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《你是我的不二闺蜜—女性朋友间的话语解读》（第六章）翻译实践报告

A Report on the Translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside theLanguage of Women’s Friendships（Chapter 6）ByLi QiuyuA Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Schoolof Sichuan International Studies UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofMaster of Translation and InterpretingUnder the Supervision of Associate Professor Xia XindongMay, 2018《你是我的不二闺蜜——女性朋友间的话语解读》（第六章）翻译实践报告摘要本翻译报告的原文选自《你是我的不二闺蜜——女性朋友间的话语解读》一书中第六章。

该书由美国语言学教授黛博拉·坦嫩所著，探讨了过分亲密给友谊带来的潜在伤害。

本报告分为四章：第一章是介绍翻译报告的背景、目标、和结构。

第二章是介绍源文文本相关内容，包括介绍作者、源文内容以及对源文特征的分析。

根据彼得·纽马克的文本类型理论，源文属于信息型文本，翻译该类文本时，应该确保译文的可读性。

第三章主要是对翻译指导理论的选择和应用，同时本章还提到翻译过程中的相应策略。

本翻译报告以彼得·纽马克的交际翻译为理论基础，并结合自身翻译实践，探讨了其在翻译过程中的指导作用。

第四章是对翻译报告的总结，包括翻译过程中积累的经验教训及遗留的个别问题。

关键词：翻译报告；信息型文本；交际翻译；翻译技巧A Report on the Translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell:Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships（Chapter 6）AbstractThis is a report on the translation of Chapter 6 of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships authored by Deborah Tannen, an American academic professor. The book is about general information of intimacy and its potential harm to friendships. This translation report is mainly classified into four chapters: Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to project background, objectives and structure of the translation report. Chapter 2 consists of the author’s basic information, publishing facts and main ideas of the original text. Based on Peter Newmark’s text theory, the source text belongs to informative texts. The translation of such text focuses on the accuracy. Chapter 3 contains a careful description of guiding theory and its direction to this translation project. For the reason that the source text is categorized into informative text, the translator adopts Newmark’s “communicative translation” strategy as guidance. Chapter 4 concludes with the experience and lessons from the translation as well as the problems to be resolved.Key words: translation project report; informative text; communicative translation; translation skillsAcknowledgementsUpon the completion of the project report, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people who have helped me a lot in the two years.First of all, I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Xia Xindong, who is very amiable and patient. She has spent much time reading through each of my draft and pointed out mistakes in the paper patiently. With her enlightening instructions and careful modifications, I have finished my paper.I also would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who have taught me over the past two years. They helped me to know translation better. Their words and deeds also have enormous influences on the formation of my personality.Moreover, I am deeply indebted to my parents and my friends, who are very considerate and kindhearted. They have accompanied and encouraged me in the writing of the translation project.Last but not least, my indebtedness also goes to those who are willing to spend their time and energy in reading this paper.CONTENTS摘要....................................................................................................................... i i Abstract . (iii)Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. i v Chapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1Background of the Report (1)1.2Objectives of the Report (2)1.3Structure of the Report (2)Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Source Text (3)2.1About the Author (3)2.2 About the Source Text (4)2.2.1 Publishing Facts of the Source Text (4)2.2.2 Content of the Source Text (4)2.2.3 Linguistic Feature of the Source Text (5)Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis, Translation Difficulties and Solutions (6)3.1 Guiding Theory (6)3.1.1 Introduction to Communicative Translation (6)3.1.2 Application of Communicative Translation (7)3.2 Translation Difficulties (9)3.3 Translation Methods (11)3.3.1 Inversion (11)3.3.2 Conversion (12)3.3.3 Amplification (14)3.3.4 Sentence Division (15)Chapter 4 Conclusion (17)4.1 Lessons Learned from the Translation Practice (17)4.2 Problems to be Resolved (18)References (19)Appendix I Source Text (20)Appendix II 中文译文 (36)Chapter 1 General IntroductionThis chapter makes an introduction to the translation project, involving project background, objectives and structure of the report.1.1Background of the ReportAccording to a survey, most college students nowadays belong to the only child group. Those spoiled children tend to be self-centered and always fail to take others’ feelings into account. When they go to college, they find it hard to get on well with their roommates. In recent years, the media reported several tragic cases which resulted from disharmonious relationship among roommates. Since there are tragic accidents happening in dormitory, people begin to pay more attention to college students’ mental health. As for a generation of the only child, many college students have problems with people and some don’t even know how to interact with others. It is necessary for college students to gain some knowledge of interpersonal communication to deal with tricky things in their life. Thus, based on the translation of Chapter 6 of the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell, the significance of the project is mainly embodied in the following two aspects: firstly, it can make college students realize the subtlety of interpersonal communication and call their attention to behave themselves. Besides, by translating the book, it is hoped to instruct the translation practice and provide guidance for others in the future.This book is not like those theory-oriented ones. It offers many real-life examples which is easy to understand and more instructive. From casual chatting to intimate confiding, from talking about problems to telling what you had for dinner, Tannen uncovers the patterns of communication and miscommunication that affect friendships at different points in our lives. She shows how even the best of friends—with the best intentions—can say wrong things, and how words can repair the damage done by words. Through Tannen’s insight, humor, and ability to present pitch-perfect real-life dialogues, readers will see themselves and their friendships on every page. So, to translate this book will provide references for college students to better understand one another.1.2Objectives of the ReportThe translation report is based on the Chapter 6 named “Too Close for Comfort” which deconstructs the ways in which women friends talk and how those ways can bring friends closer or pull them apart. The project helps readers grasp the notion of “cutoffs” and “poaching” in friendship which are rarely realized by them and makes them understand friendship better. The translation of this text also aims to explain the multiple roles of friendships and to benefit college students who want to gain some knowledge of interpersonal communication from real-life examples. In addition, it is hoped that the translation of the text can help the author to understand Peter Newmark’s communicative translation better and make a summary of two-year studies as a postgraduate.1.3Structure of the ReportThe translation report includes the following chapters. Chapter 1 makes an introduction to the translation project, which involves project background, objectives and structure of the report. Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the author and an analysis of the source text, containing publishing information and main contents of the original. Chapter 3 offers a detailed description of “communicative translation” theory, followed by its guidance to this translation project. At the same time, this chapter also points out the difficulties encountered in the translation and the application of translation methods. Chapter 4 is the conclusion, which summarizes the lessons learnt from the translating process and the problems left to be solved.Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Source TextThis chapter is about the author and the analysis of the source text, containing publishing information and main contents of the original.2.1 About the AuthorYou’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships is written by Deborah Tannen, who is an American academic and professor of linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C..Deborah Tannen focuses on the expression of interpersonal relationships especially in the conversational interaction. Tannen has researched conversational interaction and style differences at various levels and related to different situations, involving differences in conversation styles in connection with gender and cultural background. Particularly, Deborah Tannen has done many gender-linked researches and writing which put stress on miscommunications between men and women.Tannen also wrote some general-audience books about interpersonal communication and public discourse. She became a household name in the United States after the book You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, which was published in 1990. It has been on the New York Times Best Seller list for almost four years (eight months at No.1) and it was rendered into 30 other languages. She has also written several other books, such as:That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships(published by William Morrow Paperbacks in 2011);The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words (published by Ballantine Books in 1999); andI Only Say This Because I Love You: Talking to Your Parents, Partner, Sibs, and Kids When You're All Adults(published by Ballantine Books in 2002).2.2 About the Source Text2.2.1 Publishing Facts of the Source TextIn 2017, You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships was first published in the United States by Ballantine Books and in Great Britain by Virago Press. The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post highly recommended the book. ISBN:9781101885802. Up to now, there is no Chinese version published.2.2.2 Content of the Source TextFriendship is to us what sunshine to trees. Friendship acts as multiple roles in our lives. Sometimes, friends instruct and encourage us like a mentor or a therapist; sometimes, friends take good care of us like a mother or a big sister. Now that friendship is so important, we should treasure it carefully. The goal of the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships is to help readers understand women’s friendships—how they work or fail, how they help and hurt, and how we can make them better.This book also aims to figure out what it means to be a friend and how we connect to other people. Apart from some occasional examples from novels and short stories, all the examples which the author gave are based on real ones.Though Deborah Tannen focuses on women’s friendships, but some of what she writes might also be true of friendships between women and men, and among men.In the chapter 6 “Too Close for Comfort”, Deborah Tannen explains friendship is like a double-edged sword which is “for your growth” but also “ for your pruning”. Especially when a friendship gets too close, it is more likely to be for your pruning. The translation project selects chapter 6 (10000 words) as the source text which gives a detailed introduction to “cutoffs” and “poaching” and makes some analyses.2.2.3 Linguistic Feature of the Source TextPeter Newmark is a famous British translation theorist, who classified texts into three categories: expressive text, informative text and vocative text on the basis of Karl Buhler’s theory of language and Katharina Reiss’s typology.According to Newmark, informative texts include textbooks, memos, reports, papers and so on, and put stress on the external situation, the topic and the reality beyond the language(Newmark, 1988, p.40), therefore, this type of text is to convey the information and mainly focuses on the content or topic. The target translation of this type calls for receptors’ response and understanding. Thus, Newmark advised adopting the approach of communicative translation, attempting to exert an effect on its receptors as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the source text and stress the truth and accuracy during the translating process. In terms of this aspect, Newmark’s opinion is similar to Eugene Nida’s dynamic equivalence, that’s, the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it.(Nida,1982, p. 118)In the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships, Tannen applies case-study method by interviewing more than 80 women from all over the word ranging in age from 9-97 to explore how patterns of communication and miscommunication have influences on friendships; and the language of the source text is characterized by concision and dialogues. As is known, the focus of an informative text is to deliver plain facts or referential content and topic. The source text can be categorized into the informative text. “The target text (TT) of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the source text (ST). The translation should be in plain prose, without redundancy and with the use of explication when required.”(Munday, 2001, p.73) Thus, in the translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships, the translator should pay attention to the linguistic differences and apply various translation skills so that the version is more understandable and readable for Chinese readers.Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis, Translation Difficulties and SolutionsThis chapter contains a careful description of guiding theory and its direction to this translation project. For the reason that the source text is categorized into informative text, the translator adopts Newmark’s “communicative translation” strategy as guidance.3.1 Guiding TheoryAccording to Newmark’s text typology, the source text is under the category of informative text. The focus of an informative text is to deliver plain facts, logical or referential content and topic. According to Katherina Reiss, the ideal translation would be one “in which the aim in the target language is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a source language text.”(Reiss, 1987, p.112) Hence, the translator selects the communicative translation theory of Peter Newmark as the guiding theory of the thesis, where the translator attempts to exert the same effect on the target text readers as the original produced on the source text readers to guarantee the target text readers can receive the same meaning as readers of the original language.3.1.1 Introduction to Communicative TranslationPeter Newmark is an English professor of translation at the University of Surrey. He is renowned for Approaches to Translation, About Translation and A Textbook of Translation and so on. He put forward two translation models: semantic translation and communicative translation. In A Textbook of Translation, he noted “while semantic translation is used for expressive texts, communicative translation is for informative and vocative texts” (Newmark, 1988, p.47) According to Newmark, “communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.”(马会娟&苗菊, 2009, p. 33)“Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, whodoes not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary.”(马会娟&苗菊, 2009, p. 33)Normally, by making and adapting the thought and cultural content of the original，the translator makes the version more easier, smoother, clearer and more idiomatic to read. In this case, the translator has a high degree of freedom to explain the source text, adjust the style, eliminate the ambiguity and even correct the mistake of the original author.3.1.2 Application of Communicative TranslationThis project takes the communicative translation as the guiding theory. According to Newmark ,“communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.”(Newmark, 2001, p.47)Example 1ST: But friends can also be for your pruning.TT:但是朋友也会使你退步。

