物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
物流外文文献翻译(DOC)
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve completecontrol, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systemsapproach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including theintegration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. Theestablishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends tomajor aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
物流配送外文翻译文献
物流配送外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Logistics distribution1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditionalmanufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not beachieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented to manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects. "Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated. Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management. Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in the management of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in the fixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings. "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make astable and lasting.5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:（1）Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate andfast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc.link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.（2）Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "物流配送1 导言物流通常被认为是将恰当的产品以最低的成本，在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。
物流配送英文文献及翻译
物流配送中英文对照英文文献及翻译1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobileindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, T oyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization ofdistribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode ofend customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge toa reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gapbetween the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity isvery low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not be achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of。
物流配送外文文献及翻译
1、 INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to theright place at the right time for the least cost、 Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions、Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking wasthe emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition、Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of botha cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage、 The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by、China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growthover the past three years、 Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the restof the world、 As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the、 In particular in the automobileglobal consumer brands have established operations thereindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers、 Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011,、 InChina is expected to surpass Japan to become the wor ld’s second largest auto marketorder to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed、Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment、China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure、 This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies、Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most globalOEMs, is an emergent consideration in China、 Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise inthe joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management e xperiences and methods from the OEMs、All these factors increase the、difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers2、 The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2、1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goodsin general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective、 United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, r etail and warehouse-type three types、2、2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role inthe process of 、2、3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities、Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers、 Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-techinformation network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system、2、4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms、3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3、1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers、 With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development、However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role,the process of distribution of the low level of modernization、China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow、Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability、 And domestic retailers in this、area has just started, or have not yet started3、2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center、Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing,"、 The which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name onlyother has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low、 Uniform distribution logistics center can notbe achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not、materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths3、3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database、Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days、 