superabrasivegrindingwheel
我的奇思妙想之飞天汽车英语作文
我的奇思妙想之飞天汽车英语作文Title: The Whimsical Wonders of My Flying CarIn the vast expanse of innovative thoughts and technological advancements, one captivating idea that has long captured the imagination is the concept of a flying car. This whimsical wonder, while once relegated to the realm of science fiction, whispers tales of unbounded adventure and unprecedented freedom. In this essay, I shall embark on a journey to explore the potentialities of my flying car, a marvel that melds the capabilities of an automobile with the liberating essence of flight.The flying car, in its most envisioned form, stands at the crossroads of engineering brilliance and design ingenuity. Picture a sleek, aerodynamic body, reflective surfaces polished to a mirror-like sheen, and wings that unfold with the grace of a feather in the wind. Its power source? An advanced hybrid system, merging the latest in clean energy technology with the robust output required for takeoff and flight. Solar panels adorn its roof, absorbing the sun's generous offerings, while efficient batteries store this celestial energy for seamless transitions between driving and soaring.Transformation from land to air is a mesmerizing ballet ofmechanical finesse. With the press of a button, the car's flanks slide open, revealing hidden components—the wings unfolding wide, propellers whirling to life, and stabilizing fins emerging like the tail of a spritely bird. This metamorphosis occurs not with a roar but with a serene hum, a testament to the harmonious fusion of man and machine.My flying car is not just a mode of transport; it is a gateway to untapped adventures. Imagine skimming the treetops, where foliage brushes by like the tender fingers of the earth. Visualize the thrill of soaring above historic landmarks, where the perspective from above unveils secrets hidden from the ground. With vertical takeoff and landing capabilities, my flying car would be as adept in urban landscapes as it is in remote wildernesses, turning the globe into a playground for exploration without boundaries.The societal impact of such an innovation would be as profound as it is far-reaching. It could revolutionize transportation infrastructures, alleviate congested roadways below, and usher in a new era of environmental stewardship. Cities designed for flying cars might see skyways instead of streets, vertical garages instead of underground parking lots, and air traffic control systems as sophisticated as those at anyinternational airport.Admittedly, the path to realizing such a dream is strewn with challenges—technological, logistical, and legal. The development must ensure safety standards beyond current measures, address airspace congestion, and reconcile with planetary concerns, all while aligning with regulatory frameworks that do not yet exist.Yet, within every challenge lies an opportunity. The flying car embodies the spirit of human achievement—an emblem of our ceaseless quest for innovation and our yearning to conquer the skies. As I bring to culmination my reverie of the flying car, I am filled with an invigorating blend of hope and exhilaration. For though it may currently dwell in the realm of imagination, the flying car represents man's visionary capacity to transcend limitations and reach for the stars.Thus, as we stand at the threshold of this brave new world, let us embrace the impossible, fostering a future where the whimsical wonders of today transform into the extraordinary realities of tomorrow. The flying car, with its boundless potential and poetic allure, serves as a beacon for our dreams —a testament to human creativity and its limitless horizon.。
磨料磨具行业常用词汇英汉互译
磨料磨具行业常用词汇英汉互译abrasive磨料abrasivegrain磨粒angleofrepose安息角artificialabrasive人造磨料blackfusedalumina黑刚玉blacksiliconcarbide黑碳化硅boroncarbide碳化硼brownfusedalumina棕刚玉bulkdensity堆积密度capillarity毛细现象combinationgrainsize混合粒度compressivestrength抗压强度conventionalabrasive普通磨料cubicboronnitride立方氮化硼cubicsiliconcarbide立方碳化硅diamond金刚石emery天然金刚砂fusedalumina电熔刚玉garnet石榴石grainsize粒度grainsizedistribution粒度组成greensiliconcarbide绿碳化硅gritdesignation粒度号impacttoughness冲击韧性lossegrain自由磨粒macrograins粗磨粒magneticmaterial磁性物metalcladdiamond金属衣金刚石microcrystallinefusedalumina微晶刚玉microgrits微粉monocrystallinefusedalumina单晶刚玉naturalabrasive天然磨料naturalcorundum天然刚玉naturaldiamond天然金刚石physicalcorundum物理刚玉pinkfusedalumina絡刚玉（粉刚玉）polycrystal多晶体polycrystallinecubicboronnitride立方氮化硼烧结体polycrystallinediamond人造金刚石烧结体siliconcarbide碳化硅singlecrystal单晶体sinteredalumina烧结刚玉specificsurfacearea比表面积superabrasive超硬材料syntheticdiamond人造金刚石whitefusedalumina白刚玉zirconiaalumina锆刚玉abrasivebelts砂带abrasivecloth砂布abrasiveclothbelts布砂带abrasiveclothinrolls卷状砂布abrasiveclothinsheets页状砂布abrasivediscs砂盘abrasivepaper砂纸abrasivepaperbelts纸砂带abrasivepaperinrolls卷状砂纸abrasivepaperinsheets页状砂纸abrasiveproducts磨具abrasivesleeves砂套adhesive粘结剂aluminiumoxidesinteredstick烧结刚玉魔石aluminiumoxidesinteredwheel烧结刚玉砂轮backing基材balancingtest平衡试验tbond结合剂bondedabrasiveproducts固结磨具brick’sstick磨石buttjointbelts对接砂带centrelessgrindingwheel无心磨砂轮centrelessregulatingwheel无心磨导轮closedcoat密植砂closedpore闭口气孔closedporosity闭口气孔率closedbacking布基coatedabrasives涂附磨具combinationbacking复合基combinationbackingabrasivebelts复合基砂带combinationstone双面磨石concentration浓度cubicboronnitrideabrasiveproducts立方氮化硼磨具cubicboronnitridegrindingwheel立方氮化硼砂轮CBNsection立方氮化硼层cuttingoffwheel切断砂轮cylindricalabrasivesleeves筒形砂套cylinderwheel筒形砂轮deepcutandcreepfeedgrindingwheel;深切缓进给砂轮densityofcoatinggrain植砂密度depressedcenterwheel钹形砂轮diamondabrasiveproducts金刚石磨具diamondbeads金刚石串珠diamondcircularsawblades金刚石圆锯片diamondcut-offwheel金刚石切割砂轮diamondedgingwheel金刚石磨边砂轮diamonddressingroller金刚石滚轮diamondcylinderiwheel金刚石筒形砂轮diamondfinishingpellets金刚石精磨片diamondframesawblades金刚石框架锯条diamondgrindingwheel金刚石砂轮diamondsection金刚石石层diamondsawsegments锯齿diamondsawingandcuttingtool金刚石锯切工具diamondwiresaw金刚石绳锯diluent稀释剂dishwheel蝶形砂轮dispersingagent分散剂dulling钝化dynamicbalancetest动平衡试验electroplateddiamondinnerslicingdisc电镀金刚石内圆切割锯片electroplateddiamondfiles电镀金刚石什锦锉electroplatedmetalbond电镀金属结合剂electroplatedsuperabrasiveproducts电镀超硬磨料磨具endlessabrasivebelts无接头砂带fibrebacking钢纸基flapwheels研磨页轮flapwheelswithflange卡盘研磨叶轮flapwheelswithshaft带轴研磨叶轮formgrindingwheel成型砂轮fusedbond烧熔结合剂gluebond动物胶粘结剂grade硬度grindingsegments砂瓦grindingwheel砂轮grindingwheelforricehusking碾米砂轮grindingwheelsteelballs磨钢球砂轮grindingwheelperipheralspeed（砂轮）工作速度grindstone天然磨石high-pressuresnaggingwheel重负荷修磨砂轮high-speedgrindingwheel高速砂轮honingstick衍磨条hubbedwheel单面凸砂轮inorganicbond无机结合剂intermediatesection过渡层jointabrasivebelts接头砂带lapjointbelts搭接砂带lappingcompound研磨剂lappingpaste研磨膏liquidlappingcompound研磨液magnesiabond菱苦土结合剂magnesiagrindstone菱苦土磨石maximumoperatingspeed砂轮最高工作速度metalbond金属结合剂metallographicabrasivepaper金相砂纸mountedcone,curvedside椭圆磨头mountedplug,flatend圆柱磨头mountedplug,roundend半球形磨头mountedwheel磨头oilsolublelappingpaste油溶性研磨膏opencoat疏植砂openpore开口气孔openporosity开口气孔率organicbond有机结合剂paperbacking纸基percentageofgrain磨粒率pore气孔pressuresensitivebackingdiscs粘贴砂盘pulpsegment纸浆磨块pulpstone纸浆磨石PVA(polyvinylalcohol)grindingwheelPVA砂轮resinoidbond树脂结合剂resinovergluebond半树脂粘结剂resinoverresinbond全树脂粘结剂revolvingstrength回转强度rotationtest回转试验rubberbond橡胶结合剂self-sharpening自锐性shellacbond虫胶结合剂sinteredbond烧结结合剂sinteringmetalbond烧结金属结合剂solidlappingcompound固体研磨剂specialpurposewheels专用砂轮staticbalancetest静平衡试验straightcupwheel杯形砂轮straightwheel平形砂轮structure组织substrate基体superabrasivesection超硬磨料层superabrasiveproducts超硬磨料磨具superfinishingstick超精油石support载体tapercupwheel碗形砂轮taperedwheel斜边砂轮thingrindingwheel薄片砂轮threadedinsertdisk螺栓紧固平形砂轮totalporosity总气孔率truedensity真密度truncatedconeabrasivesleeves截锥砂套tumblingchipabrasives滚抛磨块unbalance不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalancevalue不平衡值vitrifiedbond陶瓷结合剂volumedensity体积密度waterabsorption吸水率waterproofabrasivecloth耐水砂布waterproofabrasiveclothbelts耐水布砂带waterproofabrasivepaper耐水砂纸waterproofabrasivepaperbelts耐水纸砂带waterproofbond耐水粘结剂watersolublelappingpaste水溶性研磨膏wheelrelievedandrecessedbothside双面凹带锥砂轮wheelrelievedandrecessedsameside单面凹带锥砂轮wheelrecessedoneside单面凹砂轮wheelrecessedtwoside双面凹砂轮wormgrindingwheel蜗杆砂轮。
介绍一个从自然中获取灵感的发明英语作文