新编英语教程第3册(李观仪主编)第12单元课后练习答案

Exercise I1. Spelling1. superintendent2. envelope3. distribute4. potatoes5. nourish6. contribution7. seal8. distress9. cardboard 10. companionship 11. numb 12. stretch2. DictationOn Christmas Eve, the traditional ritual of hanging up a stocking at the foot of the bed is performed by millions of excited children. During the day the Christmas tree will have been dressed. All is now ready for the great morning, which comes round soon enough, in spite of the efforts of many of the younger children to stay awake until Santa Claus steals in to deliver the presents they have asked him for.Christmas Day is spent quietly at home. The excitement of all the presents is hardly over before it is time for the traditional Christmas dinner; turkey, duck or chicken with rich fruity Christmas pudding afterwards. At tea-time Christmas crackers are pulled. The evening is spent in games, merriment and more eating and drinking.3. Listening ComprehensionTrue (T) or False (F)?1. It has not been long since carols, bells, and merry music became part of Christmas.FCarols, bells, and merry music have been a part of Christmas for centuries.2. Early carols were not different from the tunes and refrains of ballads and folk songs.FEarly carols were based on dance tunes and refrains from ballads and folk songs.3. At Christmas in England now, people have a wild celebration of feasting and merrymaking thatmay last for weeks, from mid-December until January.FThis was true from the 11th to the 17th century.4. The speaker thinks too much feasting and merrymaking go against the true meaning ofChristmas.T5. Zurich is the only city where you can hear church bells sound loud and clear on Christmas Eve. FIn thousands of other cities, cathedral chimes, and church bells ring out at midnight on Christmas Eve.6. Clement Moore was inspired to pay a visit to Saint Nicholas after listening to the merry jingle of the bells on his horses’ harness.FHe was inspired by the bells to write a book called A Visit from Saint Nicholas.Script:Christmas MusicChristmas music is loved by all who hear and sing it every year. It includes some of the greatest compositions ever written for chorus and orchestra as well as the joyful melodies of the familiar Christmas carols. Carols, bells, and merry music have been a part of Christmas for centuries.Many of the early carols were based on dance tunes and refrains from ballads and folk songs. Later, during the Reformation the carols became gloomy, reflecting the dim view that the Puritans held regarding Christmas. This view came about because in England from the 11th to the 17th century, Christmas had become more and more a wild celebration of feasting and merrymaking that lasted for weeks, sometimes from mid-December until January. Because these feasts held in the great houses of England had little or no connection with the true meaning of Christmas, the Puritans outlawed Christmas. The observance of Christmas was forbidden by an act of Parliament in 1644. After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II revived the custom. With the return of Christmas, the art of carol making and singing began anew. It is as popular today as it was in the 14th century.All over the world the ringing of bells is a part of the Christmas tradition. For hundreds of years, Zurich, Switzerland, has been famous for its beautiful bells. Every Christmas Eve the bells sound loud and clear to call families to church services. This ceremony is echoed in thousands of cities where cathedral chimes and church bells ring out at midnight. Bells are used as decorations on Christmas wreaths and as ornaments on trees to add a gay, tinkling note to Christmas gift wrappings. And as everyone knows, the most famous sleigh bells in the world belong to Santa Claus. It is said that Clement Moore, a professor at the General Theological Seminary in New York, was inspired to write A Visit from Saint Nicholas after listening to the merry jingle of the bells on his hor ses’ harnesses as he drove along on a frosty winter night.4. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English.1. 这块料子摸上去像真丝。