And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high、 Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation、Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development、The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses o f the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response t o sales demand and timely replenishment、This is also a large-scalecross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage、3、4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel、This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks、Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated systemof systems、4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented t o manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects、"Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated、Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management、Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in themanagement of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in thefixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings、 "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make a stable and lasting、5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development ofthird-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:(1)Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services、 If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role、 Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities、 Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing、 Itis produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book、 Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy、 Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect、The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction、 The aim ofLean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services、Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system、 It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information、In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness、the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage、 Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key、 As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics、 Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the、 Value analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantageof the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities、Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities、 Basic activities of supporting activities is to assistthe revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other、 Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logisticsenterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics、 Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, d oes not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc、 link、 Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play、 Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities、Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses、(2)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development、Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity、Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength、Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics、 Integrated logistics virtualization technology as ameans of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service、Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization、Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources、 Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environmentre-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics、 Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors、 "1 导言物流通常被认为就是将恰当的产品以最低的成本,在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。
(完整word版)物流外文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their coreenergy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price atthe right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in thecompetition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development ofenterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
物流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 组合优化和绿色物流
物流外文翻译外文文献英文文献组合优化和绿色物流附件2:外文原文(复印件)Combinatorial optimization and Green LogisticsAbstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce the area of Green Logistics and to describe some of the problems that arise in this subject which can be formulated as combinatorial optimization problems. The paper particularly considers the topics of reverse logistics, waste management and vehicle routing and scheduling. Keywords GreenLogistics、 Reverse logistics 、 Combinatorial optimization 、Waste management 、 Hazardous materials1 IntroductionGreen Logistics is concerned with producing and distributing goodsin a sustainable way,taking account of environmental and social factors. Thus the objectives are not only concerned with the economic impact of logistics policies on the organization carrying them out,but also with the wider effects on society, such as the effects of pollution on the environment. Green Logistics activities include measuring the environmental impact of different distribution strategies, reducing the energy usage in logistics activities, reducing waste and managing its treatment. In recent years there has been increasing concern about the environmental effects on the planet of human activity and currentlogistic practices may not be sustainable in the long term.Many organizations and businesses are starting