介绍一个从自然中获取灵感的发明英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Super Cool Invention Inspired by a SpiderHi friends! Today I want to tell you all about a really neat invention that I came up with. It's inspired by one of nature's coolest critters - the spider! You might think spiders are creepy or scary, but I think they're totally amazing.Here's how I got the idea. One day I was playing outside and I saw a spider spinning its web between two trees. I stopped to watch because I've always been fascinated by how intricate and delicate spider webs are. As the spider was working, a gust of wind came along and broke one of the spindly threads it had just made. But you know what? The spider didn't get mad or give up. It just stopped, used its spinnerets to make more silk, and repaired the broken thread like it was no big deal!That's when the light bulb went off in my head. I thought "Wow, if only we could make super strong ropes and cords that were almost impossible to break, but if they did break you could easily repair them right away just by rejoining the ends?"Wouldn't that be incredible? No more having to throw away and replace entire ropes or cords when they get damaged. You could just mend them in a snap like that resilient little spider!I rushed home and started doing research into spider silk. Did you know that pound for pound, it's one of the strongest materials in nature? It can be 5 times stronger than steel of the same weight! And yet it also has this cool ability to stretch and bend without breaking. Some scientists say it might even be possible to spin artificial spider silk fibers that could be used to make things like super durable ropes, cords, netting, and maybe even clothing or body armor one day.With regular ropes and cords, once they get a tear or serious damage, they're pretty much useless unless you have special tools to splice them back together. And even then, the splice is never as strong as the original material. But spider silk is special - the protein strands can fuse back together at the molecular level through a process called beta-sheet formating. Crazy, right?So I got this brilliant idea - what if we could manufacture a type of super strong cord inspired by spider silk, but with some special additives that would allow the cords to self-repair when broken? Like if you could just press the two broken ends back together for a few seconds and they would automatically bindand fuse into one solid cord again? It would be like having an indestructible rope that could heal itself!I started experimenting by mixing different adhesive polymers with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, which are already used to make some of the toughest ropes and cords on Earth. I tested out dozens of different formulas until I finally hit on one that worked. The polymer bonds aren't quite as strong as the molecular bonds in natural spider silk when first manufactured, but when the cord breaks the adhesive rapidly cures and rebonds the fibers in a way that restores almost all of the original strength.I call my invention Self-Sealing PolyCore and I'm really篇2Nature is the Best TeacherDid you know that some of the coolest inventions were inspired by nature? It's true! Scientists and inventors often look to plants, animals, and the natural world for clever ideas. By observing how things work in nature, they can come up with awesome new ways to solve problems and make our lives better. Today, I'm going to tell you about one amazing invention that was inspired by the great outdoors.Have you ever gone hiking and noticed all the neat burrs, seeds, and prickly things that stick to your socks and clothes? Those annoying little plant hitchhikers use tiny hooks to cling on tight so they can travel far away and find new places to grow. Well, one day a Swiss inventor named George de Mestral was out walking his dog and got covered in those sticky burrs. But instead of just grumbling about it, he got curious.Mr. de Mestral took the burrs home and looked at them under a microscope. What he saw was awesome! The burrs had hundreds of tiny hooks that allowed them to latch onto fabric and fur with a strong grip. It gave him an amazing idea - what if he could recreate that design to join two pieces of material together? After years of tinkering and experimenting, he finally invented a unique two-sided fastener that worked using the same principles as the burrs. He called his invention VELCRO!Velcro is made up of two components - a piece covered in tiny stiff hooks, and a matching piece made of soft, looped fibers. When you press the two sides together, the hooks latch onto the loops with a surprisingly strong bond. But you can also easily peel them apart whenever you want. Genius!This handy fastener quickly became super popular for clothing, shoes, luggage, and all sorts of things that need to betaken apart and put back together easily. NASA even used Velcro on spaceships and spacesuits! All thanks to some prickly plant burrs found in nature.There are tons of other inventions that were inspired by observing the natural world too. For example, did you know that airplane wings were modeled after the shape and motion of birds' wings? Or that sonar used by ships and submarines to detect objects underwatersame from studying how bats, whales, and dolphins use sound to navigate and hunt? Even Velcro-like closures have been found on the feet of geckos and insects that allow them to climb up smooth surfaces. Nature is an endless source of ideas!I think it's really cool how inventors are able to look closely at things found in nature and use those observations to solve problems and create new technologies. It shows that solutions can sometimes be found by paying close attention to the world around us. Who knows, maybe you'll come up with the next big nature-inspired invention! Just keep your eyes peeled and use your imagination.So next time you're out exploring the outdoors, take a closer look at the critters, plants, and natural wonders. You might just spot something that sparks an ingenious idea. After all, MotherNature has had billions of years to work out highly efficient designs through trial and error. We have so much we can learn from her. By opening our eyes to the examples set in the natural world, who knows what amazing inventions we could create next!篇3Nature's Clever InventionsHey friends! Have you ever looked around at all the amazing things in nature and thought "Wow, that's so cool! I wish I could make something like that!"? Well, that's exactly what some very smart inventors did when they made one of the neatest inventions ever - Velcro!Velcro is that funny stuff that sticks to itself. You know, the scratchy side and the soft fuzzy side that cling together. It's on shoes, jackets, bags, and all sorts of things to help them stick together or stay closed. But where did the idea for Velcro come from?Get ready to have your mind blown, because Velcro was invented after a Swiss engineer named George de Mestral went on a nature hike and got covered in those prickly burrs that stick to your socks and clothes. Instead of just brushing them off andgrumbling about it like most people would, George took a real close look at the burrs under a microscope.He noticed that the burrs had teensy tiny hooks that caught onto the loops in the fabric of his clothes and socks. That's why they stuck on so stubbornly! George thought this was totally genius. He figured that if he could recreate that hook-and-loop system that the burrs used, he could make something that could stick together just as tightly but come apart easily too.So after years of experimenting, George finally invented Velcro in 1948! The "hooks" are made of nylon and the "loops" are made of another type of fabric. When you press the two sides together, zillions of the tiny nylon hooks catch onto the little loops and hang on tight. But you can pull them apart without too much effort since the hooks just slide out of the loops.Isn't that so clever? George de Mestral saw something super simple in nature like burrs sticking to clothing, but instead of ignoring it, his brilliant inventor brain started ticking. He thought about how it worked and came up with an entirely new thing that makes our lives easier in lots of ways.Just think about how handy Velcro is! It lets us easily put on shoes without tying laces, keeps jackets closed without fiddly zippers or buttons, and makes opening and closing bags a totalbreeze. Velcro lets us instantly stick things together and pull them apart whenever we need to. How cool is that?Velcro shows that some of the best inventions are just taking an idea from the natural world and finding a way to copy it or use it differently. It's like nature has already come up with all these genius solutions and designs, and we just need to look closely and get inspired.For example, did you know that airplanes were designed based on how birds fly? The curved shape of airplane wings works the exact same way as bird wings to create lift and keep the plane up in the air. See, birds had that figured out millions of years before we invented airplanes!Or what about those super sticky feet that let geckos climb straight up walls and hang upside down from ceilings? Scientists studied those funky gecko feet and used the same principles to invent crazy strong adhesives that can hold up huuuuge amounts of weight. A lot of duct tapes and sticky pads these days copy the power of gecko feet!There are so many other examples of human inventions that were inspired by phenomena in nature. Submarine designs came from studying fish and how theyMove through water. Cupid's awesome cup plant helped create new water purification systems.Even chainmail armor was inspired by the scales and armor plates that keep certain animals safe.So next time you're out in nature, be sure to keep your eyes wide open! You never know what you might see that could lead to the next big world-changing invention. Maybe you'll spot a weird bug or plant that moves or grows in a funky way, or has a special texture or pattern. If you look at it from an inventor's point of view, you could be the one to turn that into something totally new and amazing that helps solve a problem or just makes life a little bit easier or more fun.Just remember - Mother Nature has already come up with tons of super smart designs, chemistries, and mechanics over billions of years. As inventors, all we need to do is look closely at how she does things and let nature's creativity inspire our own. Who knows, you could be the next George de Mestral and make something spectacularly useful and clever, all thanks to paying close attention to the little wonders that happen every day in the natural world around us.Now doesn't that just spark your imagination? I know it gets my brain buzzing with ideas! I can't wait to see what futuristic, nature-inspired inventions you kids dream up next. Keep looking, keep wondering, and keep creating!