照电器自动开关与照明控制系统说明书

Line Voltage Switching Photocells California Title 20/24 CompliantCat. Nos. PCC1S, PCC2S120-277VAC 50/60Hz, No Minimum Load RequiredCompatible with electronic and magnetic ballasts, electronic and magnetic low-voltage transformers and incandescent lampsINSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSPK-A3046-10-00-2AWARNINGS AND CAUTIONS:• T o be installed and/or used in accordance with appropriate electrical codes and regulations.• I f you are unsure about any part of these instructions, consult an electrician.• P hotocells must be mounted on a vibration free surface.• D o not terminate using data type wire, such as Cat 5/5E.• D o not touch the surface of the lens. Clean outer surface with a damp cloth only.• U se this device with copper or copper clad wire only .• O perating Temperature: 32˚ to 104˚F (0˚ to 40˚C).SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS All servicing shall be performed by qualified service personnel. If any Emergency Circuits are fed or controlled from this panel, it must be located electrically where fed from a UPS, generator, or other guaranteed source of power during emergencies and power outage situations.WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS:• T O AVOID FIRE, SHOCK, OR DEATH; TURN OFF POWER AT CIRCUIT BREAKER OR FUSE AND TEST THAT POWER IS OFFBEFORE WIRING!For Photocells installed to control Emergency Lighting Equipment:I f this equipment is being used for Emergency Lighting and Power Equipment, please adhere to the following information. This equipment is rated for only 25C if used on Emergency Lighting Equipment. Apply the "Emergency Circuits" label (provided) to the front cover.IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDSWhen using electrical equipment, basic safety precautions should always be followed, including the following:a) READ AND FOLLOW ALL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS.b) DO NOT mount near gas or electric heaters.c) Equipment should be mounted in locations and at heights where it will not readily be subjected to tampering by unauthorized personnel.d) The use of accessory equipment not recommended by manufacturer may cause an unsafe condition.e) DO NOT use this equipment for other than the intended use.Suggested Mounting LocationPCCxS-00WCat. No.Line Voltage PhotocellDescription 120-277,50/60HzVoltage Range 60-30ma8-20 ftCurrent Consumption CATALOG ITEMSRating:6A-6AX 250VOperating Temperature:32˚ to 104˚F (0˚ to 40˚C)720-1440 W/VA120-240 50HzM120V 60Hz230V 50Hz 277V 60Hz 800W/VA, Tungsten, Ballast 8A, Electronic Ballast1/4 hp1200VA, Ballast 5A, Electronic Ballast 1/3 hpPK-A3046-10-00-2A© 2014 Leviton Mfg. Co., Inc.• Closed LoopThe graph in Figure 4B tracks the value of a linear photocell throughout a day. It is assumed that it is a cloudless day and that the desired light level is the same level without external light influence and only by the fixture(s). At the far left, the lights are ON because there is no contribution from daylighting. As dawn arrives, the photocell level begins to increase as the daylight increases. In order to keep the light level from dropping below the trigger point, and in this case below the desired light level in the area (DDL), the trigger point is set to 2.5 times the level read with only the fixture(s). That way, the light is still adequate to hold the lights OFF. This is shown in the graph at the point where the level suddenly drops. The photocell level then continues to increase until around Noon. As the daylight decreases, the area light eventually drops to near the desired light level. Before reaching this point, the lights are turned back ON, indicated by the sudden increase in the photocell level.• Bi and Tri-Level Step DimmingThe following figures (4C, 4D) display light level throughout the day for the Bi and Tri-Level step dimming applications. PHOTOCELL OPERATION• To prevent unnecessary switching, there is a fixed hysteresis around the DDL which defines the ON and OFF thresholds. Also, the off time delay can be adjusted from 3-30 minutes (black time knob), and the time delay for lights to turn on is fixed at 1 minute.• After the device is calibrated, the blue photocell knob can be used to adjust the DDL multiplier. In order to make quick adjustments to the DDL, the OFF and ON switching delays will be reduced to 30 seconds when the photocell knob is changed (indicated by a BLUE LED blink). The reduced delays will be in effect for 2 minutes after the last knob change. The LED will blink YELLOW during the 2 minutes.• To disable the photocell or cancel calibration, turn the blue photocell knob to SET/OFF.• Daylighting state can be overridden to the Forced-ON or Forced-OFF state using the manual switch (see MANUAL SWITCH INPUT).• Open LoopThe graph in Figure 4A tracks the light level throughout a day. It is assumed that it is a cloudless day so the increase of the daylight is relatively linear. The far left of the graph starts out at night and shows a very low-level reading. At dawn, the level begins to increase. At some point, based on the setting of the trigger point, the lights will be turned OFF since there is enough contribution from the daylight. The photocell reading will begin to decrease around Noon until the level matches the trigger point, then lights will be turned back ON. DIP SWITCHESMODES OF OPERATIONDEMAND RESPONSE OPERATIONMode 1 - DaylightingLoads switch ON/OFF depending on daylight contribution.Mode 2 - Bi-Level Step Dimming: AlternateBoth loads switch ON (100%) when there is insufficient natural light. As natural lightincreases above the DDL, loads 1 and 2 alternate between ON and OFF (50%). Loads 1 and 2 switch OFF (0%) when natural light is sufficient. The reverse operation occurs as natural light decreases.Mode 3 - Bi-Level Step Dimming: Load 1 PrimaryBoth loads switch ON (100%) when there is insufficient natural light. As natural light increases above the DDL, load 2 switches OFF first (50%). Load 1 switches OFF (0%) when natural light is sufficient. The reverse operation occurs as natural light decreases; load 1 switches ON first (50%).Mode 4 - Tri-Level Step DimmingBot h loads switch ON (100%) when there is insufficient natural light. As natural lightincreases above the DDL, load 2 switches off (66%). As natural light continues to increase, load 2 switches ON and load 1 switches OFF (33%). Loads 1 and 2 switch OFF (0%) when natural light is sufficient. The reverse operation occurs as natural lights decreases.SETTINGSDefault Settings:Adjust dial settings as per "recommended manual settings," (refer to Figures and Tables).2.5xAUTO0.25xSET/OFF1.00x Photocell (Blue dial)75%100%25%0%50%Demand Response(Red dial)20 min30 min5 min3 min10 minDelayed Off-Time (Black dial)PCC1S-00W / PCC2S-00WNOTE: Long side of angled light pipe must face toward natural light source (window).OPEN LOOPNoonON trigger point Lights turn ONOFF trigger point Lights turn OFFDDLLights ON Night timeDawn1234567DuskFigure 4AAngled light pipeCLOSED LOOPNoon1.25x DDL Zone ON2.5x DDL Zone OFFLights ON DDLDawn 01234567DuskFigure 4B Bank Switch FunctionOFF ON B1–––B2Power-Up Restore Disabled Enabled B3Test Mode Disabled Enabled B4LED Disable Disabled Enabled B5Daylight HarvestingClosed LoopOpen LoopPCC1S-00WPCC2S-00W Mode Bank Switch FunctionOFF ON1A1DaylightingXA2X 2A1Bi-Level Step Dim. Alt.XA2X3A1Bi-Level Step Dim. RL1 Prim.X A2X4A1Tri-Level Step Dim.X A2X N/A A3Lamp Burn-In ModeDisabledEnabledN/A A4–––Bank Switch FunctionOFF ON B1External Input Select Manual SW Demand Response B2Power-Up Restore Disabled Enabled B3Test Mode Disabled Enabled B4LED Disable Disabled Enabled B5Daylight HarvestingClosed LoopOpen LoopADDITIONAL FEATURES• Lights do not turn ON- Circuit breaker or fuse has tripped.