Allusion英语修辞 ppt课件
allusion 修辞.ppt
• Mrs. Green is reluctant to talk about her past with anyone. I guess she must have a couple of skeletons in her cupboard.
pHale Waihona Puke oenix• A childlike phoenix with the strength of an ox and an evil temper to match it
Cat’s paw- Aesop’s Fables
The Monkey and the Cat • A cat and a monkey live in the same house. They are good friends. • One day, they sit by the fire.1 They are watching some chestnuts on
allusion
• An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, people, places, events, literary work, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication. M. H. Abrams defined allusion as "a brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event, or to another literary work or passage".[1] It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection (Fowler); where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference".
Allusion
现代汉语词典》将典故定义为“ 现代汉语词典》将典故定义为“诗文里 引用的古书中的故事或词句”。《辞海 辞海》 引用的古书中的故事或词句”。《辞海》 将典故定义为“ 将典故定义为“诗文中引用的古代故事 和有来历出处的词语” 和有来历出处的词语”。
典故多涉及古代故事或古人的诗词歌赋与其 他作品中的词句，但也不尽然。例如，人们 常用的华威先生、国外常用的某某门涉及的 都是现代与当代事件。因此，我们可以概而 言之，典故多源于历史、寓言、神话、传说 和事件，多见于历史记载、文学作品和报刊 杂志。例如，焚书坑儒源于历史事件，买椟 还珠源于寓言，精卫填海源于神话，伊朗门 源于当代事件等。这些典故，有的见于历史 记载，有的见于诸子百家，有的见于现代报 刊。
B) If Lucent is the top dog in telephone network equipment in the U.S., handily beating its nearest rival, Northern Telecom, Cisco is the Godzilla of datacom, towering over rivals like Bay Network and 3Com.
意义赋值
典故的使用过程就是主体的人对理解对象的 客体进行意义赋值的过程 Eg. For want might be a temptation to them to disagree,
or not to think themselves delivered, otherwise than out of one difficulty into another. “You know,” says he, “the children of Israel, though they rejoiced at first for being delivered out of Egypt, yet rebelled even against God Himself that delivered them, when they came to want bread in the wilderness
allusion 修辞.ppt
• Phoenix
• Mark Twin is the phoenix of modern literature.
• Shakespeare is known as the phoenix of literature.
• Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora's creation around line 60 of Hesiod's Works and Days. The "box" was actually a large jar (πιθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα) ("all-gifted"), which contained all the evils of the world. When Pandora opened the jar, all its contents except for one item were released into the world. The one remaining item was Hope.[1] Today, opening Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone.
• /wiki/Allusion
1. 源自寓言allegory、传说、神话、 圣经
• Allegory • Cry wolf - Aesop’s Fables
On that chilly January day in 1982, her first year within the royal family, she threatened to take her own life. Prince Charles accused her of crying wolf and prepared to go riding. But she was as good as her word. Standing on top of the wooden staircase she hurled herself to the ground, landing in a heap at the bottom. --Her True Story
英语主要修辞手法PPT课件
.
18
Metonymy (转喻/借代）
e.g. The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces/war). Beware of bottle. (谨防喝醉酒) The red eyes walked into the classroom. He has a good ear for music. 他善于欣 赏音乐。 He has a sharp tongue.他言语尖刻。
.
12
Hyperbole: (夸张）
e.g. He almost died laughing. Hamlet: I love Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum. His eloquence would split rocks. My legs weigh three tons.
.
3
Simile：(明喻）
It is an expressed likeness, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
.