篇4My Awesome Invention Inspired by Geckos!Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. I love learning about animals and inventing things, so for my school's science fair this year, I decided to make an invention inspired by one of my favorite animals - the gecko lizard!Geckos are really cool little lizards with some amazing abilities. One of the neatest things about geckos is their ability to climb up smooth surfaces like windows and walls without slipping. How do they do this? It's all thanks to the millions of tiny hair-like structures on their toes called setae. The setae allow geckos to cling tightly to surfaces using molecular forces like Van der Waals forces. Basically, the setae get so close to the surface that the atoms of the setae and the surface are attracted to each other, making the gecko stick!When I learned about how geckos can climb so well, I thought it would be awesome if we could use the same principles to make a better adhesive or sticky material. Traditional adhesives like tapes and glues can be messy and lose their stickiness over time. But maybe a gecko-inspired adhesive could stick to things without getting gooey or drying out!So for my science fair project, I decided to try making a reusable, gecko-inspired adhesive pad. My invention is called the "Gecko Grip" and it's made up of millions of tiny synthetic hairs, just like a gecko's setae. When the hairs come into contact with a surface, the same Van der Waals forces that geckos use allow the hairs to cling firmly without any chemical adhesives needed!To make my Gecko Grip pads, I first had to figure out the right material and structure for the synthetic hairs. After a lot of research and experimenting, I found that polymers like polydimethylsiloxane worked well. I was able to use a 3D printer to precisely print arrays of microscopic polymer hairs that were the perfect size and shape to mimic gecko setae.Once I had the hairy adhesive pads printed, I could attach them to different surfaces to test out their gripping abilities. The results were amazing! My Gecko Grips could firmly stick to all sorts of flat surfaces - glass, plastic, wood, metal, you name it. But the best part is, unlike regular篇5My Awesome Invention Inspired By Nature!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about a really cool invention I came up with. It's inspired by something amazing in nature. Get ready to have your mind blown!First, let me ask you - have you ever watched a gecko lizard? Those little guys can climb up walls and even hang upside down from the ceiling! It's crazy. For a long time, scientists were trying to figure out how geckos could do this seemingly impossible trick.Under a powerful microscope, they discovered that gecko feet have millions of tiny hairs called setae. The setae are so small that they can interact with molecules on the surface through intermolecular forces. Basically, the billions of little hairs create enough grip and stickiness to allow geckos to defy gravity!When I learned about this in science class, I thought it was the coolest thing ever. I started imagining all the fun I could have if I could climb walls like Spider-Man. No more using ladders to change light bulbs or clean out gutters! I could just walk up the wall.That's when I had my lightbulb moment. What if I invented a pair of sticky gloves that used the same principles as gecko feet? With the right materials and microscopic hairs, maybe I could make gloves that allowed a human to scale any surface!I did a ton of research and worked really hard on designing and testing different prototypes. My first tries were kind of a mess - the gloves were either too sticky and got stuck permanently, or not sticky enough and I went sliding down the wall. It was pretty hilarious (but also frustrating!).Finally, after lots of trial and error, I landed on a design that worked amazingly well. The key was using a special silicon rubber material covered in billions of tiny polymer hairs, just like a gecko foot. When the hairs interact with surfaces through van der Waals intermolecular forces, they create enough adhesion to support my full body weight. But the cool part is that the bond isn't permanent like glue. If I peel my hand off the right way, the adhesion releases so I don't get stuck!My Gecko Grip Gloves allow me to easily climb any flat surface - walls, windows, sides of buildings, you name it! They rely on the same awesome grip forces that let lizards defy gravity. It feels like I have real-life Spider-Man super powers.I'll never forget the first time I put on my final glove prototypes and was able to walk right up the side of my house. My mind was blown! I felt like I was floating in mid-air but the gloves kept me firmly stuck to the wall. I could contort my bodyinto any position and stay put. It was like the gravity got switched off.Since then, I've used my Gecko Grip Gloves for all sorts of fun stuff. Changing lightbulbs and cleaning gutters is a total breeze now. No more hauling out rickety old ladders - I just walk right up! I can pull awesome pranks by sticking to the ceiling when people come into my room. My friends and family are so jealous of my cool new gecko powers.One of the coolest things was when I went climbing at the rock gym. Those walls are designed to be really hard to climb with all the crazy angles and small ledges. But with my Gecko Grip Gloves, I could stick to the wall at any angle like a human fly!I felt like a ninja warrior as I defied gravity and skittered up seemingly impossible routes. Everyone at the gym thought I was some kind of phenom climber.I'm really excited to keep developing and improving my gecko-inspired gloves. I have some ideas to make them even stickier and stronger so maybe I could use them to scale skyscrapers or sheer cliff faces. I'm going to be unstoppable! Who needs rock climbing equipment when you have the real-life super powers of a gecko lizard?My ultimate dream is to become a famous inventor and get my Gecko Grip Gloves into the hands of anyone who wants to experience gravity defying fun. Just imagine how useful they could be for window washers, construction workers, explorers, you name it. The possibilities are endless thanks to the awesomeness of nature's design.s have already invented so many amazing things by looking to nature for inspiration - like velcro from burdock plants or airplane design from studying birds. My Gecko Grip Gloves are the next step in the awesome tradition of innovations sparked by observing the natural world around us. Geckos evolved one of the coolest tricks out there, and now I've used it to give people real-life Spider-Man super powers!So what do you think of my awesome invention? Wouldn't you love to be able to walk on walls and ceilings with the gripping abilities of a gecko? Science is so cool for allowing us to understand nature's mysteries and then use them for our own creations. I can't wait to see what other mind-blowingnature-inspired inventions get dreamed up by the scientists and inventors of the future. If you look closely at the world around you, who knows what awesome secrets are just waiting to be uncovered?