chapter 5 短语结构树(2)

短语结构树(18) The PS tree for the sentence “ the child found a puppy”SNP VPDet N V NPThe child found Det Na puppyX-bar 图示XP (NP)Specifier X’(N’)( The)X(N) Complement(mayor) ( of Guangzhou )各种短语的X-杠标图示NP: The tall black student of English from china.[NP[Spec The [N’ [Modifier tall [N’ [Modifier black [N’[N student [Comp[pp of English]] [Adjunct[pp from china]]]]]]]]] (a detailed illustration of the sentence by the nested square backets).XP(NP)Specifier N’(The)Modifier N’(tall)Modifier N’( black)N’Adjunct(PP)(from China)N Complement (PP)(student) (of English)b. VP : ……all read the letters after lunch.[VP[Spec all [V’[V read [NP the [N’[N letters [PP after lunch]]]]]]]]VPSpecifier V’(all)V’PPafter lunchV NPread theN’N Completters (empty)c: PP: right through the center d: AP: Very afraid of snakes. [PP right [P’[P through [NP the center]]]] [AP very[A’[A afraid [PP of snakes]]]] PP APspec.right P’very A’P NP A PPthrough the center afraid of snakese: AdvP：quite independently of any outside pressure.[AdvP quite [Adv’ [Adv independently [PP[P’[P of [NP[Spec any [N’outside [N pressure]]]]]]]]]]AdvPquite Adv’Adv PPindependentlyP’P NPofany N’outside Npressure句子结构：曲折短语IP(23) a. John would study Englishb. John to study English.IPJohn I’I VPwould( to ) V’V NPstudy English(24) a. John studies English.b. John is studying English.c. John has studied English.D. They study English.IPJohn I’I VP-s( is…-ing ) V’( has.. –n)(-pres.) V NPstudy English标句词词组CP:They say that John will study English.[IP They [I’I(-pres.) [VP say [CP that [IP John [I’ will [VP study English]]]]]]].IPSpec I’TheyI VP( -pres.)( present tense)V CPsayC IPthatJohn will study English 并列结构(26). The cat and the dog.NPNP1CoordPThe catCoord. NP2and the dog合并操作MERGER1. A labeled bracketing technique: [VP[V reduce] [N taxes]]2. A labeled tree diagram:VPV Nreduce taxesThe following phrases may be tree diagrammed below in the same manner:(31) a. DP: such a pity,b. PP: right inside it,c. AP: very afraid of the person.a. DPb. PPSpec D’Spec P’(such) ( right)D N P N( a ) (pity) ( inside ) ( it )c.APSpec. A’(very)A PP(afraid)P DP( of )D N(the) (person) In fact, we can hypothesize that all phrases are formed in essentially the same way, namely by merging two categories together to form a larger category.Reduce taxes to [reduce taxes] try [to [reduce taxes]]IP:(35) They will try to reduce taxes.[IP they[I’will [VP[V try [IP [I to [VP [V reduce] [NP taxes]]]]]]]].IPSpecifier I’TheyI VPwillV IPtryI VPtoV NPreduce taxesA CP may be shown below:(36) a. He admitted that he stole it .b. She’s keen for you to go.c. I doubt if he understands.a. He admitted that he stole it.IPSpecifier I’HeI VP(-ed)V CPadmitC IPthatDP I’heI VP(-ed)V NPsteal itb. She’s keen for you to go.IPSpecifier I’SheI VP(-pres. -s)V APbeA CPkeenC IPforSpec. I’youI VPto go c. I doubt if he understands.IPSpec. I’II VP(-pres.)V CPdoubtC IPifSpec. I’heI V(-s ) understand 中心词移动(40) Was the president lying ?CPC IPWasSpec. I’the presidentI V(was)lying移动后留下语迹trace(41) * Was the president is lying ?CPC IPWasSpec. I’the presidentI Vt (*is) lyingWH移动：(45) What languages can you speak?CPC’What languagesC IPcanSpec. I’youI VPt(can)V NPspeak t(what languages)空标句词C(51). *I’m sot sure [which senators has the president spoken to].CPC’Which senatorsC IPΦ(has)Spec. I’the presidentI VPtV PPspoken×P DPto t结构歧义(60)a. A car crusher which is a toy. b. A crusher for toy carDP DPD NP D NPa atoy N’N’Ncrusher N N N Ncar crusher toy car Similarly, we have (61):(61). The girl in the car with a blue bonnet.a. The car with a blue bonnet.DPDP PPDet N P DPDP PPDet N P DPThe girl in the car with a blue bonnetb. The girl with a blue bonnet.DPDP PPDP PP P DPDet N P DPDet NThe girl in the car with a blue bonnet(62). The boy saw the man with a telescope.a.. see…with a telescope.IPDP I’Det N I VP-edThe child VP PPV DP P DPDet N Det Nsee the man with a telescopeb. the man is with a telescope.IPDP I’Det N I VP-edThe child V DPsee DP PPDet N P DPthe man with Det Na telescopeEXERCISES( Most of the exercises below are adapted from Radford (2000), with some minor modifications ) Exercises IAnalyze the structure of the clauses in the examples below. That is, how many clauses each sentence contains? what the grammatical function of each clause is (e.g. main clause, complement clause, relative clause)? what type each clause is ( e.g. declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative)? what