- Photocell is in forced off mode (see LED Indicators Table). - Photocell is in override mode (see LED Indicators Table).• Lights stay ON - I f the lights stay ON when enough light is present check your wiring and setting. - P oor photocell placement/bad calibration (Ensure proper installation andrecalibrate).- Photocell is not calibrated (Yellow LED blink 5 seconds ON, 5 seconds OFF. - Photocell is in failed calibration mode (Blue LED is solid ON). - Lamp Burn-in mode is enabled.- Photocell is in 2 hour forced on mode. - L ED illuminates solid Red for longer than 5 minutes, device malfunction, contacttechnical assistance (Product Information).TROUBLESHOOTINGDaylight Harvesting: Once the photocell is calibrated the device will do Automatic Daylight Control Based on Open or Closed Loop selection.Lamp Burn-In Mode : When active, forces the load(s) ON, for seasoning fluorescent lights. Typically this is done for ~100 hours. Consult lamp manufacturer for specifics. NOTE: To exit the burn-in mode A3 switch must be set to OFF (PCC2S only).External Input Select: Selects functionality of the external input: manual switch or demand response (PCC2S only).Power-Up Restore: If enabled, the load(s) will be switched off upon power-up if the manual switch was previously used to turn the load(s) off (Forced-OFF). External Input Select must be set to manual switch for this setting to be functional.Test Mode: When enabled, the Off-time will be set to 30 seconds for 60 minutes.Demand Response: Accepts a low voltage contact closure input. When DemandResponse is active the maximum allowable step-dimming level is set to the value selected by the red Demand Response dial (PCC2S only - see Demand Response Operation table).Emergency Interface: Accepts a low voltage contact closure input. When the Emergency input is active the load(s) will be forced ON.Manual Switch: Accepts a low voltage contact closure input for a toggle or momentary switch.Photocell Range: 1- 16,000 Lux.LIMITED 5 YEAR WARRANTY AND EXCLUSIONSLeviton warrants to the original consumer purchaser and not for the benefit of anyone else that this product at the time of its sale by Leviton is free of defects in materials and workmanship under normal and proper use for five years from the purchase date. Leviton’s only obligation is to correct such defects by repair or replacement, at its option. For details visit or call 1-800-824-3005. This warranty excludes and there is disclaimed liability for labor for removal of this product or reinstallation. This warranty is void if this product is installed improperly or in an improper environment, overloaded, misused, opened, abused, or altered in any manner, or is not used under normal operating conditions or not in accordance with any labels or instructions. There are no other or implied warranties of any kind, including merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose , but if any implied warranty is required by the applicable jurisdiction, the duration of any such implied warranty, including merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, is limited to five years. Leviton is not liable for incidental, indirect, special, or consequential damages, including without limitation, damage to, or loss of use of, any equipment, lost sales or profits or delay or failure to perform this warranty obligation . The remedies provided herein are the exclusive remedies under this warranty, whether based on contract, tort or otherwise.• For technical assistance, contact us at 1-800-824-3005• Visit our website at PRODUCT INFORMATIONThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to thefollowing two conditions: (1) This device must not cause harmful interference, and (2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by Leviton could void the user's authority to operate this equipment.FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENTFor warranty information and/or product returns, residents of Canada should contact Leviton in writing at Leviton Manufacturing of Canada Ltd to the attention of the Quality Assurance Department, 165 Hymus Blvd, Pointe-Claire (Quebec), Canada H9R 1E9 or by telephone at 1 800 405-5320.FOR CANADA ONLYDIALSPhotocell (Blue dial) - Used for photocell calibrationOff-Time (Black dial) - Sets switching delay before lights turn OFF Demand Response (Red dial) - Sets Demand Response OFF levelLoad 1100%50%0%50%100%ON DawnDDLOFF ThresholdON ThresholdDuskONON ONON OFFON OFFOFF OFFLoad 2Load 1100%66%33%0%100%ON DawnDDLOFF ThresholdON ThresholdDuskONON ONOFF ON OFFOFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON ON ON ONOFF OFFLoad 266%33% DEVICE STATESDaylighting: Light(s) state and dim level controlled by photocell.Forced ON: L ight(s) forced-ON at full brightness, for 2 hours due to manual switchoverride. After the 2 hours, the device will enter daylighting state.Forced OFF: Light(s) forced-OFF due to manual switch override.Daylighting Forced-OFF Forced-ON Load(s) ONLoad(s) OFF Light Needed Light Not Needed Single Press Forced-OFF No change Daylighting: Load(s) ONDaylighting: Load(s) OFFDaylighting: Load(s) ON Double PressForced-ONForced-ONForced-ONForced-OFFMANUAL SWITCH INPUT- Single Press: Toggles between Daylighting and other states.- Double Press *: Toggles between Forced-ON and Forced-OFF.* Two momentary switch presses must occur within 1.5 seconds.LED INDICATORSCOLORSTATE WHENREDSolid 2/4 min Manual calibration start Blink 3 min Manual calibration SolidDevice failure GREEN Solid 24 hr Auto calibration BLUE*Blink 1x/30s PC hold off mode *Blink 2x/30s Manual switch override *Blink 3x/30s Demand Response active Blink Dial setting change SolidFailed calibration YELLOW Solid Emergency mode Blink Test mode *Blink 5sPC off mode* Disabled if B4 set to ONNOTE: In Mode 1 Demand Response is not active.Red Dial SettingMode 4Mode 2&375%100%25%0%50%0-24%All Loads OFFNo ChangeLoad 1ON Load 1ON Load 2OFFLoad 2OFF Load 1OFFLoad 2ON75%100%25%0%50%25-50%75%100%25%0%50%51-76%75%100%25%0%50%77-100%Figure 4CFigure 4DThis product may be covered by US Pat. Nos. 8,227,731 and 7,608,807。