篇6Nature's Wonders: The Sticky Story of VelcroHi everyone! My name is Jamie, and I'm here to tell you an awesome story about one of the coolest inventions ever. It all started with a walk in the park and a curious mind...One sunny day, a Swiss engineer named Georges de Mestral was out hiking with his dog in the countryside. As they were walking through some bushes, Georges noticed that his dog's fur was covered in sticky burrs from the plants. Instead of just brushing them off like most people would, Georges decided to take a closer look.Under his microscope at home, he saw that the burrs had thousands of tiny hooks that caught onto the looped fibers of the dog's fur. That's what made them stick together so well! Georges thought this was really neat. His mind started racing with ideas about how he could recreate this hook-and-loop system to join different materials together.After years of experimenting, Georges finally invented a new type of fastener in 1948. He made one side out of tiny nylon hooks, and the other side out of soft nylon loops. When you pressed the two sides together, the hooks grabbed onto theloops, joining the materials temporarily but allowing them to be pulled apart easily too. He called his invention "velcro" by combining the words velour (the French word for velvet) and crochet (the French term for hook).Isn't that just the coolest story? Georges got his idea by simply observing nature around him. A lot of inventions are inspired by plants, animals, or other things found in the natural world. Scientists and engineers often look to nature to solve problems, because living things have already found amazing ways to adapt over millions of years.Velcro is just one example, but there are tons of other "biomimicry" inventions that copy ideas from nature. Sticky notes were inspired by the way tree sap gets everywhere but can be pulled off easily. Diving suits mimic the sleek shape of tuna fish and other fast sea creatures. Even Velcro itself is modeled after those pesky burrs that stuck to Georges' dog so persistently.I think it's so awesome how we can learn from the world around us. Next time you're out on a nature walk or playing outside, keep your eyes open! You might spot something that gives you a brilliant idea for a new invention. Who knows, you could be the next Georges de Mestral!Being curious about nature and asking "How does this work?" is how a lot of scientific discoveries happen. Observing carefully, experimentation, and using your imagination are key parts of the invention process. And sometimes the best solutions are just waiting for you to find them, hidden in the plants, animals and other wonders of the natural world.I hope you found this story about the invention of Velcro interesting and inspiring. It just goes to show that you can find amazing ideas everywhere, if you keep your mind open and let your curiosity roam free. Never stop exploring, asking questions, and learning from the incredible world around you. You could create the next game-changing invention!Well, that's all from me. Thanks for reading along and happy inventing!。
超硬磨具分类及属性
超硬磨具的分类及属性行业内，一般认为只要是超硬材料制成的产品均为超硬材料制品，包含了磨具、刀具、钻具、修整工具、拉丝模等等。
在这里，超硬制品被分成了两部分，一部分以磨具为主，称为Super Abrasives（超硬磨具）；剩下的制品以工具为主，称为Diamond Tools (金刚石工具)。
关于超硬材料及制品中的翻译，这里以Superabrsive是超硬磨料，Super Abrasives是超硬磨具为准。
本篇主要介绍超硬磨具的分类及属性。
如图1所示，超硬磨具被分成了十一个二级分类，和三个三级分类。
一、Superabrasive Wheels 金刚石砂轮此分类的准确翻译应为超硬砂轮，但在行业中，鲜有这样的叫法，所以仍以金刚石砂轮为翻译。
超硬砂轮是超硬磨具中最重要的分类，主要有两种：Diamond Grinding Wheels 金刚石砂轮和CBN Grinding Wheels CBN砂轮。
两个分类中的属性除了磨料字段不一样，其余均一致，如下：Shape 形状：Straight 平行、Tapered 锥形、Cylinder 筒形、Straight Cup 杯型、Flaring Cup 碗型、Dish 碟形、Specialty 异形Diameter 直径：收集了25mm-650mm的常见直径Applications 应用：Cylindrical /Centerless 外圆磨/无心磨、Internal /Bores 内圆磨、Surface / Creepfeed Grinding 平面磨/缓进给、Toolroom/Sharpening 工具磨/刃磨、Cutting-off 切割、Woodworking 木材加工、Specialty 专用砂轮Abrasive Grain磨料：Natural Diamond 天然金刚石、Synthetic Diamond 人造金刚石、Coated Diamond 涂层金刚石、Other 其他Grit Size 粒度：用户自己填写Concentration 浓度：200%、150%、125%、100%、75%、50%、25%Bonding Agent结合剂：Vitrified 陶瓷结合剂、Resin 树脂结合剂、Metal 金属结合剂、Electro-plated 电镀、Other 其他Work Condition 应用条件：Dry 干、Wet 湿、Dry / Wet 干湿两用其中的Abrasive 磨料字段，CBN砂轮为：Cubic Boron Nitride 立方氮化硼和Coated cBN 涂层立方氮化硼二、Diamond Cup Wheels 金刚石磨轮金刚石磨轮或者碗磨是由金刚石刀头焊接或者冷压在金属基体上而成；金刚石刀头是通过人造工业金刚石和其它的金属粉末，冷压和热压烧结而成，然后焊接在碗形状的金属基体上。
电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术发展现状
电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术发展现状余剑武1,2何利华1,2 黄 帅1 尚振涛2 吴 耀2 段 文11.湖南大学,长沙,4100822.国家高效磨削工程技术研究中心,长沙,410082摘要:电火花加工技术的发展带动了电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术,改变了传统砂轮 硬接触”修整方法㊂近年来,许多学者致力于研究超硬磨料砂轮的电火花修整方法,为提高磨削效率和磨削精度做了大量有意义的研究㊂基于大量文献的论述与研究,回顾了近三十年来电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术发展过程的各种研究内容以及取得的成果,完整地阐述了电火花修整金属基超硬磨料砂轮技术的基本原理㊂以立方氮化硼(C B N )和金刚石磨料砂轮修整为主要应用,对不同电极㊁不同放电介质㊁不同放电参数以及现代工程理论辅助下的建模分析方法等方面做了介绍,分析了现有电火花修整技术发展中存在的问题,探讨了未来发展的方向及趋势㊂关键词:电火花修整;金属结合剂;超硬磨料砂轮;发展现状中图分类号:T G 661;T G 580 D O I :10.3969/j.i s s n .1004132X.2015.16.022S t a t e ‐o f ‐t h e ‐A r t o fE l e c t r i c a l D i s c h a r g eD r e s s i n g T e c h n o l o g y f o r S u p e r a b r a s i v eG r i n d i n g Wh e e l Y u J i a n w u 1,2 H eL i h u a 1,2 H u a n g S h u a i 1 S h a n g Zh e n t a o 2 W uY a o 2 D u a n W e n 21.H u n a nU n i v e r s i t y ,C h a n gs h a ,4100822.N a t i o n a l E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c hC e n t e r f o rH i g hE f f i c i e n c y G r i n d i n g ,C h a n gs h a ,410082A b s t r a c t :E D Do f s u p e r a b r a s i v e g r i n d i n g w h e e l w a s d e v e l o p i n g w i t h e l e c t r i c a l d i s c h a r g em a c h i n i n g(E D M )t e c h n o l o g y ,c h a n g i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l w h e e l d r e s s i n g me t h o d s b a s e d o nh a r d c o n t a c t .I n r e c e n t y e a r s ,m a n y r e s e a r c h e r sw e r ew o r k i n g o nE D Md r e s s i n g m e t h o d s of s u p e r a b r a s i v eg r i n d i n g wh e e l a n d a c hi e v i n g a l o t o f s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e e f f i c i e n c y a n d p r e c i s i o n g r i n d i n g .B a s e d o n n u -m e r o u s l i t e r a t u r e s ,t h e r e s e a r c hf r u i t so nt h ed e v e l o p m e n to fE D Dt e c h n o l o g y w i t h i nt h e l a s t t h i r t yy e a r sw e r e r e v i e w e d .T h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o fE D Md r e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y o fm e t a l ‐b o n d e d s u p e r a b r a s i v e g r i n d i n g w h e e lw e r e i n t r o d u c e d .A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d r e s s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s o f C B Na n dd i a m o n d g r i n d i n gw h e e l s ,t h ee f f e c t so fd i f f e r e n te l e c t r o d e s ,d i f f e r e n td i e l e c t r i c s ,d i f f e r e n te l e c t r i c a l p a r a m e t e r sa n dm o d e l i n g w i t hm o d e r nd e s i g n t h e o r i e sw e r e p r e s e n t e d .T h e e x i s t i n gp r o b l e m s i n t h ed e v e l o p i n g ED D t e c h n o l o g y w e r e a n a l y z e d ,a n d t h e f u t u r e d e v e l o p i n g di r e c t i o n sw e r e a l s od i s c u s s e d .K e y w o r d s :e l e c t r i c a l d i s c h a r g e d r e s s i n g (E D D );m e t a l ‐b o n d e d ;s u p e r a b r a s i v e g r i n d i n g w h e e l ;d e -v e l o pm e n t s t a t e 收稿日期:20141110基金项目:国家科技重大专项(2012Z X 04003‐101)0 引言近年来,光学㊁电子㊁通信㊁航空航天等领域的高科技产业飞速发展,特别是光学玻璃㊁碳化硅㊁碳化钨等先进材料的广泛应用,对零件的加工效率和加工精度提出了更高的要求[1]㊂为了达到这一要求,以磨削为代表的机械制造加工技术得到了高度关注,它反映了一个国家机械制造业的水平[2]㊂精密加工脆硬材料等难加工材料的传统工艺 精磨㊁研磨和抛光,存在许多缺点,如工序繁多,工具耐磨性差,抛光液的处理比较麻烦,零件机械损伤比较严重等[3],故最实用的加工方法仍是用超硬磨料砂轮(立方氮化硼和金刚石砂轮)进行粗磨㊁精磨,然而超硬磨料砂轮由于价格高㊁难修整[4‐6]而使得其应用受到阻碍㊂因此,国内外许多学者开始对超硬磨料砂轮精密修整技术进行研究,该技术成为精密加工技术领域最重要的课题之一㊂电火花加工(e l e c t r i c a l d i s c h a r g em a c h i n i n g,E D M )起源于20世纪40年代苏联科学家拉扎连科夫妇的研究[7],它是利用电能和热能来熔化甚至气化传统切削方法难以加工的超硬材料的加工方法[8‐9]㊂另外,E D M 过程中电极和工件之间不会直接接触,因此避免了传统机械加工中的应力㊁振动等问题[10]㊂在20世纪80年代末,S u z u k i 等[11]首先提出电火花修整砂轮(e l e c t r i c a ld i s -c h a r g ed re s s i n g,E D D )技术,将E D M 技术完美地融合到了磨削领域㊂现在这项技术开始向加工精密㊁操作简易㊁成本低廉等方向发展[12]㊂E D D 技术修整砂轮过程中,由于砂轮自身存在旋转运动,且只作为磨削加工过程的重要组成部分,其应用仍存在一定的局限性,但通过对E D D 的实验研究以及实际应用,其修整原理以及修整效果已经得到人们的广泛认同㊂㊃4522㊃中国机械工程第26卷第16期2015年8月下半月Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.1 E D D技术原理E D D技术一般将工具电极作为加工工具(负极),金属结合剂砂轮作为被加工工件(正极),两极之间产生火花放电和无序电弧放电[13],利用电能的瞬时局部高温将砂轮的金属结合剂熔化㊁气化或软化以达到砂轮的整形和修锐要求[14]㊂金属基砂轮通过不断腐蚀金属结合剂使磨粒重新突出㊂E D D工作机理如图1所示:(1)当脉冲电压施加于工具电极与工件之间时,两极间立刻形成一个电场,使得极间介质发生电离,形成放电通道[15]㊂(2)脉冲电源驱使通道内的电子高速奔向金属结合剂(正极),正离子奔向电极(负极),两种电荷不断冲击电极和金属结合剂㊂(3)电极和金属结合剂表面放电点的瞬时高温使得金属材料熔化甚至气化[8]㊂被蚀除的材料在通道中凝聚,形成蚀除产物㊂(4)在电火花修整过程中,有的嵌装在结合剂中的磨料会自行脱落,或使旧磨料出刃高度增大[15]㊂该过程被循环进行㊂电极与砂轮之间的电压和电流脉冲随时间变化的波形特征如图2所示㊂电脉冲中起决定性作用的参数有:U0(开路电压),U e(瞬时电压), i e(瞬时电流),τd(放电延迟时间),τo n(放电持续时间),τo f f(脉冲间隔时间),τc(脉冲周期)㊂图1 E D D工作机理示意图图2 极间电压和电流脉冲波形特征 修整过程中单个脉冲电火花放电能量为[16]E e=∫τo n0U e i e d t(1)式中,E e为单个脉冲放电能量㊂在一定加工条件下,单个脉冲电火花瞬间产生,且不受其他参数影响[17]㊂当两极之间施加连续脉冲电压时,其放电能量为E=∑n i=1E e(i)(2)n=T/τc(3)式中,T为电火花修整过程中的实际加工时间㊂㊃5522㊃电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术发展现状 余剑武 何利华 黄 帅等Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.