19
Synecdoche (提喻）
英语修辞归纳
一、Figure of Emphasis强调修辞1.Repetition 重复1.1. Immediate Repetition连续重复Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over, and could make nothing of it.1.2. Intermittent repetition间隔重复When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard.1.2.1.Anaphora 首语重复Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.1.2.2.Epiphora 尾语重复… and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people.1.2.3.Simploce/ Epidiplosis首尾重复( a combination of anaphora and epiphora)Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death1.2.4.Anadiplosis 联珠/顶真/尾首反复运用顶真修辞手法，不但能使句子结构整齐，语气贯通，而且能突出事物之间环环相扣的有机联系。
高级英语2修辞总结教学内容
精品文档Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King's English1. Alliterationthe King's English slips and slides (Para. 18)2. Allusions 暗指，引喻--musketeers of Dumas (Para. 3)--descendants of convicts (Para. 7)--Saxon churls (Para. 8)--Norman conquerors (Para. 8)3. ExaggerationPerhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charmof its own. (Para. 3)4. Metaphor1. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (Para.2)2. They got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. (Para. 3)3. Suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place (Para. 4)4. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (Para. 6)5. The conversation was on wings. (Para. 8)6. We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. (Para. 11)7. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to theends of the earth. (Para. 14)8. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries. (Para. 17)9. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides inconversation. (Para. 18)10. “the sinister corridor of our age…”(Para. 18)11. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. (Para.20)12. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. (Para.20)5. Simile1. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other's…(Para. 3)2. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,…(Para. 14)Lesson 2 MarrakechSimile1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (Para. 2)2. ,…sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. (Para. 8)3. …where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. (Para. 18)4. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls (Para. 18)5. …their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood…(Para. 23)6. ,…glittering like scraps of paper. (Para. 26)Metaphor精品文档．精品文档1. They rise out of the earth, …(Para. 3)2. Down the center of the street there is generally running a little river of urine. (Para. 8)Alliterationsweat and starve (Para. 3)Transferred Epithet--there was a frenzied rush of Jews (Para. 10)Onomatopoeia, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels (Para. 22)Synecdoche1. a white skin is always fairly conspicuous (Para. 16)2. , actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. (Para. 24)Rhetorical Question1. Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of differentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? (Para. 3)2. How much longer can we go one kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (Para. 25)UnderstatementI am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. (Para. 21)Lesson 3 Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961) Parallelism…, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. (Para. 1)Paras. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11Alliteration1. …friend and foe alike…(Para. 3)2. to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (Para. 4)3. steady spread (Para. 13)4. …bear the burden…(Para. 22)5. …strength and sacrifice…(Para.26)Metaphor1.…those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (Para. 7)2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (Para. 9)3. this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (Para. 9)4. to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak…(Para. 10)5. And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion…(Para. 19)6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and allwho serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. (Para. 24)Consonance…, whether it wishes us well or ill,…(Para. 4)Synecdoche…both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom….(Para. 13)Antithesis1. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little wecan do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. (Para. 6)精品文档．精品文档2. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. (Para.8)3. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)Repetitionall forms of (Para. 2)the belief (Para. 2)Regression1. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (Para. 14)2. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)Allusionone hundred days (Para. 20)ClimaxAll this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one this on perhaps in our lifetime the nor in life of this Administration, nor even thousand days,planet. (Para. 20)Hyperbolehour of maximum danger (Para. 24)Lesson 4 Love is a FallacyMetaphorthe informal essay with.... “Dream's Children”. (Author's Note) 1. Charles Lamb, unfettered. (Author's Note) 2. There follows an informal essay....frontier beauty, thing, full of pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing 3. Logic, far from being a dry,passion, and trauma. (Author's Note)4. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Para. 17)5. In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (Para. 31)6. I fought off a wave of despair. (Para. 76)Maybe smoldered. a few embers still the Maybe somewhere in extinct crater of her mind, 7.somehow I could fan them into flame. (Para. 95)8. The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well. (Para. 112)poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his 9.”The first man hasopponent before he could even start.”(Para. 116)10. The rat! (Para. 148)Similea as penetrating as chemist's as powerful as as a dynamo, precise as a scale, was My 1. brainscalpel. (Para. 1)2. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. (Para. 2)3. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. (Para. 47)4. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. (Para. 54)5. ...the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. (Para. 94)6. It was like digging a tunnel. (Para. 120)7. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (Para. 144)精品文档．精品文档Antithesis1. “It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girlbeautiful.”(Para. 24)2. “Back and forth his head swiveled，desire waxing, resolution waning.”(Para. 47)3. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovableobject, there can be no irresistible force. (Para. 91)4. “Look at me--a brilliant ing from.”(Para. 150)Hyperbole1. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty,passion, and trauma. (Author's Note)2. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scale, as penetrating as a scalpel. (Para. 1)3. It's not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (Para. 2)4. Finally he didn't turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. (Para. 47)5. You are the whole world…of outer space (Para. 132)6. “I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.”(Para. 132) Metonymy1. But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (Para. 20)2. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. (Para. 70)3. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker. (Para. 79)LitotesThis loomed as a project of no small dimensions. (Para. 58)SynecdocheThere is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (Para. 112)AnalogyJust as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. (Para. 122)Transferred EpithetI said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left. (Para. 37)Rhetorical QuestionCould Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin? (Authors' Note)“Really?”said Polly, amazed. “Nobody?”(Para. 73)Who knew? (Para. 95)Lesson 5 The Sad Y oung MenMetaphor:1. …we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality…(Para. 2)2. battle for success (Para. 3)3. And like most escapist sprees, this one lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelersto sober up and face the problems of the new age. (Para. 4)4. …once the young men had received a good taste of twentieth-century warfare. (Para. 6)5. …they had outgrown town and families (Para. 6)6. …in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country (Para. 6)精品文档．精品文档7. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth”(Para. 8)8. …now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.(Para. 8)9. …was the rallying point of sensitive persons disgusted with America. (Para. 9)10. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of thedollar,…(Para. 9)Personification:…the country was blind and deaf to everything…dollar…. (Para. 9)Metonymy:1. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags. (Para. 5)2. Greenwich Village set the pattern. (Para. 7)3. …their minds and pens inflamed against war,…(Para. 7)4. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth”(Para. 8)5. Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit…(Para. 8)6. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of thedollar,…(Para. 9)Transferred epithet:The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curiousquestionings by the young…(Para. 11)Simile:The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure…(Para. 3)精品文档．。
欧洲文化jason allusion.ppt
Allusions
Argonauts Courageous navigator or adventurer
Example:
The argonauts of the Western Pacific was brave enough to get through the terrible storm.
Allusions
Golden fleece
Treasures obtained after innumerous untold hardships.
Example:
No way for me to give up this book, which is like my golden fleece. You just can’t imagine how much time and energy I’ve put in acquiring it.
Allusions from Jason’s story
关键人物： Jason 伊阿宋 Medea 美狄亚
Allusions
Be a Jason
An unfaithful husband; be a fickle-hearted man
Example:
The great pity is that eventually it was too late for the young girl to find out that her lover was a Jason, as is not uncommon for us to read in novels.
Allusions
Medea's kettle
A way to restore youth
Example:
ppt2-Chapter III-Part A.Culture ：English allusions
Achilles -in Greek Myth
• Achilles(阿基里斯)，希腊神话中桀骜不 逊的英雄，海中女神Myrmidones和凡人国 王Peleus的孩子。据说，Achilles 出生时 也只是一个极其普通的孩子。他的母亲为 了锻炼他坚强的意志，造就他一副刀枪不 入的钢铁之躯，便倒提着他的身体放到环 绕地狱的河－Styx河中去侵泡，使他刀枪 不入。可是因为他的一双脚后跟握在母亲 的手里没有浸泡到冥河之中，而成了唯一 的致命弱点。
Cupid -in Greek Myth
• 据罗马神话，丘比德是爱神(god of love)， 相当于希腊神话中的厄洛斯 (Eros) 。他是 长着金翅膀的少年，随身带着弓和箭。被 他的箭射中的人或神会产生爱情，这种爱 情带来愉快、幸福，也带来痛苦，甚至死 亡。
• You are a lover; borrow Cupid’s wings, and soar with them above a common bound. • (W. Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet) • 你是一个恋人，你就借着丘比德的翅膀， 高高地飞起来吧。 • （W. 莎士比亚：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）
Chapter I
Part IV
English Allusions
Allusion:
典故，指关于历史人物，典章制度等的历史 故事或传说。
Warming-up Activity
Chinese allusions: – Allusions of history 历史典故 e.g. 卧薪尝胆，塞翁失马 – Allusions of literature 文学典故 e.g. 晓风残月，大江东去 – Allusions of culture 文化典故 e.g. 牛郎织女
《英语修辞学》第十一章
11.8 Oxymoron 矛盾法
11.9 Analogy 比拟；类比 11.10 Paradox 矛盾隽语；逆说；悖论
为此，在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下，调集十万大军和1180条战船，组成了希腊联军，
公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅，浩浩荡荡，跨海东征，攻打 特洛伊城，企图用武力夺回海轮。双方大战10年，死伤无数，许多英雄战死在沙场。 甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营，有些支持希腊人，有些帮助特洛伊人，，
Page 10
An Apple of Discord直译为“纠纷的苹果”，出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事 传说希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis) 在珀利翁山举行婚礼，大摆宴席。他们邀请了奥林匹斯上(Olympus)的诸神参加喜筵，不
catch 22 进退维谷
Cinderella Complex 灰姑娘情結 -->不切 实际的幻想
务
under the aegis of 保护；支援
Page 9
The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”，是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。 它源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
Page 11
不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果，不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源，而且也成 为了人间2个民族之间战争的起因。因此，在英语中产生了an apple of discord这个成 语，常用来比喻any subject of disagreement and contention;the root of the trouble;dispute等意义 这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克•朱里•尤斯丁(Marcus Juninus Justinus)所使用，后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去，成为了一个国际性成语。 Eg: He throwing us an apple of discord,we soon quarrelled again. The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them. This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet union and the USA.