to measure their carbonfootprints so that the environmental impact of their activities can be monitored. Governments are considering targets for reduced emissions and other environmental measures.There is therefore increasing interest in Green Logistics from companies and governments.Traditional logistics models for production and distribution have concentrated on minimizing costs subject to operational constraints. But consideration of the wider objectives and issues connected with Green Logistics leads to new methods of working and new models,some of which pose interesting new applications for operational research models of various types. A survey of all operational research models in this area would require a very long article and so the focus of this paper is to concentrate on some of the new or revised combinatorial optimization models that arise in Green Logistics applications. For those working in combinatorial optimization it is hoped that these new models will pose interesting new challenges that may have significant effects on the environment when the results are applied.The original version of this paper can be found in Sbihi and Eglese (2007). It discusses different areas that relate to the Green Logistics agenda. Section 2 concerns Reverse Logistics modelsthat take account of the full life-cycle of a product and the possibilities of various forms of recycling. Section 3 covers Waste Management that includes models for thetransportation of hazardous waste, roll-on roll-off containers andthe collection of household waste. Section 4 deals with Vehicle Routing models and issues relating toGreen Logistics objectives. Section 5 contains the final conclusions.2 Reverse LogisticsThere are various definitions of Reverse Logistics to be found inthe literature. For example,Fleischmann et al. (1997) say that reverse logistics is ―a process whichencompasses the logistics activities all the way from used productsno longer required by the user to products again usable in a market‖. Dowlatshahi (2000) explains ReverseLogistics as ―a process in which a manufacturer systematicallyaccepts previouslyshipped products or parts from the point for consumption forpossible recycling,re manufacturing or disposal‖. Later, the European Working Group on Reverse Logistics,REVLOG, Dekker et al. (2004), give this definition: ―The process of planning,implementing and controlling backward flows of raw materials, in process inventory,packaging and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribution oruse point, to a pointof recovery or point of proper disposal‖.In their book, Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (1999)briefly consider the differences between Reverse Logistics and Green Logistics. In Reverse Logistics there should be some flow of products or goods back from the consumer to an earlier stage of the supply chain.The reduction of waste that this implies certainly means that Reverse Logistics should be included within Green Logistics. For example, De Brito and Van Der Laan (2003) examine inventory management issues when product returns must be estimated. However there will be other models of logistics activities involving only forward flows of goodsthat could not be described as reverse logistics, but if they include environmental considerations, will also be included within Green Logistics. For example,Mondschein and Schilkrut (1997)describe a mixed integerlinear programming model to determine the optimal investmentpolicies for the copper industry in Chile. A key part of the model was to control air pollution through emissions in the production process. Legislation within the European Community gives high importance to recycled products and, in some cases, it has established the responsibility for the end of life products to the manufacturers. For example, the Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) Directive (2002/96/EC)1 deals with this. Such legislationis one of the drivers in establishing the importance of reverse logistics operations. Most European companies will increasingly have tothink about incorporating Reverse Logistics activities in their business operations.2.1 Location models used in Reverse LogisticsThere is a huge amount of research in facility location theory in general. However, in the literature we found relatively few papers on this topic applicable to Reverse Logistics (RL). Krikke (1998) proposes some models for RL network design. He designsa model for a multi-product and multi-echelon situation. The model allows new facilities to be added with the corresponding cost functions when necessary. He proposes the design of a network graph and a transportation graph as basic inputs for his model. Barros et al. (1998) consider the problem of the recycling of sand (asubproduct of recycling construction waste) in the Netherlands. They propose a two-levellocation model for the sand problem and consider its optimization using heuristic procedures. Fleischmann et al. (2000) reviewed nine published case studies on logistics networkdesign for product recovery in different industries, and identified some general characteristics of product recovery networks, comparing them with traditional logistics structures. They classified the product recovery networks in three sub-areas: re-usable item networks, remanufacturing networks, and recycling networks.Other references deal with this topic (e.g., Krikke 1998; Sarkis 2001; Fleischmann2001). Most of the models developed in this field are similar to the traditional