放电能量理论上正比于加工量[18],即m ∝E e(4)式中,m 为每单个脉冲放电能量所对应的加工量,g ㊂故金属结合剂总蚀除量为m T =K c E e(5)式中,m T 为总的蚀除量;K c 为蚀除量与电能之间的转换系数㊂2 E D D 技术研究现状E D D 技术保持了E D M 技术的基本原理,但由于加工对象不同,仍存在很多差异㊂图3所示为近十年国内外在E D D 技术领域所出版的文献统计(检索并统计于‘科学引文索引(S C I )“㊁‘工程索引(E V 2-E I )“㊁‘中国知网(C N K I )“),可见利用E D D 技术修整超硬磨料砂轮的方法已受到一定的关注㊂根据研究结果,其主要表现为以下几个方面㊂图3 近十年E D D 应用研究出版文献统计2.1 电极选择E D M 技术中所用的电极同样适用于E D D技术㊂S u z u k i 等[11]首先采用ϕ0.5mm 的黄铜丝电极对砂轮进行电火花修整,并将其与磨石修整后的砂轮进行对比,两者对氮化硅陶瓷的磨削力几乎无差别,这说明黄铜丝电极电火花修整效果显著;当然丝电极效率低,成形精度受丝电极直径影响大,为此S u z u k i 等[11]又采用成形石墨电极进行砂轮修整,同时切削刀具对磨损严重的石墨电极进行在线修形,确保砂轮修整精度高,利用修整后的砂轮对陶瓷进行磨削,成形结果好㊁精度高㊂在不同材料电极修整效率的比较中,W a n g等[19]将石墨电极和铜电极进行实验对比,结果显示铜电极的修整效率高于石墨电极的修整效率,但是修整过程中铜电极不可避免会发生电解,使得铜电极表面损耗严重,影响砂轮修整精度,故石墨电极更适合实验使用㊂然而,S a n c h e z 等[20]在利用石墨电极和铜电极修整大粒度磨粒砂轮后提出,石墨颗粒容易在磨料之间发生堵塞,影响磨粒出露,因此实际使用中更趋向于使用铜电极㊂L e e [21]也对铜电极修整砂轮进行了研究,采用1/3砂轮大小99%纯度的铜作为电极,修整的同时加工锰锌铁磁体,与无E D D 修整情况相比,加工效率和加工精度明显提高㊂2.2 放电介质选择采用E D D 技术对金属结合剂超硬磨料砂轮进行修整时,不同的放电介质对修整过程有不同的影响,许多学者在这方面也进行了研究㊂与E D M 技术相似,在实验中研究者们大多采用传统液体作为放电介质㊂S u z u k i 等[11]采用的是J a h n s o n 公司生产的磨削液[11]作为放电介质,其电阻率为83.2Ω㊃c m ,砂轮直接安装在磨床主轴上,避免离线修整后二次安装误差,实现了高精度整形㊂王先逵等[22]采用普通乳化液作为介质在磨床上进行在线修整,取得了满意的修整效果㊂S a n c h e z a 等[23]在实验中采用喷射液体介质方式对超硬磨料砂轮进行修整,并规划喷射路径与电极运动轨迹保持一致,以确保材料去除区域始终存在液体喷射,以防堵塞㊂除传统介质以外,王艳等[24]分别进行了气中电火花放电修整金刚石砂轮和气介质下电火花线切割修整金刚石砂轮的实验研究,证明了气中放电修整㊁修锐金刚石砂轮的可行性㊂C a i 等[25]提出了一种在雾气中放电修整金刚石砂轮的技术,其中介质分别采用了雾状乳化液㊁煤油和离子水,得出利用专用煤油的喷雾修整效率最高,雾状乳化液修锐的砂轮表面形貌最佳的结论㊂洪建军等[26]比较和研究了压缩空气㊁水雾气㊁雾状乳化油三种放电介质对修整过程的影响㊂试验结果表明:压缩空气为介质的修整速度最慢,表面质量最差;雾状乳化油为介质的修整效率及效果最好;水雾气为介质的修整效率与效果接近雾状乳化油㊂2.3 放电参数设计E D D 过程中的热特性问题存在很大的随机性,从某种程度上来说,每个实验存在独立性以及实验参数的复杂耦合性等原因,使得这种热特性现象很难通过确定的电参数来解释㊂W a n g 等[19]对ED D 过程进行了实验分析,得出选择适当的实验电参数可获得高修整效率的结论,适当的电参数一般为较大电流㊁较高电压㊁较低砂轮转速和低脉冲频率,占空比选为50%㊂L e e 等[21]在E D D 过程中设定了峰值电流㊁脉冲持续时间和脉冲间隔,进行持续修整,金属结合剂不断被去除,修整间隙变大,绝缘程度不断提高,电极和砂轮之间的电流不断减小而电压不断增大㊂X i e 等[27]通过不同介质下对比实验研究,发现放电间隙随开路电压的增大而增大,但增大速㊃6522㊃中国机械工程第26卷第16期2015年8月下半月Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.度非常缓慢;放电去除量也随开路电压的增大而增大,且去除速度快㊂结合统计学的方法,S a n c h e z等[20]根据阿达玛矩阵设计方法进行了20组试验,将峰值电流㊁脉冲持续时间㊁修整持续时间等电参数设定在一定的范围内,利用标准误差和t分布建立了回归方程,使用该方程仅用放电电流和脉冲持续时间就可计算并测定电极磨损量与砂轮材料去除量之间的比值㊂2.4 E D D技术与现代工程理论结合E D D技术作为一个复杂的工程问题,已经不能仅仅依靠传统的分析方法了㊂将E D D技术加以数学描述,形成一组可编程计算的数学模型,再将该模型在计算机中可视化,直观地分析大量物理数据,这一过程已得到学者们的认可并进行了深入研究㊂S a n c h e z等[20]通过测试磨削力的变化情况对粗磨粒砂轮的结合剂电火花去除机理进行了理论建模和分析㊂X u等[28]根据修整参数变量建立了电极补偿模型公式,分析了砂轮形貌与轮廓,并用实验方法测量了磨削力和表面粗糙度,以评估修整后的砂轮㊂E D D作为一种热去除工艺,在修整超硬砂轮时,必须防止超硬磨粒发生碳化或石墨化㊂W e-i n g a r t n e r等[29]建立了一个热电模型,用于计算金刚石内部温度分布情况,结果显示,E D D过程金刚石石墨化不容易发生,只有当磨粒周边被集中放电时金刚石才会被损伤㊂W a n g等[30]在进行气中电火花修整金刚石砂轮时,为了在特定条件(如电压㊁温度㊁热对流一定等)下选择最优参数,利用A N S Y S对温度分布作有限元分析,当切削深度和火花放电点与金刚石修整器之间的距离都在热影响区内时,修整器可以去除软化的金属结合剂㊂3 E D D技术应用不同超硬磨料的砂轮其应用范围也不同, C B N砂轮主要用于黑色金属材料磨削,而金刚石砂轮主要用于脆硬材料磨削㊂传统的金刚石笔修整法[31]或滚轮(C杯形砂轮㊁D C杯形砂轮)修整法[32]都会产生修整器的高磨损率,从而引起砂轮尺寸精度和轮廓精度的降低[33],使得整形㊁修锐工艺成为一个难题[34],限制了金属结合剂超硬磨粒砂轮的使用㊂E D D技术改变了传统修整方法并得到应用㊂3.1 C B N砂轮的修整实际生产中,一般有超过60%的结构零部件为圆柱形零部件,其中不乏一些精密部件,如滚轴㊁推杆和纤维套管等,这些零部件外表面要求精密高效处理㊂针对这一问题,O h m o r i等[35]利用电火花整形技术进行加工使得磨粒明显突出砂轮表面,该技术在无心磨床上进行了测试㊂经过电火花整形,得到了800号青铜铸铁混合结合剂C B N砂轮高精度轮廓,其直线度误差为6μm/ W50mm,圆度误差为2μm/ϕ150mm㊂为得到更高的修整精度,E D D技术很少应用于大粒度C B N砂轮,这是由于砂轮和电极之间的放电间隙小于磨粒突出高度,在修整过程中,很容易引起非导电磨粒与电极的接触㊂O r t e g a等[36]提出了一套修整大粒度磨粒的专有技术,并将E D D修整完的砂轮与机械修整砂轮的方法作比较,前者可将磨削力降低50%,同时磨粒的较高突出使得进给切削深度加大㊂3.2 金刚石砂轮的修整脆硬材料的磨削首先考虑使用金刚石砂轮,但是金属结合剂砂轮用S i C滚轮法修整,效率极低,精度又差㊂王先逵等[37]用E D D技术对ϕ200 mm青铜结合剂金刚石微粉砂轮进行修整,部分磨粒在电火花爆炸力作用下或在周围金属熔化状态下脱落,修锐过程不氧化表面磨粒,修锐后仍能获得较好的磨削工件表面㊂在研究超细磨粒金刚石砂轮中,Z h a n g等[38]采用烧结方式制作500号铸铁基金刚石砂轮并进行E D D整形,能达到较高的修整效率和相对高的修整精度,用修整后的砂轮对氧化铝陶瓷进行孔加工,磨削过程稳定㊂L e e[39]利用E D D技术对4000号铸铁基金刚石砂轮修整进行了研究,并在修整的同时加工锰锌铁磁体,可以降低砂轮表面粗糙度和磨削力㊂C h e n 等[40]采用E D D方法将ϕ4mm圆柱形金刚石砂轮制成半球头形砂轮来磨削石英玻璃,并用该方法来保证磨削后砂轮的半球形几何精度㊂近几年也有学者开始研究大粒度金刚石砂轮的E D D修整㊂W a n g等[30]选用120号~140号金属结合剂金刚石砂轮进行E D D修整,修整效率是机械修整效率的两倍,且修整质量较高㊂3.3 E D D技术的衍生应用E D M作为非传统材料去除的典型方式,被不断深入研究,发展至今日趋成熟,已被应用于非导电超硬材料领域㊂K o n i g等[41]利用在非导电工程陶瓷上涂覆的方法使其导电值达到约100Ω㊃c m㊂类似地,许明明等[42‐43]在非金属基金刚石砂轮表面涂覆导电介质,达到了满意的修整效果㊂I w a i等[44]则在实验中将超细铜粉混入陶瓷结合剂,同时与金刚石颗粒一起制成砂轮毛坯,并㊃7522㊃电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术发展现状 余剑武 何利华 黄 帅等Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.成功利用E D D技术将其修整成精密陶瓷结合剂砂轮㊂一些基于电火花原理的新的加工方式也不断出现,其中,线切割电火花(w i r e‐c u t E D M, W E D M)技术是E D M技术应用拓展最为成功的一种技术[45],这种技术同样也符合一种工具电极对金属结合剂砂轮放电的形式,所以也被称为丝电极放电修整技术(w i r ee l e c t r i c a ld i s c h a r g e d r e s s i n g,W E D D)[46]㊂R h o n e y等[47]利用W E D D 技术修整砂轮并同时加工陶瓷材料,修整后砂轮中的金刚石保持性好,磨削力减小20%~40%㊂K o n r a d等[48]提出应用W E D D技术的主要优点是修整切削深度小,金属结合剂去除率高,电极丝和砂轮的相对运行速度大并使热损伤尽量降低㊂T a m a k i等[49]提出了基于电火花原理的新的修整方式 接触式放电修整(e l e c t r o c o n t a c t d i s c h a r g ed r e s s i n g,E C D D)技术,舍去了脉冲电源和自动控制放电间隙装置㊂X i e等[50]利用E C-D D技术实现了脆硬材料的有效磨削,并指出砂轮磨粒的突出受放电电流和放电脉冲的影响很大㊂L u等[51]采用实验验证了E C D D的修整效率在很大程度上依赖于修整参数和放电效率㊂4 E D D存在的问题及发展趋势磨削技术正朝着高效率㊁高精度以及超高精度方向深入,因此对磨床㊁砂轮㊁磨削工艺提出了高要求㊂超硬磨料的出现一方面为高精度磨削提供了一种思路,推动了磨削行业的发展,另一方面也带来了不可忽视的问题 超硬磨料砂轮修整㊂利用E D D技术修整砂轮在应用方面取得的成果在一定程度上得到了认可,其研究的主要领域如图4所示㊂目前的E D D技术还有很多的局限性㊂例如:以电火花腐蚀砂轮金属结合剂,在保证高修整精度的同时修整效率不高;基于热能的作用来蚀除金属结合剂,那么热能同样会作用到电极和磨粒,因此如何保证电极损耗小㊁磨粒无损伤以及金属结合剂的高去除率是需解决的问题;修整过程是一个动态随机过程,电极和砂轮之间存在电场㊁流场,且放电间隙不均匀,因而对修整过程实时监测的辅助性要求高;该技术需要专门的修整装置,在现有的数控磨床上加装电火花放电装置,虽然避免了偏心和砂轮不平衡问题,但是还不能达到工业生产的要求,失去了其实现企业需求的意义㊂因此,为使E D D技术适应现代机床发展的要求(高效㊁高精㊁自动化),可从以下几个方面作为问图4 E D D主要研究领域(括号内数字对应本文章节号)题解决的突破口㊂4.1 砂轮组织研究砂轮是由多种材料经烧结而成的复合体,其中最重要的部分就是结合剂和磨粒㊂E D D技术适用于导电金属结合剂砂轮,但受限于弱导电甚至非导电结合剂砂轮,如树脂结合剂砂轮㊁陶瓷结合剂砂轮等㊂在实际应用中,一般通过检测砂轮表面磨粒的有效出刃高度来评价E D D技术㊂因此,不同于电火花直接加工工件,E D D技术更需要分析并认识砂轮修整后磨粒有效出刃高度及其分布与金属结合剂类型之间的内在关系,以及两者在电参数作用下的热影响,开展并深入对现有砂轮材料的特性研究,包括导电㊁导热等问题,寻找并确定砂轮旋转运动下合理的材料去除机理,为探索高效㊁高精㊁低成本㊁工业应用性强的放电修整技术做好理论准备㊂4.2 新型智能电源研究电源是实现E D D技术的重要硬件之一,而目前在E D D技术的实际应用中仍然沿用非常简单的E D M电源㊂与E D M加工工件不同,E D D加工中砂轮作为被加工对象,在蚀除金属结合剂的同时应使磨粒不受损伤㊂为此,探索砂轮在不同的组织结构㊁不同的金属结合剂类型等情况下的修整电参数设置,根据修整精度和修整效率设计和细分放电回路,修整中在线检测修整过程,自动反馈并调整电参数设置,进一步提高砂轮修整的质量与效率,实现操作简易方便与自动化,是目前E D D技术电源研究的重要方向㊂㊃8522㊃中国机械工程第26卷第16期2015年8月下半月Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.4.3 E D D工艺数据库研究超硬磨料价格昂贵,砂轮修整时间长,这些因素都会使砂轮修整过程投入大量人力㊁物力㊁财力㊂合理选择和优化修整工艺参数是提高修整精度和效率的关键㊂计算机所提供的虚拟环境和数据存储功能为砂轮修整研究提供了便利㊂针对电火花修整砂轮技术,首先需要对已经积累的数据工艺参数进行分析,通过机器学习方法对修整工艺建模并优化工艺参数,以此为基础建立电火花修整工艺数据库㊂在数据库的支撑下,修整系统能推理出合适的放电参数,指导电火花修整超硬砂轮㊂随着计算机的发展,自适应控制功能以及图形化的人机交互系统越来越被重视,数据存储㊁提取和管理等操作变得更容易㊂因此,E D D工艺数据库的研究为实现超硬砂轮电火花修整自动控制软件开发打下了基础㊂虚拟计算环境建立不同于实际问题,它是通过经验积累来自动提高工作性能的,因此参数设置应尽可能符合实际情况,以确保修整过程的可靠性,提高具体实验结论的参考价值㊂4.4 小型智能化修整装置研究砂轮修整的目的是使被磨损的磨粒重新突出,恢复或保持砂轮原来较好的形貌㊂大多数研究人员将砂轮安装到磨床主轴上再进行结合剂去除,这样可以实现高精度,避免了离线修整后砂轮二次安装出现偏心与不平衡㊂然而实验室装置大多为研究人员自主配置加装,还未达到工业生产所要求的自动化水平,因此,需要开发电火花修整在线或在机修整装置㊁检测装置,实现砂轮边磨削边修整或磨削与修整都基于同一次砂轮安装,提高修整效率㊁修整精度,同时实时监测砂轮形貌㊁火花放电间隙㊁磨削力等参数,保证修整质量并对修整质量实时评价,及时修正㊂装置应小型化㊁集成化㊁智能化,通用性强,安装与卸载方便㊂5 结语超硬磨料砂轮传统修整方法已经很难适应现代高效㊁高精以及超高精磨削技术的发展,产品精度要求的提高迫使研究人员实现技术革新㊂E D M技术的发展带动了E D D技术的发展㊂然而超硬磨料砂轮作为被加工对象,以及E D D技术作为辅助装置作用于砂轮,需要进行新的探索㊂砂轮作为复合材料,其物理化学特性受到高温㊁挤压等多种因素的影响,研究适用于旋转砂轮的新的电气或非电气工艺参数,通过仿真预测和实验验证相结合手段分析砂轮结合剂的放电通道㊁去除机理,优化不同的工艺参数使得修整效率和修整精度得到改善是十分必要的㊂现代数控技术的发展给E D D技术自动化发展增加了可行性,大大提高了E D D技术的可控性㊂但是超硬磨料砂轮的电火花加工修整技术还需要更加深入细致的研究,实现高效㊁高精㊁智能㊁工业性强的修整装置是今后超硬磨料砂轮电火花修整技术发展的方向㊂参考文献:[1] 郭东明,刘战强,蔡光起,等.中国先进加工制造工艺与装备技术中的关键科学问题[J].数字制造科学,2005,3(4):1‐36.G u oD o n g m i n g,L i uZ h a n q i a n g,C a iG u a n g q i,e t a l.C r u c i a lT e c h n i c a lP r o b l e m si n C h i n a’s A d v a n c e dm a c h i n i n g,M a n u f a c t u r i n g a n dR e l e v a n tE q u i p m e n tT e c h n o l o g i e s[J].M a n u f a c t u r e S c i e n c e,2005,3(4):1‐36.[2] 雷源忠,黎明.关于发展先进制造技术基础性研究的策略构想[J].中国科学基金,1996(1):27‐30.L e iY u a n z h o n g,L iM i n g.S t r a t e g y f o r t h eB a s i cR e-s e a r c h o n D e v e l o p i n g A d c a n c e d M a n u f a c t u r i n gT e c h n o l o g y[J].B u l l e t i no fN a t i o n a lS c i e n c eF o u n-d a t i o no fC h i n a,1996(1):27‐30.[3] S a l e hT,R a h m a n M S,L i m H S,e t a l.D e v e l o p-m e n t a n dP e r f o r m a n c eE v a l u a t i o no f a n U l t r a p r e c i-s i o n E L I D G r i n d i n g M a c h i n e[J].M a t e r i a l s P r o-c e s s i n g T e c h n o l o g y,2007,192‐193:287‐291.[4] 胡德金,蔡兰蓉,贾妍.超硬磨料砂轮电加工修整技术及其最新进展[C]//2007年中国机械工程学会年会之第12届全国特种加工学术会议论文集.长沙:中国机械工程学会特种加工分会,2007:142‐146.[5] T o n s h o f fH K,K a r p u s c h e w s k i B,M a n d r y s cT,e ta l.G r i n d i n g P r o c e s sA c h i e v e m e n t sa n dT h e i rC o n-s e q u e n c e s o n M a c h i n eT o o l sC h a l l e n g e s a n dO p p o r-t u n i t i e s[J].C I R PA n n a l s‐M a n u f a c t u r i n g T e c h n o l o-g y,1998,47(2):651‐668.[6] 陈根余,谢小柱,李力钧,等.超硬磨料砂轮修整与激光修整新进展[J].金刚石与磨料磨具工程, 2002(2):8‐12.C h e nG e n y u,X i eX i a o z h u,L iL i j u n,e t a l.S u p e r a-b r a‐s i v eG r i n d i n g W h e e l D r e s s i n g a n dL a s e rT r u i n gP r o g r e s s[J].D i a m o n d&A b r a s i v e s E n g i n e e r i n g, 2002(2):8‐12.[7] 今井祥人.电火花加工 学以致用[M].郭常宁,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2012.[8] 刘志东.特种加工[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.[9] T s a iH C,Y a nB H,H u a n g F Y.E D M P e r f o r m-a n c e o fC r/C u‐b a s e dC o m p o s i t eE l ec t r ode s[J].I n t.㊃9522㊃电火花修整超硬磨料砂轮技术发展现状 余剑武 何利华 黄 帅等Copyright©博看网. 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[28] X u M M,L i DD,H uDJ,e t a l.L a m i n a t e dM a n-u f a c t u r i n g a n d M i l l i n g E l e c t r i c a lD i s c h a r g eD r e s s-i n g o f M e t a l‐b o n d e d D i a m o n d G r i n d i n g W h e e l s[J].J o u r n a lo fE n g i n e e r i n g M a n u f a c t u r e,2012,226(B1):137‐144.[29] W e i n g a r t n e rE,R o t hR,K u s t e rF,e t a l.E l e c t r i-c a lD i s c h a r g eD r e s s i n g a n dI t s I n f l u e n c eo n M e t a lB o n d e dD i a m o n d W h e e l s[J].C I R P A n n a l s‐M a n u-f a c t u r i ng T e ch n o l o g y,2012,61(1):183‐186.[30] W a n g Y,Z h o uXJ,H uDJ.A nE x p e r i m e n t a l I n-v e s t i g a t i o no fD r y‐e l e c t r i c a l D i s c h a r g eA s s i s t e d t r u-㊃0622㊃中国机械工程第26卷第16期2015年8月下半月Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。