关于苏轼的英语演讲

ACHIEVEMENT
Because of Su's talent, Su was envied and was relegated to Huangzhou, a poor place. Even when Su was there, he didn't lose his spirit for the life. What's more, his poems created at that time was even better. Su's time has past, but his spirit lives forever.
ACHIEVEMENT
In Chinese history, Su Shi, together with his brother Su Zhe and father Su Xun, were all famous and were called Three Sus. But Su Shi's contribution was the greatest. He not only created wonderful works, but also did many good things for common people when he was an officer. Today, there is still a Su Bank in Hangzhou Province.
行业PPT模板：/hangye/ PPT素材下载：/sucai/ PPT图表下载：/tubiao/ PPT教程： /powerpoint/ Excel教程：/excel/ PPT课件下载：/kejian/ 试卷下载：/shiti/
PPT模板下载：/moban/ 节日PPT模板：/jieri/ PPT背景图片：/beijing/ 优秀PPT下载：/xiazai/ Word教程： /word/ 资料下载：/ziliao/ 范文下载：/fanwen/ 教案下载：/jiaoad and living dim and draw apart . I don't try to remember, But forgetting is hard.Lonely grave a thousand miles off,Cold thoughts, where can I talk them out?Even if we met, you wouldn't know me,Dust on my face,Hair like frost.

介绍发明英文

介绍发明英文1Before the invention of the electric light, our world was plunged into darkness once the sun set. People relied on candles and oil lamps for illumination, but they were dim and unstable, causing many difficulties. Can you imagine how inconvenient it was to read or work under such poor light? However, everything changed with the advent of the electric light!The principle behind the electric light is the conversion of electrical energy into light energy. This seemingly simple principle has brought about an earth-shattering revolution. With the electric light, cities are now ablaze with light at night. The streets are no longer dark and scary; instead, they are filled with vitality and activity. People can enjoy various recreational activities at night, and businesses can operate around the clock.The invention of the electric light has truly transformed our lives and work patterns. We can study, work, and socialize freely at night. Isn't it amazing how such a simple invention has had such a profound impact on humanity? It has opened up a new world of possibilities and has made our lives brighter and more convenient than ever before!2Smartphones have undoubtedly become one of the most remarkable modern technological inventions! How did this happen? Well, let's explore.The technological innovation of smartphones is truly astonishing. They are equipped with advanced processors, high-resolution screens, and highly sensitive touchscreens. These features have brought about a revolutionary change in our lives.The functions of smartphones are incredibly diverse. They have transformed the way we communicate. We can now easily make video calls with friends and family who are far away, isn't that wonderful? Moreover, they have revolutionized the way we entertain ourselves. We can play various games, watch movies, and listen to music anytime, anywhere.The impact of smartphones on how we obtain information is also huge. With just a few taps, we can access a wealth of knowledge and the latest news from all over the world. We can also use various apps to learn new skills and expand our horizons.In conclusion, smartphones have become an indispensable part of our lives. They have connected people from different corners of the world and provided us with endless possibilities. How amazing is that?3Printing, an extraordinary invention that has transformed the world! Imagine a time before printing was invented. Books were painstakingly handwritten, a process that was not only incredibly time-consuming but also extremely expensive. Only the wealthy and privileged could afford to own books, and knowledge was confined to a select few.But then came the invention of printing! What a revolutionary moment it was! With the ability to reproduce text and images in large quantities, knowledge could spread like wildfire. Suddenly, books became more accessible and affordable for the masses. This breakthrough had an immeasurable impact on the dissemination of culture and the spread of education.How did it change the world? It allowed for the rapid sharing of ideas and information. It opened the door to widespread literacy and learning. It gave people from all walks of life the opportunity to acquire knowledge and expand their horizons. Isn't it amazing how one invention could have such a profound and far-reaching effect?Printing truly is a testament to human ingenuity and the power of innovation. It has shaped our civilization and continues to play a crucial role in our progress and development.4Airplanes and the Internet are two remarkable inventions that have transformed human society in distinct yet profound ways. Airplanes have undoubtedly revolutionized long-distance travel! They have shrunk the vast distances between continents, enabling people to reach far-off destinations in a matter of hours. Isn't it amazing how we can now traverse the globe with such speed and ease? However, air travel comes with its limitations. It is costly and has a significant environmental impact.In contrast, the Internet has brought about an information revolution! It allows for the instantaneous transmission of knowledge and communication across the world. We can access an infinite amount of information at the click of a button. How wonderful is that? But it also poses challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and issues related to privacy.The airplane has opened up the world for tourism and business, fostering cultural exchange and economic growth. Meanwhile, the Internet has connected people like never before, facilitating remote work and global collaboration. Both inventions have their strengths and weaknesses, but they have undoubtedly shaped the modern world in ways we could never have imagined. So, which one do you think has had a more profound impact on humanity?5Vaccines are truly one of the most remarkable inventions in the field of medicine! How did they come into being? The process of their development is a long and painstaking one, involving countless experiments and research. Scientists have dedicated their lives and efforts to this cause.The mechanism of vaccines is fascinating! They work by stimulating the body's immune system to produce antibodies that can recognize and fight specific diseases. This is like giving the body a "training session" tobe ready for any potential invaders.The contribution of vaccines to global public health is simply immeasurable! For instance, the smallpox vaccine has eradicated this once terrifying disease that claimed countless lives. Polio vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of polio, allowing children to grow up healthy and strong.Vaccines have been the guardians of human health and life safety! Without them, how many more lives would have been lost? How much more suffering would humanity have endured? We should be grateful for this wonderful invention and continue to support the research and development of more effective vaccines. How amazing and indispensable they are!。