location problems,in particular location-allocation models (see Kroon and Vrijens 1995; Ammonset al. 1999;Spengler et al. 1997; Marìn and Pelegrìn 1998; Jayaraman et al. 1999; Krikkeet al. 1999,2001; Fleischmann et al. 2000). In most of the models, transportation andprocessing costs were minimized while the environmental costs associated with the designed network were often neglected.2.2 Dynamic lot-sizing problemThe dynamic lot sizing problem in its simplest form considers a facility, possibly a warehouse or a retailer, which faces dynamic demand for a single item over a finite horizon (see Wagner and Whitin 1958). The facility places orders for the item from asupply agency, e.g.,a manufacturer or a supplier, which is assumedto have an unlimited quantity of the product.The model assumes a fixed ordering (setup) cost, a linear procurement cost for each unit purchased, and a linear holding cost for each unit held in inventory per unit time. Given the time varying demand and cost parameters, the problem is to decide when and how much to order at the facility in each period so that all demand is satisfied at minimum cost.The dynamic lot-sizing problem has been well studied in the pastsince it was first introduced more than four decades ago. The exact solution technique, known as the Wagner- Whitin algorithm, based onDynamic Programming is well known in production planning and inventory control. For more information about this model, see the books by Bramel and Simchi-Levi (1997), Johnson and Montgomery (1974) and Silver et al.(1996). A variety of heuristic methods have also been proposed, for example the Silver-Meal heuristic described in Silver and Meal (1973).In Teunter et al. (2006) a variant of the basic lot sizing model is considered where the serviceable stock may also be made using a remanufacturing operation that utilizes returns and produces serviceable stock that is indistinguishable from the newly manufactured stock. Examples of remanufacturing include single-use cameras and copiers. An inventory system with remanufacturing can be described in Fig . 1. The model studied makes the following assumptions:– no disposal option for returns;– holding cost for serviceables is greater than holding cost for returns;– variable manufacturing and remanufacturing costs are not included.The objective is again to minimize the sum of the set-up costs and holding costs. Two variants are considered. In the first it is assumedthat there is a joint set-up cost formanufacturing and remanufacturing which is appropriate when the same production line is used for both processes. The second variant assumes separate set-up costs for manufacturing and remanufacturing. We review these models in the next two sections. 3 Waste managementThe widely acknowledged increase in solid waste production, together with the increased concern about environmental issues, have led local governments and agencies to devote resources to solid waste collection policy planning. Waste management is a key process to protect the environment and conserve resources. In recent years, policies of governments towards waste management have focused on waste avoidance, reuse and recycling. As a result there has been significant progress in these management areas, particularly for the more developed nations. The environmental aspects of waste management means that activities concerning the transport of waste materials are clearly part of the Green Logistics agenda.4 Vehicle routing and schedulingThe Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem (VRSP) concerns the determination of routes and schedules for a fleet of vehicles to satisfy the demands of a set of customers. The basic Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) can be described in the following way.We are given a set of homogeneous vehicles each of capacity Q, locatedat a central depot and a set of customers with known locations and demands to be satisfied by deliveries from the central depot. Each vehicle route must start and end at the central depot and the total customer demand satisfied by deliveries on each route must not exceed the vehicle capacity, Q. The objective is to determine a set of routes for thevehicles that will minimize the total cost. The total cost isusually proportional to the total distance traveled if the number of vehicles is fixed and may also include an additional term proportional to the number of vehicles used if the number of routes may vary.The CVRP and many of its variants have been well studied in the literature since its introduction by Dantzig and Ramser (1959). Its exact solution is difficult to determine forlarge-scale problems as it is a member of the class of NP-hard problems. Specialisedalgorithms are able to consistently find optimal solutions for cases with up to about 50 customers; larger problems have been solved to optimality in some cases, but often at the expense of considerable computing time.In practice, other variations and additional constraints that must be taken into consideration usually make the vehicle routing problem even more difficult to solve to optimality.So many solution procedures are based on heuristic algorithms that are designed to provide good feasible solutions within an acceptable computing time, but without a guarantee of optimality.There are several books and survey articles that summarize different approaches and provide references to the large number of journalarticles that have been written on this topic (e.g., Golden and Assad 1988; Toth and