汽车零部件开发流程5个阶段英文缩写
汽车零部件开发流程5个阶段英文缩写全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Super Cool Car Part Journey: A Tale of 5 Awesome Adventures!Hey there, kids! Are you ready for an exciting adventure into the world of car parts? Get ready to discover the amazing journey these incredible components take before they can zoom into your favorite vehicles! We'll be using some cool acronyms to make it even more fun. Buckle up and let's go!Stage 1: CP (Concept Phase)It all starts with a brilliant idea! Imagine a team of super smart engineers and designers sitting around a table, dreaming up the coolest, most awesome car parts ever. They think about what kinds of problems they need to solve and how they can make driving safer, faster, or just way more fun. This is the CP, where the magical concept for a new car part is born!Stage 2: PD (Product Design)Once the idea is all sparkly and ready to go, it's time for the PD phase. This is where the engineers and designers get to work, using their mad skills and fancy computers to turn that concept into a detailed plan. They figure out every tiny detail, from the materials to use to the exact shape and size of the part. It's like they're creating a blueprint for an incredible invention!Stage 3: PP (Prototype Production)Now things start to get really exciting! In the PP stage, the engineers take their designs and actually build the very first version of the car part. This is called a prototype, and it's like a practice run before the real thing. They might make a few different prototypes to test out different ideas and make sure everything works perfectly.Stage 4: TV (Testing and Validation)Once the prototypes are ready, it's time for the TV stage. This is where the car part gets put through its paces to make sure it's as awesome as the engineers hoped. They might test it in super hot or super cold temperatures, or even try to break it (don't worry, that's on purpose!) to see how tough it is. If the part passes all the tests, it's ready for the final stage!Stage 5: LP (Launch Production)In the LP stage, the car part is finally ready to be made for real and sent out to all the amazing car factories around the world. The engineers and workers have to make sure they can produce lots and lots of the part quickly and efficiently. And then, before you know it, that brilliant idea from the CP stage has become a real, live car part that helps make vehicles safer, faster, or just way cooler!There you have it, kids – the 5 awesome adventures that every car part goes on before it can zoom into your favorite rides. From CP to LP, it's an incredible journey filled with creativity, hard work, and a whole lot of fun. Who knows, maybe one day you'll be the one dreaming up the next great car part idea!篇2The 5 Stages of Developing Car PartsHi there, my little friends! Today, I want to tell you all about the super cool process of developing car parts. Cars are made up of many different parts, and each part has to be carefully designed and created before it can be used in a car. Let's learn about the five stages of developing car parts together!Stage 1: Research and Planning (RP)Before anything else, the engineers and designers need to do a lot of research and planning. They ask questions like "What kind of part do we need?" and "How can we make it better than before?" They also look at what other companies are doing and try to come up with new and awesome ideas. This is called the Research and Planning stage, or RP for short.Stage 2: Design and Development (DD)Once the engineers and designers have a good idea of what they want to create, it's time to start designing and developing the car part. They use special computer programs to draw the part and make sure it will fit perfectly in the car. They also create prototypes, which are like test versions of the part. This stage is called Design and Development, or DD for short.Stage 3: Testing and Evaluation (TE)After the car part is designed and a prototype is made, it's time for testing and evaluation. This is when the engineers and designers check to see if the part works well and if it's safe to use. They test the part in all kinds of conditions, like extreme heat or cold, to make sure it won't break or cause any problems. They also evaluate how the part performs and if any improvements need to be made. Testing and Evaluation is the name of this stage, or TE for short.Stage 4: Production and Manufacturing (PM)Once the car part has been tested and approved, it's time to start making lots of them! This is called the Production and Manufacturing stage, or PM for short. The engineers and designers work with factories and machines to produce the parts on a large scale. They make sure the parts are made correctly and that they meet all the quality standards. It's a very important stage because without it, we wouldn't have enough parts to build cars!Stage 5: Assembly and Integration (AI)Finally, we come to the last stage of developing car parts, which is Assembly and Integration, or AI for short. In this stage, all the different parts of the car are put together to make the final product – the car itself! The car parts are carefully assembled by skilled workers who follow specific instructions. They make sure everything fits together perfectly and that the car is ready to hit the road.And there you have it, my little friends – the five stages of developing car parts: RP, DD, TE, PM, and AI! It's a fascinating process that involves a lot of hard work, creativity, and teamwork. Next time you see a car, remember all the effort that went into making each and every part. Who knows, maybe one day you'llbecome a car designer or engineer and help create amazing car parts yourself!篇3The Exciting Journey of Making Car Parts: A 5-Step Adventure!Have you ever wondered how the cool parts that make up your family's car are created? It's an amazing process that involves lots of hard work and creativity. Let me take you on a fun journey to explore the 5 stages of developing car parts, and we'll use some cool abbreviations along the way!Stage 1: CP (Concept Phase)This is where the adventure begins! Imagine a team of engineers and designers sitting together, dreaming up ideas for a brand-new car part. Maybe it's a sleek new headlight design or a fancy dashboard display. They sketch out their ideas on paper and discuss how the part should look, what materials to use, and how it will work.During the CP, the team also considers things like cost, safety, and environmental impact. They want to make sure the part is affordable, keeps people safe, and doesn't harm theplanet. It's like planning an exciting trip, but instead of deciding where to go, they're figuring out what amazing part to create!Stage 2: DP (Design Phase)Now that the team has a cool concept, it's time to turn those ideas into detailed plans. This is the DP, where engineers and designers get to work on their computers, creating 3D models and technical drawings of the part.Imagine them as architects, carefully planning out every nook and cranny of the part. They use special software to make sure everything fits together perfectly, just like putting together a complex puzzle. During this stage, they also run simulations to test how the part will perform in different situations, like extreme temperatures or crashes.Stage 3: PP (Prototype Phase)With the designs all set, it's time to bring the part to life! In the PP, the team builds a real-life version of the part called a prototype. This is like a practice run before making the final product.Using special machines and tools, they carefully craft the prototype from the same materials they plan to use for the actualpart. It's like sculpting a work of art, but instead of clay, they're working with metals, plastics, and other high-tech materials.Once the prototype is ready, the team puts it through rigorous testing to see how well it performs. They might simulate crashes, expose it to extreme temperatures, or put it through other tough challenges. If the prototype passes all the tests, it's time to move on to the next stage!Stage 4: VP (Validation Phase)In the VP, the team makes sure the part is ready for prime time. They build a small batch of the parts, just like they would in a real factory, and put them through even more intense testing.Imagine a team of engineers