elsiver author statement and credit statement

elsiver author statement and credit statement Elisiver is an established author and brand known for its commitment to quality academic research and publishing. In this article, we explore the importance of author statements and credit statements in academic writing, providing a step-by-step guide on how to structure them effectively.An author statement serves as a declaration of responsibility, providing information about the individual or group responsible for the work. It helps readers understand who contributed to the research, their qualifications, and their potential conflicts of interest.A well-crafted author statement establishes credibility and transparency, which are vital in academic writing.Step 1: Begin with a clear declaration of authorshipStart by clearly stating who the authors are and their affiliations. Include the full names, academic degrees, and institutional affiliations of all contributing authors. This information allows readers to identify the background and credentials of the individuals involved in the research.Step 2: Provide information on author contributionsElaborate on the specific contributions made by each author. Describe their role in conceptualizing the research, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and writing the manuscript. This information helps readers understand the extent of each author's contribution and their expertise in the subject matter.Step 3: Disclose conflicts of interestAuthors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could bias their work. This may include financial relationships, affiliations, or personal connections that could influence the research or its interpretation. Such transparency is essential for readers to assess the objectivity and reliability of the study.Step 4: Acknowledge funding sourcesState the source(s) of funding that supported the research. This information enhances transparency and helps readers evaluate the potential influence of external parties on the study. Providing this information demonstrates the financial integrity of the research and supports its credibility.A credit statement, on the other hand, recognizes individuals or organizations that played a secondary role in the research ormanuscript preparation. This can include support from research assistants, funding agencies, or institutions that provided resources for the study.Step 1: Identify the contributorsList the individuals who contributed to the research or manuscript preparation but do not meet the criteria for authorship. This may include research assistants, technical staff, or colleagues who provided valuable input. Acknowledging their contributions shows appreciation for their support and acknowledges their role, however small it may be.Step 2: Recognize funding agencies or institutionsIf the research received support from specific funding agencies or institutions, acknowledge them in the credit statement. This recognition is crucial for demonstrating the external support received and further enhances the credibility of the research.Step 3: Express gratitudeConclude the credit statement with a sincere expression of gratitude towards those acknowledged. This will not only give credit to those involved but also foster a collegial atmospherewithin the academic community.In conclusion, both the author statement and credit statement are crucial components of academic writing. The author statement establishes the responsibility and qualifications of the contributing authors, while the credit statement acknowledges secondary contributors and funding sources. By following the step-by-step guide outlined in this article, researchers can effectively structure these statements, ultimately enhancing the transparency, credibility, and integrity of their work.。

contribution 英文范文

Title: The Value of ContributionIn the tapestry of life, each individual is a thread, contributing in unique ways to the beauty and richness of the whole. Contribution, in its essence, is the act of offering something valuable to the world, whether it be through our actions, ideas, or passions.The concept of contribution is multifaceted, encompassing both the material and immaterial. On the material level, contribution manifests in the form of donations, aid, and resources that help to build and sustain communities. A company, for instance, may contribute computers to a local school, enabling students to access educational opportunities that they might not otherwise have. Such contributions have a direct and tangible impact on the lives of those who receive them.However, the true essence of contribution lies beyond the material realm. It is in the无形gifts that we offer to the world - our thoughts, ideas, and passions. An artist contributes to society through their creative expressions, offering a new perspective on the world and inspiring others to see beauty in unexpected places. A scientistcontributes through their research, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and leading to advancements that benefit us all.Contribution is not just about what we give, but also about how we give. It is about the spirit with which we offer our gifts, the intention behind our actions. A kind word spoken with sincerity can have a profound impact on someone's life, just as a generous donation can change the trajectory of a community.Moreover, the value of contribution lies not just in the impact it has on others, but also in the personal growth and fulfillment it brings to the contributor. The act of giving often leads to a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment, as we realize the power of our actions to make a difference.In conclusion, contribution is a powerful force that binds us together as a society. It is through our contributions, both large and small, that we shape the world and create a more beautiful, compassionate, and knowledgeable future. Let us all strive to contribute in whatever way we can, for the betterment of ourselves and the world we share.。