Vigo 2001). There are many other researchworks about the classical CVRP. Some exact methods have beentailored for this problem (e.g., Laporte and Nobert 1987; Agarwal et al. 1989; Lysgaard et al. 2004;Fukasawa et al.2006). Others have proposed approximate methods and heuristics due to the complexity of the problem and the need to solve it in a reasonable computing time (see Gendreau et al.2002; Laporte and Semet 2002; Cordeau and Laporte 2004; Cordeauet al. 2005). Most of these approaches are based on local search techniques.Most papers assume that the costs and times of traveling between the depot and the customers and between customers are known and fixed. They are either given or calculated using a shortest path algorithm on the graph or network representing the locations. In practice,the times and shortest paths may vary, particularly by time of day. 5 Conclusions This paper has described the field covered by Green Logistics and described some of the new problems that arise when the objectives considered are not simply economic, but involve wider environmental and social considerations too. There are many different types of operational research models that have key roles to play in dealing with Green Logistics issues, but in this paper we have concentrated on describing areas where combinatorial optimization is central to the design of acceptable solutions. It is expected that as environmental factors assume increasing importance, the effective use of combinatorialoptimization theories and techniques will be needed to meet the challengesof new problems.There is a research consortium in the UK working on many different aspects of Green Logistics models and more information can be found on the website of the Green Logistics project. The Green Logistics project includes several work modules that relate to topics covered in this review such as reverse logistics and the effect of vehicle routing and scheduling policies on the Green Logistics agenda.附件1:外文资料翻译译文组合优化和绿色物流摘要:本文的目的是介绍绿色物流领域及描述通过组合优化制定中出现的一些问题。
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)——外文文献原稿和译文外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logisticsdistribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether toconform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on,in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as thepopulation shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.1北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)——外文文献原稿和译文How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity andstrain capacityof distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center(At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of directfactors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution(This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes theinfluence of locating distribution center on logistics cost(and finds one kind of simple and easy locationmethod by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel(So the location of agricultural product logisticsdistribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision(making support function to thelogisties facilities and planning of agricultural product(The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving andtransporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly(The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular thespecifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity andstrain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expendituresummation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods(such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
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物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)设施规划引言设施规划在过去的十年间已经被赋予了全新的意义。
在过去，设施规划一般被认为是一门科学。
而在当今竞争激烈的全球市场，设施规划成为了一种策略。
政府、教育机构和企业已经不再单独相互竞争，现在这些实体或企业将彼此联合为合作企业、组织协会，并最终合成为供应链，将客户纳入到整个供应链过程以保持竞争力。
这些年来设施规划问题一直是一个热门话题。
尽管它已拥有很悠久的历史，但在目前的出版物、会议以及研究中，设施规划仍是最受欢迎的科目之一。
设施规划的处理已经从清单式或者菜单式的方法发展到了高度复杂的数学建模。
在本文中，我们使用了一个实用的设施规划方法，其利用了实证以及同时包含传统和现代概念的分析方法。
值得提及的是，在本文中拥有很广泛的设施规划应用示例。
例如，这本书的内容可以适用于一个新医院,一个装配部门,一个已有的仓库,或者一个机场的行李部的规划。
无论问题是发生在医院、生产工厂、配送中心、机场、零售商店、学校、银行、还是办公室或者这些设施的任何部分；无论是在一个发达国家的现代化设施还是在一个发展中国家的过时设施中，本文给出的材料在进行规划时都非常有用。
重要的是要认识到现代设施规划中将设施当作是一个动态的实体，一个成功的设施规划方案的关键因素是其适应性以及适合全新应用的能力。
设施规划的定义当今的设施规划必须能够帮助组织实现供应链的优越性。
实现供应链的优越性是一个有六个步骤、或者说六个等级的过程。
一如既往，这些步骤与优越性、可见性、协同性、综合性、敏捷性等联系在一起。
当一家公司最大化供应链的各个功能（采购-制造-运输-储存-销售），个体部门（如金融、市场营销、销售、采购、信息技术、研发、生产、分配和人力资源等部门）的目标就是要成为公司最好的部门。
组织的有效性不是重点，每个组织内的元素都需要试图在其个体范围内表现良好。
只有在每个人的环节都实现卓越的绩效之后，他或者她才能开始追求整个供应链的卓越。
为了实现供应链的优越性，公司必须摧毁内部的壁垒，直到整个组织能够作为一体来运作。
公司通常拥有很多部门和设施，包括工厂、仓库和配送中心，如果一个组织希望追求卓越的供应链，它就必须审视自身的内部，消除或减少部门和设施之间界限，并且开始一个无休无止的持续改进之旅，在部门，车间，供应链等级的设计与系统中必须要有战略和战术计划作为支持。
卓越的供应链需要其中的每个人协同工作。
然而，如果他们‘看不到’对方，供应链中的人就不能协同。
可视化，作为供应链优越性的第三个等级，可以揭露供应链中的每一个环节。
它可以精简化供应链，因为其提供了供应链环节需要的当前情形的信息。
它被视为实现真正卓越的供应链的第一步。
通过可视化，整个组织已经明白了在供应链中自己的角色并认识到其他的环节。
例如，一家电子公司允许其顾客利用一个网站来查看其电路板生产，同时公司收集这些顾客（感兴趣电路板）的信息提供给供应商。
因此可视化需要共享信息来使供应链清楚接下来的订单情况，并且这能够令人惊奇的精简化供应链。
一旦供应链做到了可视化，就可以向着协同化进发，这是供应链优越性的第四个等级。
通过协同化，供应链就能够决定如何最好的面对市场需求，供应链将作为一个整体运作来最大化顾客的满意度，同时最小化库存。
协同化的实现需要通过适当的技术应用和真正可靠的合作伙伴。
现在存在着各种各样的协同技术，正如可视化软件的情况一样，供应链必须选择正确的技术或者能够协同运作的一系列技术的组合。
而真正的伙伴关系需要供应链所有环节的完全承诺，这种承诺基于信任和为了供应链利益而作为整体工作的共同愿望。
当协同化也就位之后，供应链必须追求不断提高直到成为综合体的过程。
综合体是指所有供应链的联合以形成一个整体。
它创造出了在顾客眼中的完整途径。
综合体的结果如下：1、增加资产收益率：通过最大化库存周转、最小化废弃库存、最大化员工参与度、最大化持续改进来实现。
2、提高顾客满意度：因为综合化使得公司能够通过定制响应客户的需求。
综合化使得他们更明白什么是增值的活动，同时清楚如何处理弹性的问题和不断变化的顾客需求。
他们完全理解高质量与努力提供高价值服务的意义。
3、降低成本：通过审查运输成本、配送成本、库存成本、逆向物流成本、包装成本等，不断寻找方法来降低将商品交付给客户的总成本。