and technicians running the parts through all sorts of crazy tests, like simulating decades of wear and tear or driving them across rough terrain. They want to be absolutely certain that the part can handle anything the real world throws at it.If the parts pass all the tests with flying colors, it's time for the final stage!Stage 5: LP (Launch Phase)This is the moment everyone has been waiting for – the LP! After months or even years of hard work, the new car part is finally ready to be produced and installed in vehicles.The team works closely with the factory to set up the production line and make sure everything runs smoothly. Imagine massive machines stamping out parts, robots assembling them with precision, and workers carefully inspecting each one for quality.Finally, the new parts are shipped off to dealerships and repair shops, where they can be installed in cars and trucks all over the world. It's like the grand finale of a spectacular show, with the amazing new part taking center stage!And there you have it – the 5-stage adventure of developing a new car part, complete with cool abbreviations like CP, DP, PP, VP, and LP. Who knew making something as simple as a headlight or a dashboard display could be such an exciting journey? Next time you're in the car, take a look around and appreciate all the hard work and creativity that went into making those incredible parts a reality!篇4"The Awesome Journey of Making Car Parts!"Hi there, friends! Today, we're going to explore the exciting world of making car parts. Imagine all the different pieces that come together to create a magnificent vehicle – the wheels, the engine, the seats, and so much more! It's like a giant puzzle, and we're going to learn about the steps involved in putting it all together.First up, we have the CP stage, which stands for "Concept Phase." This is where the magic begins! Engineers and designers put their brilliant minds together to come up with ideas for new car parts. They think about what the part needs to do, how it should look, and what materials it should be made of. It's like when you're planning to build a super cool LEGO set – you have to figure out what pieces you'll need and how they'll fit together.Next, we move on to the DP stage, or "Design Phase." This is where the ideas from the CP stage come to life! Engineers use fancy computer programs to create 3D models of the car parts. They can spin the models around, zoom in and out, and make sure everything looks just right. It's like creating your own virtual LEGO model before building the real thing!Once the design is ready, it's time for the PP stage –"Prototype Phase." This is where the engineers build the first real-life version of the car part. They might use special machinesor 3D printers to create a prototype made of plastic or metal. It's like taking your virtual LEGO model and turning it into an actual physical model!After the prototype is made, the engineers test it to make sure it works properly. This is called the VP stage, or "Validation Phase." They might put the car part through different challenges, like extreme temperatures or bumpy roads, to see how it holds up. It's like putting your LEGO model through some tough challenges to make sure it's sturdy and won't fall apart.Finally, we have the MP stage, which stands for "Mass Production Phase." This is where the car part gets made in huge numbers, ready to be installed in all the new vehicles. Factories use big machines and assembly lines to create thousands or even millions of the same part. It's like having a massive LEGO factory that can build tons of your awesome model!And there you have it, friends! The five stages of making car parts: CP, DP, PP, VP, and MP. It's a long journey from an idea to a finished product, but with hard work and teamwork, engineers can create amazing things that help us get from place to place. Who knows, maybe one day you'll be the one designing and building the coolest car parts ever!篇5The Five Stages of Automotive Parts Development ProcessHey there, young automobile enthusiasts! Are you curious about how car parts are developed? Well, today we're going to learn about the five stages of the Automotive Parts Development Process. It's going to be super cool! Let's dive right in!Stage 1: Conceptualization (CON)The first stage is all about coming up with awesome ideas for new car parts. Engineers, designers, and dreamers gather together to brainstorm and think of innovative concepts. They imagine how these parts can improve the performance, safety, and design of future cars. It's like dreaming big!Stage 2: Design and Development (D&D)Once the ideas are finalized, it's time to bring them to life! In this stage, engineers and designers create detailed drawings, blueprints, and computer models of the parts. They analyze every tiny detail to ensure they work perfectly and fit into the overall car design. It's like solving a big puzzle!Stage 3: Prototyping and Testing (P&T)Now, it's time for some hands-on action! Engineers build prototypes, which are real-life samples of the parts. These prototypes are then tested rigorously to see how they perform under different conditions.篇6The 5 Stages of Developing Car PartsHi there, my young friends! Today, I want to tell you all about the process of developing car parts. Do you know that a car is made up of many different parts? Well, these parts go through a special process before they can be put together to make a car. Let's explore the 5 stages of developing car parts!Stage 1: Research and Planning (R&P)The first stage is all about doing research and making plans. Just like when you have a project at school, you need to gather information and come up with a plan. Car companies do the same thing! They study what kind of parts they need and what materials to use. They also think about safety, cost, and how the parts will work together. This stage is called R&P for short.Stage 2: Designing and Testing (D&T)Once the plans are ready, it's time to design the car parts. Engineers use computers to create detailed drawings of how the parts will look. They also make small models or prototypes to test them out. These prototypes are like mini versions of the real parts. Engineers check if they fit together correctly and if they work well. They might have to make changes and test again. This stage is called D&T for short.Stage 3: Manufacturing (M)After the designs have been approved, it's time to make the actual car parts. This is the manufacturing stage. Big machines and skilled workers make the parts using special tools and materials. They follow the designs very carefully to make sure the parts are just right. It's like when you follow a recipe to bake cookies – you need to measure everything correctly and follow the steps. The manufacturing stage is called M for short.Stage 4: Quality Control (QC)Once the parts are made, they go through a process called quality control. This stage is all about checking if the parts are good enough to be used in cars. Inspectors carefully examine each part to make sure it meets the high standards set by the car company. They look for any defects or problems and fix them if needed. This stage is called QC for short.Stage 5: Assembly (A)Finally, it's time to put all the car parts together! This is the assembly stage. Skilled workers in car factories use special tools and machines to assemble the parts and build the cars. They follow a specific order and make sure everything fits perfectly. It's like putting together a puzzle – each part has its special place. This stage is called A for short.And there you have it, my friends! The 5 stages of developing car parts: R&P, D&T, M, QC, and A. Remember, it takes a lot of hard work, planning, and testing to make the car parts we use every day. Next time you see a car, you'll know that each part went through this amazing process. Keep exploring and learning about the world around you!I hope you enjoyed learning about car parts with me. Have a great day!。
介绍交通发展迅速的情况英语高考作文
