,Korea,Japan and other coun-tries over many centuries.As the main scripture of the Confucian canon,the Lun Yu lays the founda-tions of the‘Triple Religion’三教sanjiao,which informs every aspect of traditional life in the Far East.學而第一Book I·Xue Er【第一章】子曰、學而時習之、不亦說乎。
英语词汇学chapter7 sense relations
– Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.
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– Hyponymy 上下义关系
• semantic inclusion
synonym 同义词 antomym 反义词
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Synonymy
• Synonymy is a relationship of ‘sameness of meaning’ that may hold between two words.
• Native
French
Latin
• ask
question
interrogate
• fast
firm
secure
• 2) Dialects and regional English
• railway (BrE)
railroad (AmE)
• 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words
– Polysemy
– Homonymy(同形异义关系/同音异义关系/同音同形异义关系)
• Homophones
Homographs
Perfect homonyms
– Synonymy 同义关系
• semantic similarity
– Antonymy 反义关系
• semantic opposition
– Rare, non-existent – Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly
理智与情感英语版听说
理智与情感英语版听说Chapter 1: The Dashwood SistersIn the tranquil countryside of Sussex, the Dashwood family faces a sudden upheaval. Upon the death of Mr. Dashwood, his estate is inherited by his son, John, leaving his three daughters and their mother, Mrs. Dashwood, in a precarious financial situation. The sisters, Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret, are forced to leave their childhood home, Norland Park, and move to a modest cottage in Devonshire.Chapter 2: New BeginningsThe Dashwood family settles into their new life in Barton, where they are welcomed by the warm and friendly Colonel Brandon and the charming Mr. Willoughby. Marianne, the youngest and most romantic of the sisters, is instantly smitten with Willoughby's dashing personality and good looks.Chapter 3: The Arrival of Edward FerrarsElinor, the eldest and most sensible sister, meets Edward Ferrars, a gentleman who is the brother of her sister-in-law's husband. A mutual attraction develops between them, but Edward's reserved nature and a secret from his past complicate the budding relationship.Chapter 4: The Ball at BartonA grand ball is held at Barton, where the sisters are introduced to the local society. Marianne dances with Willoughby, deepening their connection, while Elinor dances with Edward, further igniting their feelings for each other.Chapter 5: The Trip to LondonMrs. Dashwood decides to take her daughters to London to find suitable husbands. Marianne hopes to reunite with Willoughby, but he has mysteriously disappeared. Meanwhile, Elinor learns that Edward is engaged to another woman, Lucy Steele.Chapter 6: The MisunderstandingsIn London, the sisters encounter new challenges and misunderstandings. Marianne is heartbroken by Willoughby's betrayal, while Elinor struggles with her feelings for Edward and the knowledge of his engagement.Chapter 7: The Return to BartonThe family returns to Barton, where Marianne falls gravelyill. Colonel Brandon reveals his love for her and his role in rescuing her from a disastrous situation involving Willoughby.Chapter 8: Resolutions and RevelationsAs the story unfolds, the truth about Edward's engagement is revealed, and he is free to pursue his love for Elinor. Marianne, having recovered from her illness, comes toappreciate the steadfast love of Colonel Brandon.Chapter 9: The Union of HeartsElinor and Edward are finally united in marriage, and Marianne accepts Colonel Brandon's proposal. The Dashwood sisters find happiness and fulfillment, balancing their emotions with reason and wisdom.Chapter 10: A New DawnThe sisters embark on a new chapter of their lives, having learned the importance of balancing their hearts with their heads. The story concludes with the promise of a brighter future for the Dashwood family.This is a brief outline of the story "Sense and Sensibility" by Jane Austen, adapted into a narrative suitable for English listening and speaking practice. The chapters are structured to highlight key events and character developments, providing ample material for discussion and language practice.。
Sense Relations
Reference is concerned with the relation
between a word and the thing it refers to.
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Sense Relations
There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized.
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Three characteristics
1.They are gradable. • The denial of one isn’t necessarily the assertion of the other.
eg: not “good” ≠“bad” ≈ “so so”, “average”
sameness relation oppositeness relation
4
inclusiveness relation
Sense Relations
5.3.1 Synonymy
5.3.2
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Antonymy
5.3.3
5
Hyponymy
definition
synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. synonyms are words similar in essential or generic meaning, but different in form and associative meaning.
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Features
1.The members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other • They divide up the whole of a semantic. There are no intermediate ground. • They can not be modified by “very”. e.g. One cannot say somebody is very alive or very dead • They do not have comparative or superlative degrees. e.g. He is more dead than alive.
现代大学英语（精读）笫三册——lesson12
Manipulate sb to do / into doing
~ parents into buying toys ~ me to give her vast sums of money ~ an event, situation or system ~ a computer 操作
associate… with…
~ progress with the future联系 Be ~d for a lifelong union 永结同心 The press feels the need to ~ itself with the green movement. (the press is ~d with the movement)公开支持 They disapproved of her ~ing with homosexuals.与人交往 n. associates 同事，伙伴 Bloodshed is an ~ to war. 形影不离 a. an ~ editor 副主编 an ~ professor war and its ~ horrors
Verbs collocating with the word “power” Abolish, abuse, acquire, come to, consolidate, decentralize, deprive sb of, establish, exercise, exert power, gain, give up, grab, hand over, have, hold on to, misuse, possess, recognize, reduce, restore, restrict, return to, seize, share power
理智与情感英语短文翻译
理智与情感英语短文翻译In the intricate tapestry of human experience, the interplay between reason and emotion is a perennial subject of philosophical inquiry and literary exploration. The duality often presents itself as a dichotomy, where the cool logic of reason is pitted against the passionate intensity of emotion. This short essay aims to navigate the subtle balance between these two fundamental aspects of our nature.Reason, the faculty of drawing logical conclusions, is the cornerstone of human progress. It has led to the development of science, technology, and the rule of law. It is the force that propels us to question, analyze, and understand the world around us. Through reason, we construct theories, solve complex problems, and make informed decisions that drive innovation and societal advancement.Emotion, on the other hand, is the wellspring of our passions and the driving force behind our actions. It is the heartthat beats within us, influencing our likes, dislikes, and the intensity of our responses to the world. Emotions such as love, joy, and empathy enrich our lives and foster connections with others. They are the very essence of our humanity, providing depth and color to our existence.The relationship between reason and emotion is not one of mutual exclusivity but rather a delicate dance of complementarity. A life governed solely by reason can be coldand detached, lacking the warmth and vibrancy that emotions bring. Conversely, a life ruled by unchecked emotions can lead to impulsive decisions and a lack of foresight, potentially resulting in chaos and regret.The ideal balance is one where reason and emotion coexist in harmony. Reason should inform our emotions, guiding them towards constructive expression and preventing us from being swayed by our baser instincts. At the same time, emotions can temper the rigidity of reason, infusing it with empathy and the ability to appreciate the beauty and joy that life has to offer.In literature, this theme is often explored through characters who embody the struggle between these two forces. Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility," for instance, contrasts the prudent Elinor with the passionate Marianne, illustrating the virtues and pitfalls of each approach to life.In conclusion, the balance between reason and emotion is a nuanced and complex one, requiring a keen understanding of both our intellectual capacities and our emotional landscape. It is a balance that, when achieved, can lead to a life that is both fulfilling and meaningful. As we navigate the complexities of our lives, it is essential to recognize the value of both reason and emotion, and to strive for a harmonious integration of these two indispensable elements of the human experience.。