航运术语汇编

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a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /9909469v 1 28 S e p 1999The contribution of normal,dim and dwarf galaxies to the local luminositydensityS.P.DriverSchool of Physics and Astronomy,University of St Andrews,North Haugh,St Andrews,Fife,KY169SS,SCOTLANDABSTRACT From the Hubble Deep Field catalog presented in Driver et al.(1998)we derive the local (0.3<z <0.5)bivariate brightness distribution (BBD)of ﬁeld galaxies within a 326Mpc 3volume-limited sample.The sample contains 47galaxies which uniformally sample the underlying galaxy population within the speciﬁed redshift,magnitude and surface brightness limits (0.3<z <0.5,−21.3<M B <−13.7mags,18.0<µB <24.55mags/2′′).We conclude:(i)A luminosity-surface brightness relation exists for both the ﬁeld and cluster galaxy populations,M B ≈[(1.5±0.2)µe −(50±2)],(ii)Luminous low surface brightness galaxies account for <10%of the L ∗population,(iii)Low luminosity low surface brightness galaxies outnumber Hubble types by a factor of ∼1.4,however their space density is not suﬃcient to explain the faint blue excess either by themselves or as faded remnants.In terms of the local luminosity density and galaxy dynamical mass budget,normal galaxies (i.e.Hubble tuning fork)contribute 88%and 72%respectively.This compares to 7%and 12%for dim galaxies and 5%and 16%for dwarf galaxies (within the above speciﬁed limits).Subject headings:galaxies:luminosity function,mass function —galaxies:evolution —cosmology:observations —galaxies:fundamental parameters —galaxies:dwarf1.IntroductionThe Hubble Deep Field (Williams 1996)and the many publications which have stemmed from these data are primarily associated with the studies of faint galaxies (Driver et al.1998;Ferguson &Babul 1998),galaxy morphology (Abraham et al.1996;Odewahn et al.1996),the evolution of luminous galaxies (Abraham et al.1999)and the high redshift Universe in general.However the Hubble Deep Field (HDF)also provides us with the deepest insight of the local universe probing into both the low surface brightness fog as well as the intrinsically faint Universe.Since the original formulation of surface brightness selection eﬀects and their potential impact on galaxy catalogs (Disney 1976),the topic of low surface brightness galaxies has developed into a thriving area of scientiﬁc research (see Impey &Bothun 1997,for a recent review).However uncertainty still remains as to whether such systems represent a major or minor component ofthe galaxy population or more fundamentally the mass budget.This uncertainty arises because of the diﬃculty inﬁrstly establishing a complete catalog of galaxies and secondly in obtaining the necessary distance measurements.Similarly the space density of intrinsically faint,or dwarf, galaxies is equally uncertain partly because they are predominantly of low surface brightness,but more fundamentally because the volumes over which dwarf galaxies have been surveyed are small (c.f.Driver&Phillipps1996).In general the space density of galaxies is poorly constrained.and can be quantiﬁed as a factor of∼2at L∗rising to a factor of∼100at0.01L∗,and indeterminate faint wards(c.f.Zucca et al.1997v’s Lin et al.1996).What is required is an objective perspective of the entire local space density of galaxies.That is a volume-limited sample over a wide and well controlled range of surface brightness and intrinsic luminosity.Here we show how such a sample can be constructed from the Hubble Deep Field utilizing photometric redshifts and quantify the contribution to the local luminosity density from normal,dim and dwarf galaxies.We adopt a standardﬂat cosmology(Ωo=1,Λ=0),withH o=75km s−1Mpc−1throughout.2.Constructing a Volume-limited sampleIn Driver et al.(1998)we combined the photometric redshift catalog of Fern´a ndez-Soto, Lanzetta&Yahil(1998)with the morphological catalog of Odewahn et al.(1996).This cata-log has now been extended a further magnitude to I<27(now containing675galaxies),and updated to include quantitative measurements of the apparent half-light radii(see Odewahn et al. 1996).Figure1shows a representation of this extended catalog by plotting each galaxy according to its redshift(x-axis)and its K-corrected absolute magnitude(y-axis).These galaxies form a dis-tribution which is bounded by the two appropriate apparent magnitude limits(B(F450W)>19.5 and I(F814W)<27).The reliability of photometric redshifts(∆z≈0.1)are discussed in Hogg et al.(1998).In Figure1a horizontal line represents a sight-line across the past10Gyrs for a narrow absolute magnitude range and a vertical line represents a volume-limited sample at a speciﬁed red-shift(within well deﬁned magnitude and surface brightness limits).From Fig.1a volume-limited sample is i.e.any rectangle which lies within the apparent magnitude limits.As we wish to ex-plore the local galaxy population we shall concentrate on the low-z range generously redeﬁned to 0.3<z<0.5(326Mpc3).Theﬁnal sample contains47galaxies.Figure2shows these galaxies plotted according to their mean absolute surface brightness and their absolute B-band magnitude.The selection lines shown on Fig.2are discussed in detail in§3.Note that our chosen surface brightness measure is the intrinsic mean surface brightnesses(µe)within the eﬀective radius.The eﬀective radius is derived from the measured azimuthally averaged half-light radii within the25I(F814W)mags per sq arcsecond isophote(r e).Hence:µe=m b+2.5log10(2)+2.5log10(πr2e)−10log10(1+z)−K(z)(1)The measured r e values are taken from Odewahn et al.(1996)and the measured magnitudes andﬁtted K-corrections from Fern´a ndez-Soto,Lanzetta&Yahil(1998).This measurement of the surface brightness includes the bulge component which explains why the values appear to be brighter than the more conventional extrapolated central surface brightness-typically21.7mags per sq arcsec for early-type disk systems(Freeman1970).Our motivation for using this measure of surface brightness is that no assumption of3.Selection LimitsHaving arbitrarily deﬁned our redshift limits our absolute magnitude limits are automatically set by the combination of these with the apparent magnitude constraints(B>19.5;I<27)as follows:M UpperB =m brightB−D zLOW−K zLOW(2)M LowerB =m faintI−D zHIGH−K zHIGH+(B−I)(3)AdoptingΩT otal=1,Λ=0and H o=75kms−1Mpc−1,the distance moduli are:D0.3=40.5, D0.5=41.7.To be conservative we adopt a K-correction suitable for a blue galaxy(K0.3=0.3) at our upper limit and also a blue galaxy(K0.5=0.5,(B−I)=1.8)for our lower limit(Driver et al.1994).This results in a conservative absolute magnitude range for completeness of:−21.3< M B<−13.7-galaxies just outside this range can be detected but not over the entire326Mpc3 volume.The shaded regions on Fig.1show these selection limits over all redshift intervals using a simplistic K-correction of K(z)=z.Note that the paucity of objects in the shaded region lends credence to both the above magnitude limits and the reliability of photometric redshifts.The upper surface brightness limit is deﬁned by the point at which a galaxy with the lowest possible apparent magnitude is contained within a single resolution element(more luminous galaxies within a single pixel will have higher surface brightness measures).For any absolute magnitude this will occur at the highest possible redshift(i.e.z=0.5)hence the limit can be deﬁned as follows:µMin e <M B+D zHIGH+2.5log10(2)+2.5log10(π(r Mine)2)−10log10(1+z HIGH)(4)Where D0.5is the distance modulus(41.7)and r Mineis the resolution limit of the drizzled WFPC2data(r Maxe=0.04′′).Conversely the dimmest measurable surface brightness is deﬁned by two limits.Firstly the fundamental isophotal detection limit at z=0.5,i.e.:µB450W limit =µI814WIso−10log10(1+z HIGH)−K zHIGH+(B−I)(5)and secondly by the maximum size at which an object can be detected,r Maxe(typicallyﬁxed by the f.o.v.or size of any smoothingﬁlter).This results in a selection line as follows:µMax e >M B+D zLOW+2.5log10(2)+2.5log(π(r Maxe)2)−10log10(1+z LOW)(6)Where D0.3=40.5,and r Maxe=10′′.4.The Observed Bivariate Brightness DistributionOn Figure2we map those objects with0.3<z<0.5onto an eﬀective absolute surface bright-ness versus absolute magnitude plane.Those galaxies which lie within these selection boundaries represent theﬁrst volume limited census of the local galaxy population,i.e.these47galaxies are a statistically uniform sample of the underlying galaxy population within these limits.In particular it surveys a larger volume for dim and dwarf galaxies than most1existing magnitude limited redshift surveys(c.f.Driver&Phillipps1996),and extending to luminosities comparable to the brighter Local Group dwarfs(c.f.Mateo1998).