4、整合的供应链：利用合作伙伴和各方面的交流沟通整合供应链，并专注于最终的客户。
综合体不是一蹴而就的。
找到供应链各个环节之间的联系并消除其中的界线是需要时间的。
然而，如果所有的环节都一清二楚并做到了互相协作，那么综合化又是触手可及的。
敏捷指的是这个综合体能够光速般的反应和运行。
今天的商业环境对速度有极大的需求。
客户利用网络就可以直接给出订单，而他们期望产品可以尽可能快的到达。
敏捷的供应链综合体可以创造出满足这些要求的多层次全球化网络——就是那些通过合作伙伴、灵活性、稳健设计、不断适应市场以满足当今经济环境需求的复杂的诸多实体构成的网络。
设施则是这个多层次全球网络的关键组成，同时也是卓越供应链所必须的内容。
因此供应链中的每个组织都应该与它们头脑中的供应链伙伴进行设施规划。
适当的设施规划可以确保产品按照供应链关系（采购-制造-运输-存储-销售）最终流向客户并保证其满意度。
因此，供应链中的所有设备具有以下特点：1、灵活性：灵活的设施能够在不改变自身的情况下处理各种各样的需求。
2、模块化：模块化设施指的是能够配合系统在各种操作环境下高效协同运作的设施。
3、可升级性：可升级的设施能够将设备系统与技术的进步得体的整合起来。
4、适应性：这意味着在设施的使用中要将日历、周期、最大值等因素的影响考虑进去。
5、操作可选性：这意味着要理解每个设施每个部分的操作并允许其中有操作的应急预案。
6、环境和能源友好：包括接受能源和环境设计在设计过程中的领导地位。
可以在五个关键方面衡量人员和环境健康：选址的可持续发展、节约水资源、能源高效率、材料选择和室内环境质量。
创建这些设施需要一个整体的方法。
这个方法含有以下因素：1、一体化：原材料和信息集成在一个由客户开始的自上而下的进程中。
2、模糊边界：消除传统的客户/供应商、生产/仓库之间的界线，以及与订单、服务、制造、分销之间的界线。
3、兼并：相似与分离的商业实体的合并将会减少竞争者，带来更多的顾客和供应商。
兼并还包括从物理角度讲的站点，公司和功能的合并。
4、可靠性：强大的系统，包括冗余系统、容错系统的安装启用将保证设施高水平、长时间的运行。
5、可维护性：包括预防性维护和预见性维护。
预防性维护是一个连续的过程，最大限度的减少未来的维护问题；预见性维护是通过一台机器或一个系统的感应装置预测潜在的问题。
6、经济先进性：采用将有助于决策的分散信息集成到一个整体的创新的财政实践方法。
如此看来，对设施规划者而言，持续改进的卓越供应链的概念绝对是设施规划周期中不可缺少的因素。
无论你是参与规划一个全新的设施还是计划更新现有的设施，设施规划的基本过程是不变的。
Facilities PlanningJames A. TompkinsIntroductionFacilities planning has taken on a whole new meaning in the past 10 years. In the past, facilities planning was primarily considered to be a science. In today's competitive global marketplace, facilities planning is a strategy. Governments, educational institutions, and businesses no longer compete against one another individually. These entities now align themselves into cooperatives, organizations’associations, and ultimately synthesized supply chains, to remain competitive by bringing the customer Into the process.The subject of facilities planning has been a popular topic for many years. In spite of its long heritage, it is one of the most popular subjects of current publications, conferences, and research. The treatment of facilities planning as a subject has ranged from checklist, cookbook-type approaches to highly sophisticated mathematical modeling. In this text we employ a practical approach to facilities planning, taking advantage of empirical and analytical approaches using both traditional and contemporary concepts. It should be noted that facilities planning, as addressed in this text, has broad applications. For example, the contents of this book can be applied equally to the planning of a new hospital, an assembly department, an existing warehouse, or the baggage department of an airport. Whether the activities in question occur in the context of a hospital, production plant, distribution center, airport, retail store, school，bank, office, or any portion of these facilities, or whether in a modem facility in a developed country or an outdated facility in an emergingcountry, the material presented in this text should be useful in planning. It is important to recognize that contemporary facilities planning considers the facility as a dynamic entity and that a key requirement for a successful facilities plan is its adaptability and its ability to become suitable for new use.Facilities Planning DefinedThe facilities we plan today must help an organization achieve supply chain excellence. Supply chain excellence is a process with six steps, or levels. These steps are business as usual, link excellence, visibility，collaboration, synthesis, and velocity.Business as usual is when a company works hard to maximize the individual functions of the supply chain (buy-make-move-store-sell). The goal of individual departments, such as finance, marketing, sales，purchasing, information technology. research and development, manufacturing, distribution, and human resources, is to be the best department in the company. Organizational effectiveness is not the emphasis. Each organizational element attempts to function well within its individual silo.Only after one’s link achieves performance excellence can he or she begin to pursue supply chain excellence. To achieve link excellence，companies must tear down the internal boundaries until the entire organization functions as one. Companies usually have numerous departments and facilities, including plants, warehouses, and distribution centers (DCs). If an organization hopes to pursue supply chain excellence, it muse look within itself, eliminate and blur any boundaries between departments and facilities, and begin a never-ending journey of continuous improvement. It must have strategic and tactical initiatives atthe department, plant, and link levels for design and systems.Supply chain excellence requires everyone along the supply chain to work together. Everyone in the supply chain cannot work together, however, if they cannot see one another. Visibility, the third level of supply chain excellence, brings to light all links in the supply chain. It minimizes supply chain surprises because it provides the information links needed to understand the ongoing status. It could be considered the first real step toward supply chain excellence.Through visibility, organizations come to understand their roles in a supply chain and are aware of the other links. An example is an electronics company with a Web site that allows its customers to view circuit boards and then funnels information about those customers to suppliers. Visibility thus requires sharing information so that the links understand the ongoing order status and thus minimize supply chain surprises.Once a supply chain achieves visibility, it can move to collaboration，the fourth level of