高级英语第二册修辞汇总PPT课件
within the circle of adults. Grandmother
Koshak 乞im求plored, "Children, let's sing!"
17. A second wall moved, wavered, Charlie
Hill tried to support it, but it toppled on him,
8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart
as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification
9. …and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28)
conspicuous.(P16)
•
—Synecdoche（提喻）
6、 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long,dusty column,infantry,screw-gun batteries,adnthen more infantry,four or five thousand men in all,winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.(P18)
6. “We can batten down and ride it out,”
he said. 封舱
安然度过
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Allusion refers to some person or event, either historical or fictional, that has dramatic and vivid connotation and is often used in speech and writing.
Source
Allusions generally result from fairy tales, myths, legends and fables, the Bible, famous literary works, historical figures or events.
1.来源于民间故事、传说、民间习俗、神话、历史上的 著名事件，或是某个地名的典故。
cry wolf: give a false alarm 发假警报
Allusion英语修辞
c. Prepositional phrases ：
straight from the horse's mouth 据可靠消息
It is plain enough that she has just made a cat's paw of you.很显然她只不过是利 用你作为她的工具。
3.来源于佛经、圣经等宗教书上的故事、人物 、礼仪等。 drink water of gall（喝苦胆水）：喻指自食苦果
，或过非人的生活。
rule with a rod of iron(用铁杖)：采用高压手段，
铁腕统治
The Function of Allusion
By introducing variety and energy into a limited discussion allusions can please the readers and remind them of a relative story or figure.
Phoenix (A symbol of immortality) 凤凰 Caesar 恺撒，独裁者;暴君 Utopia 乌托邦，指理想中的最美好社会
Indeed, the search for Utopia can bring out the worst as well as the best in mankind. 事实上，对乌托邦的搜索，可以显示人类最好 的事情，也可以显示最坏的事情。
In the form of sentences
1.Homer sometimes nods.(Even the greatest of mortals err from time to time.) 智者千虑，必有一失。
2.Everything is ready, all that's needed is an east wins crucial.) 万事俱备，只欠东风。
Thus allusions can enrich the work or speech by association and give it depth.
In the form of phrases
a. Noun phrases : cat’s paw:a tool for someone 傀儡
the apple of discord:any subject of disagreement and dissensions 争端，祸根 b. Verb phrases :
3. In the form of sentences
In the form of words
1.Shylock:a cruel, greedy, money-grabbing person, one who will go to no ends to acquire wealth; from The Merchant of Venice, by Shakespeare. 夏洛克:莎士比亚的作品,冷酷无情的高利贷者
2.an Uncle Tom: a meek person, especially a black, who submits to indignities and sufferings without any thought or act of rebelling; from Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe. 汤姆叔叔:哈丽叶特·比切·斯托的作品,逆来顺受的黑人
Meet one’s Waterloo: Waterloo was the scene
when Napoleon was totally defeated by Duke
Wellington.suffer a decisive or final defeat or setback.一败涂地，遭遇滑铁卢
It might include literary quotations, idioms, proverbs, maxims, colloquialisms(俗语), etc.
1. In the form of words
Three forms
2. In the form of phrases
a. Noun phrases b. Verb phrases c. Prepositional phrases
Achilles' heel: The only vulnerable（有弱点的）
part.
原意为阿喀琉斯之踵，现致命的弱点
Being careless, the national football team met their Waterloo in this match.
由于疏忽大意，国家足球队在这次比赛中惨败。
2.来源于一些历史书上或文学作品中的故事和 人物。
Gone With The Wind: Something that disappears into thin air. Mr. Bean: An eccentric(古怪的） yet goodnatured（和善的） trouble maker.