the constituents of each clause are? and what function each constituent serves within its containing clause (e.g. subject, predicate, complement, or adjunct)?1.The prisoners brutally attacked the guard who spotted them.2.Has anyone told the press the prisoners were carrying knives3.Which prison officer claimed the prisoners had secretly made keys?Exercises IIDraw the sub-trees for the italicized phrases in the following sentences with the X-bar format.1.Angry men in dark glasses roamed the streets.2.My aunt and uncle’s trip to Alaska was wonderful.3.The reporter realized that the senator lied.4. A stranger cleverly observed that a dangerous spy from CIA lurked in the house.Exercises IIIUsing one or more of the constituency tests ( i.e. stand alone, move as a unit, replacement by a pronoun) discussed in the chapter, determine which boldfaced portions in the sentences are constituents. Provide the grammatical category of the constituents.1.Tom found a lovely puppy in the house.2.The light in this room is terrible.3.Jack and Jerry are fighting over the bone.4.I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry yesterday.5.I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry today.6.Sam asked if he could play soccer.Exercises IVIn terms of C-selection restrictions, explain why the following sentences are ungrammatical:1.*Those women located.2.*Robert is fond that his children love animals.3.*The children laughed the man.4.*Lisa gave a book.Exercises VParaphrase and draw tree diagrams for each of the following sentences in two ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved.1.The student is a dirty street fighter.2.They said she would go yesterday.3.The magician touched the child with the wand.4.Anna threw the book that Mary had been reading in the study.5.Who would you like to visit?Exercises VIAnalyze the following sentences, showing their structure is built up in a pairwise fashion by successive merger operations.(Assume that don’t is a single word which belongs to the same category as words like must, might, etc., and that infinitival to sometimes (but not always)has a specifier/subject of its own).1.She is trying to solve the problem.2.I would imagine she has forgotten them.3.They don’t seem keen to approve the plan to cut the budget.4.They are expecting you to contact them.5.He wants to try to help others.Exercises VIIThe tree diagrams below representing the structures of a variety of different sentences. For each of the five numbered positions in each structure, say what kinds of item (overt or covert) can occupy the position, and what determines the choice of item occupying each position.(a). IPD I’(1) I VP(2) V IP(want) D I’(3) I VP(4) V DP(buy) D(5) N (car)(b). IPD I’(1) I VPmight V IP(2) D I’him I VP(3) V PP(4) P D(5) her.(c). IPD I’(1) I VP(2) V IPknows D I’he I VP(3) V PPrely P D(4) (5)(d). IPDP I’D NP I VP(1) N PP (4) V PPleaders P DP voted P DP(2) D N (5) D Nthe (3) the billExercises VIIIDraw a separate tree diagram to represent the structure of each of the following sentences, using arrows to show what has moved from where to where, discuss the role played by traces in accounting for the syntax of these sentences.(1)a. what did you say had happened to who ?b. *who did you say what had happened to ?(2)a. The neofascists, I wouldn’t want to win the election.b. *The neofascists, I wouldn’t wanna win the election.(3)a. How many people do you wanna invite to your party ?b.*How many people do you wanna come to your party ?SUGGESTED ANSWERS FOR Chapter 4Exercise IOmitted.Exercise IITTFFF, FTFTFExercise III1. grammatical,2. free,3. derivation,4. compound,5. affix,6. morphemes, inflectional,7. allomorphs, bound,8. Lexicon,9. coinage, 10. interruptible.Exercise IVa. be + friend + ed,b. en + dear + ment,c. holi + day,d. air + sick + ness,e. psycho + phys+ icsExercise Va---3, b---1, c---6, d---5, e---4.Exercise VIAccording to the words given in the data, we know the morphemes meaning plurality in this language is mes; while mo means your, no means my and i means his. Thus we have the answers for the questions: a---(2), b---(1), c---(2), d---(5), e---(1). Exercise VIIWrite the one proper description from the list under B for the italicized part ofeach word in A.a---3, b---1, c---4, d---2, e---6.Exercise VIII[d] appears after a vowel or a voiced consonant,[t ] appears after a voiceless consonant,[id] appears after stop consonants [t] and [d].。