supply chain excellence. Thorough collaboration. the supply chain can determine how best to meet the demands of the marketplace. The supply chain works as a whole to maximize customer satisfaction while minimizing inventories. Collaboration is achieved through the proper application of technology and true partnerships. Various collaboration technologies exist, and. as with visibility software, the supply chain must choose the right technology or combination of technologies if it hopes to collaborate properly. True partnerships require total commitment from all the links in the supply chain and are based on trust and a mutual desire to work as one for the benefit of the supply chain.After collaboration is in place, the supply chain then must pursue the continuous improvement process of synthesis. Synthesis is the unificationof all supply chain links to form a whole. It creates a complete pipeline from a customer perspective. The results of synthesis are as follows：•Increased ROA. This is achieved by maximizing inventory turns, minimizing obsolete inventory, maximizing employee participation, and maximizing continuous improvement.•Improved customer satisfaction. This is achieved because synthesis creates companies that are responsive to the customer's needs through customization.They understand value-added activity. They also understand the issue of flexibility and how to meet ever-changing customer requirements. They completely comprehend the meaning of high quality and strive to provide high value.•Reduced costs. This is achieved by scrutinizing transportation costs, acquisition costs, distribution costs, inventory carrying costs, reverse logistics costs, packaging costs，and so on and continually searching for ways to drive down the total delivered —to —customer cost.•An integrated supply chain. This is achieved by using partnerships and communication to integrate the supply chain and focus on the ultimate customer.Synthesis is not achieved overnight. It takes time to take the links of a supply chain and remove the boundaries between them. However，if all links are visible and all collaborate，then synthesis is within reach.Velocity is synthesis at the speed of light. Today's business environment demands speed. The Internet has created immediate orders, and customers expect their products to arrive almost as quickly. Synthesis with speed creates multilevel global networks that meet these demands-these are complex entities that can meet the demands of today’s economy through a combination of partnerships, flexibility, robust design, and ongoing adaption to marketplace requirements.Facilities are critical components of the multilevel global networks necessary for supply chain excellence. Each organization in the supply chain should therefore plan facilities with its supply chain partners in mind. Proper facilities planning along the supply chain ensures that the product will follow the supply chain series buy —make —move —store —sell to the satisfaction of the ultimate customer. Therefore，all facilities in the supply chain have the following characteristics:•Flexibility. Flexible facilities are able to handle a variety of requirements without being altered.•Modularity. Modular facilities are those with systems that cooperate efficiently over a wide range of operating rates.•Upgradability. Upgraded facilities gracefully incorporate advances in equipment systems and technology.•Adaptability. This means taking into consideration the implications of calendars, cycles, and peaks in facilities use.•Selective operability. This means understanding how each facility segment operates and allows contingency plans to be put in place.•Environmental and energy friendliness. This involves adopting the process of leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED). A whole-building approach to sustainability recognizes performance in five key areas of human and environmental health：sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality.Creating these facilities requires a holistic approach. The elements of this approach are as follows：•Total integration-the integration of material and information flow in a true, top-down progression that begins with the customer.•Blurred boundaries—the elimination of the traditional customer/supplier and manufacturing/warehousing relationships, as well as those among order entry, service，manufacturing, and distribution.•Consolidation-the merging of similar and disparate business entities that results in fewer and stronger competitors，customers, and suppliers. Consolidation also includes the physical merging of sites, companies, and functions.•Reliability-the implementation of robust systems, redundant systems, and fault-tolerant systems to create very high levels of uptime.•Maintenance-a combination of preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance. Preventive maintenance Is a continuous process that minimizes future maintenance problems. Predictive maintenance anticipates potential problems by sensing the operations of a machine or system.•Economic progressiveness-the adoption of innovative fiscal practices that integrate scattered information into a whole that may be used for decision making.In this regard, for a facilities planner, the notion of continuous improvement for supply chain excellence must be an integral element of the facilities planning cycle. Whether you are involved in planning a new facility or planning to update an existing facility, the process of facilities planning is unchanged.。