(1)The majority of galaxies lie along a magnitude-surface brightness relation(M B≈[(1.5±0.2)µe−(50±2)]).This is in very close agreement with that found for galaxies in the Virgo cluster(M B∝1.6µo−K,Binggeli1993).This trend has recently been predicted from theoretical arguments(Dalcanton et al.1998)and through simulations of hierarchical merging(e.g. Jim´e nez et al.1998;Mo et al.1998).Further work is required to allow direct comparisons between simulations-which in essence predict the mass versus angular momentum of the dark matter haloes-and observations-which determine the luminosity and surface brightness of the stellar population.It seems logical to suppose that the greater a galaxies angular momentum the lower will be its surface brightness.Coupled with the accepted correlation between luminosity and mass, the BBD may represent a key connection between easily obtained observables and fundamental physical properties.(2)Low surface brightness luminous galaxies are relatively rare.Low surface brightness galaxies have been postulated as a potentially grossly overlooked population(Disney1976),within which might be contained a substantial integrated mass(Impey&Bothun1997).No such objects were identiﬁed in our326Mpc3volume.Unless our volume is unrepresentative the constraint is that luminous LSBGs(with−21.3<M B<−18and21.7<µe<24.55)are rare accounting for<10% of the total L∗population.Note that21.7mags per sq arcsec is adopted as the high/low surface brightness boundary,as this implies a system with a negligible bulge component.However we note that galaxies are known,such as Malin1(Bothun et al.1987),which would not be detectable even in the HDF sight-line(due to both size and dimness).(3)At0.3<z<0.5Dwarf galaxies are more numerous than giant galaxies.Dwarf galaxies have been proposed as an explanation to the faint blue galaxy problem(see Ellis1997,for a review) either by postulating a dense inert population of dwarfs(e.g.Driver et al.1994)or through the recent fading of starbursting dwarfs to low surface brightness limits(e.g.Driver&Phillipps1996; Babul&Ferguson1996).In these two cases it is required locally for the dwarf-to-giant ratio to be ∼50if non-evolving(Driver et al.1994)or a factor of∼5if evolving(Phillipps&Driver1995). The level of dwarfs seen in Fig.1(dwarf-to-giant ratio=1.4)does not support either of thesescenarios.This suggests that while dwarf galaxies may contribute in part to the faint blue excess they cannot be wholly responsible and a luminous population at higher redshift is also required (see also Driver et al.1998).This dwarf-to-giant ratio is consistent with recent measures of the global luminosity function (e.g.Zucca et al.1997),but inconsistent with the high dwarf-to-giant ratio of ∼4seen locally over the same absolute magnitude range (Karachentsev et al.1999).This may be due to the local volume being non-representative or alternatively due to the greater scrutiny of the local environment (i.e.even lower optical surface brightness limits and radio surveys).5.The Luminosity Density of the UniverseHaving constructed a volume-limited sample it is trivial to derive the luminosity-density of the Universe,i.e.j B = µe =18µe =24.55 M B =−21.3M B =−13.7100.4(M ⊙−M )L ⊙.This is a fundamental parameter useful for cosmological purposes and can be combined with the maximum observed mass-to-light ratio to obtain an upper limit to ΩMatter (Carlberg 1997).Table 1shows the results for our HDF volume-limited sample for all galaxies and also for subdivisions into giant (i.e.classical Hubble types),dim (i.e.LSBG disks)and dwarf systems.Of interest,is that the value itself is typically 3-4times larger than that obtained from local surveys.This is most likely a statistical variation due to the small volume surveyed.However it may also be a reiteration of a classic problem of faint galaxy models,namely the steepness of the local galaxy counts (Driver et al.1995;Marzke et al.1998;Driver et al.1995).Finally we can now address the long standing question as to the cosmological importance of low surface brightness and dwarf galaxies.Table 1shows the luminosity density for subregions of the BBD which ﬁt with our deﬁnitions of high surface brightness giants,low surface brightness giants and dwarf galaxies as indicated.Adopting an invariant mass-to-light ratio these values for the luminosity density would correspond directly to the percentage contribution to the galaxy mass density.However studies of both low surface brightness galaxies and dwarf galaxies suggest mass-to-light ratios typically increase towards both lower luminosity and lower surface brightnesses (de Blok et al.1996;Karachentsev et al.1999).More work is require in this area,however for the moment we consider the results presented by Zwaan (1995)based on observed Tully-Fisher relationships for low surface brightness galaxies ofM 2o .We normalize thisexpression to the data of de Blok et al.(1996),to give an M6.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that a volume-limited sample over a wide and well deﬁned magnitude and surface-brightness range can be constructed from the Hubble Deep Field and hence any deep, high resolution multi-color imaging survey.The volume-limited data has been mapped onto the ﬁrst bivariate brightness distribution(BBD)forﬁeld galaxies.A clear result is a strong luminosity-surface brightness relationship similar to that reported in the Virgo cluster.We advocate the possible potential of the BBD as a meeting point between simulations and observations by noting the logical connections between surface brightness&angular momentum and luminosity&mass. If shown to be true the BBD may represent a new and powerful tool with which to trace galaxy evolution and environmental dependencies.More speciﬁcally the measured BBD over the326Mpc3 volume and valid for0.3<z<0.5,−21.3<M B<−13.7,18.0<µB<24.55shows no luminous low surface brightness galaxies and only a modest dwarf population.Hence we conclude that no evidence is seen for a“missing”local population(within the above speciﬁed limits).In terms of the luminosity density and mass density we conclude that locally high surface brightness giant galaxies dominate both the luminosity density(88%)and the galaxy contribution to the mass density of the local universe(72%).If a hierarchical model of galaxy formation is correct then these contributions will decrease with redshift.Such data will soon be attainable with the Hubble Space Telescope Advance Camera and the New Generation Hubble Space Telescope.Thanks to Alberto Fern´a ndez-Soto and Steve Odewahn for help in assembling the HDF catalog and to Bob Williams and the HDF team for the HDF initiative.REFERENCESAbraham R.,Tanvir N.,Santiago B.X.,Ellis R.S.,Glazebrook K.,van den Bergh S.,1996,MNRAS, 279,47Abraham R.,Ellis R.S.,Fabian A.C.,Tanvir N.R.,Glazebrook K.,1999,MNRAS,303,641 Babul A.,Ferguson H.,1996,ApJ,458,100Binggeli,B.,1993in ES0/OHP Workshop on Dwarf Galaxies,Eds Meylan G.,&Prugniel,P., (Publ:ES0,Garching),13Bothun G.,Impey C.,Malin D.,Mould J.R.,1987,AJ,94,23Carlberg R.,1997,in Large Scale Structure in the Universe:Traces and Tracks,(Publ:World Scientiﬁc)Dalcanton,J.J.,Spergel D.N.,Summers F.J.,1998,ApJ,114,635de Blok W.J.G.,McGaugh S.S.,van der Hulst J.M.,1996,MNRAS,283,18Disney M.J.,1976,Nature,263,573Driver S.P.,et al.,1998,ApJ,496,L93Driver S.P.,Phillipps S.,Davies J.I.,Morgan I.,Disney M.J.,1994,MNRAS,266,155Driver S.P.,Windhorst R.A.,Griﬃths R.E,1995,ApJ,453,48Driver S.P.,Windhorst R.A.,Ostrander E.J.,Keel W.C.,Griﬃths R.E.,Ratnatunga K.U.,1995 ApJ,449,L23Driver S.P.,Phillipps S.,1996,ApJ,469,529Ellis R.S.,1997,ARA&A,35,3891996,MNRAS,280,235Ferguson H.,Babul A.,1998,MNRAS,296,585Fern´a ndez-Soto A.,Lanzetta K.,Yahil A.,1998,ApJ,513,34Freeman K.C.,1970.ApJ,160,811Hogg D.W.,et al.1998,AJ,115,1418Impey C.,Bothun G.,1997,ARA&A,35,267Karachentsev I.D.,Makarov D.I.,&Huchtmeier W.K.,1999,A&A,in press(Astro-ph/9907384) Jim´e nez R.,Padoan P.,Matteucci F.,Heavans A.F.,1998,MNRAS,299,515Lin H.,et al.1996,ApJ,464,60Marzke R.O.,da Costa L.N.,Pellegrini P.S.,Willmer C.N.A.,Geller M.,1998,ApJ,503Mateo M.,1998,ARA&A,36,435Mo H.J.,Mao,S.,White S.D.M.,1998,MNRAS,295,319Odewahn S.C.,Windhorst R.A.,Keel W.C.,Driver S.P.,1996,ApJ,472,L13Phillipps S.,Driver S.P.,1995,MNRAS,Williams R.E.,et al.,1996,AJ,112,1335Zucca E.,et al.,1997,A&A,326,477Zwaan M.A.,van der Hulst J.M.,de Blok W.J.G.,McGaugh S.S.,1995,MNRAS,273,L35Fig.1.—Galaxies with I<27from the Hubble Deep Field positioned according to their absolute magnitude(M B)and redshift(z).The shaded region indicates the magnitude selection boundaries as deﬁned in§3.1.Symbols are:ellipticals(circles),spirals(asteriks)and irregulars(triangles). Open symbols indicate photometric redshifts and solid symbole spectroscopic redshifts.Fig.2.—The bivariate brightness distribution for the HDF volume limited sample and including various selection lines as indicated by the dashed lines.Symbols indicate morphological classiﬁca-tions:E/S0(open circles),Sabcs(asterisks),Sd/Irr(triangles)Table1.The contribution of various galaxy generalizations to the luminosity density and thedynamical galaxy mass budget within the limits shown.Galaxy M Bµe jρGalaxiesMClass(mags)(mags/2′′)(108L⊙Mpc−3)(%)(10−28kg m−3)(%)00.51 1.52 2.53 3.54-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26–11–-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13262524232221201918Absolute F450W Magnitude。