介绍交通发展迅速的情况英语高考作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Rapid Development of TransportationHello, everyone! Today, I want to talk about the rapid development of transportation. In the past, getting from one place to another used to take a long time, but now, transportation has become super fast and convenient. Let's explore the exciting changes together!Firstly, let's talk about cars. Cars are awesome! They have become faster and more comfortable than ever before. Do you know that there are many different types of cars now? We have sports cars that can go super fast, family cars that can fit lots of people, and even electric cars that don't need any fuel. It's amazing how technology has made cars so cool!Next, let's move on to trains. Trains are like giant snakes that can travel on special tracks. They have also become faster and more efficient. In some countries, they even have super-fast trains called "bullet trains" that can go really, really fast. Imaginereaching your destination in just a few hours instead of spending a whole day on a train. It's like magic!Now, let's talk about airplanes. Airplanes can fly in the sky like birds. They have made traveling to faraway places so much easier. You can go on a vacation to a different country and experience new cultures. Airplanes are not just for people, they also carry goods from one country to another. That's how we get to enjoy fruits and toys from different parts of the world!Apart from cars, trains, and airplanes, there are also other exciting modes of transportation. Have you heard of bicycles and scooters? They are fun and eco-friendly ways to travel short distances. Some cities even have special lanes for bicycles, so it's safe for us to ride them. It's great for our health and the environment!In recent years, technology has brought us even more amazing transportation options. Have you heard of electric scooters and self-driving cars? These futuristic vehicles are becoming more popular. Electric scooters are like regular scooters, but they don't need any fuel. They run on electricity and are super quiet. Self-driving cars are cars that can drive themselves without a driver. How cool is that?In conclusion, transportation has developed rapidly over the years. Cars, trains, airplanes, bicycles, scooters, and even futuristic vehicles have made traveling faster, more comfortable, and more exciting. We are lucky to live in a time when we can explore the world easily. Remember to always be safe when using any form of transportation. Enjoy your journeys and have fun exploring the world!I hope you find this essay helpful! Good luck with your English exam!篇2Wow, Transportation is So Cool!Hi there! My name is Timmy, and I'm 10 years old. Today, I want to talk to you about something that I think is really awesome – transportation! You see, the way we move from one place to another has changed so much over the years, and it's getting faster and more amazing every day.When my grandparents were young, they had to walk or ride horses to get around. Can you imagine walking for hours just to visit friends or go to the market? That must have been super tiring! Luckily, things started to change with the invention of cars and trains.Cars are pretty neat, aren't they? They're like little houses on wheels that can take you wherever you want to go. My dad has a really cool car that can go super fast on the highway. He says it's important to follow the rules of the road and drive safely, though. Trains are also really cool – they're like giant metal snakes that can carry lots of people and cargo across long distances.But you know what's even cooler than cars and trains? Airplanes! These amazing machines can fly high up in the sky and take you to faraway places in just a few hours. I remember the first time I went on an airplane – it was like riding a roller coaster, but way more fun! The view from up there was incredible. You could see mountains, rivers, and cities that looked like tiny toys.Nowadays, transportation is getting even more advanced with things like high-speed trains and electric cars. High-speed trains are like super-fast bullets that can zip through the countryside at incredible speeds. They're really comfortable too, with lots of room to move around and big windows to enjoy the scenery.Electric cars are also becoming more popular. They're like regular cars, but they run on batteries instead of gasoline. That means they don't pollute the air as much, which is great for theenvironment. Some electric cars can even drive themselves using special sensors and cameras! Imagine being able to take a nap or play video games while your car drives you to school or the park.Speaking of the future, there are also some really cool transportation ideas that scientists and engineers are working on. For example, they're trying to build hyperloop systems, which are like super-fast trains that can travel through tubes at incredibly high speeds. They're also working on flying cars and even personal jetpacks! Wouldn't it be awesome to be able to fly to school or the park like a superhero?Overall, I think transportation is one of the coolest things ever. It's amazing to see how far we've come from just walking or riding horses to being able to fly across the world or drive cars that can practically drive themselves. Who knows what kinds of transportation we'll have in the future? Maybe we'll even be able to teleport from one place to another like in science fiction movies! Whatever happens, I can't wait to see what's next in the world of transportation. It's going to be an exciting ride!篇3The Awesome World of TransportationHey there, friends! Today, I'm going to tell you all about the super cool world of transportation. Get ready to be amazed because the ways we can move from one place to another have become faster, more comfortable, and even more fun than ever before!Let's start with something you're all familiar with – cars! Nowadays, cars come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. Some are tiny and zippy, while others are huge and can fit a whole bunch of people inside. But did you know that cars used to be really slow and uncomfortable? Back in the old days, people had to travel in horse-drawn carriages, which must have been a real bumpy ride!Speaking of bumpy rides, have you ever been on a train? Trains are like really long vehicles that run on tracks made of steel. They can carry hundreds of people and lots of cargo (that's a fancy word for stuff) from one city to another. Trains are awesome because they're so big and powerful! You can even have a little room all to yourself on some trains, and they have bathrooms and places to buy snacks. Choo-choo!Now, let's talk about something that can take you way up in the sky – airplanes! Airplanes are like big metal birds that can fly super high and super fast. They can take you from one country toanother in just a few hours. Can you imagine how long it would take to travel that far by car or train? Flying is the quickest way to get somewhere far away, and you get to see amazing views of the clouds and the earth from way up high.But airplanes aren't the only things that can fly. Have you ever seen a helicopter? Helicopters are like airplanes, but instead of wings, they have these huge blades on top that spin really fast and help them take off straight up into the air. Helicopters are often used for rescue missions or to help fight fires because they can land just about anywhere.Now, I've saved the coolest for last – spaceships! Spaceships are like super-advanced rockets that can blast off into outer space. They're used to explore other planets and even take astronauts (that's what we call people who travel to space) to the moon or the International Space Station. Can you imagine how incredible it would be to look back at Earth from way out in space? Spaceships are definitely the most high-tech and exciting form of transportation out there.As you can see, the world of transportation has come a long way. From humble beginnings with horse-drawn carriages to soaring through the skies in airplanes and even venturing into space, we've come up with some pretty incredible ways to getaround. Who knows what kind of new and exciting transportation we'll have in the future?Maybe one day, we'll be able to teleport from one place to another in the blink of an eye! Or maybe we'll have flying cars that can zoom through the air without any roads. Heck, maybe we'll even figure out how to travel through time and space itself! The possibilities are endless, and that's what makes transportation so awesome.So, the next time you're riding in a car, train, airplane, or even a spaceship (hey, a kid can dream, right?), take a moment to appreciate how far we've come in our ability to explore the world and beyond. Transportation is more than just getting from point A to point B – it's about pursuing adventure, discovering new places, and pushing the boundaries of what's possible.Who's ready for the journey of a lifetime? This kid sure is! Let's go!篇4The Rapid Development of TransportationHello, everyone! Today, I want to talk to you about the amazing progress we have made in transportation.Transportation is how we move from one place to another, like going to school, visiting our grandparents, or exploring new places. In recent years, transportation has been developing really fast, and it has brought many benefits to our lives.One big change in transportation is the improvement of roads. Have you noticed how smooth and well-maintained the roads are now? It's much easier and safer for cars, buses, and bicycles to travel. This means that we can get to our destinations faster and more comfortably. In addition, new highways and bridges have been built, connecting different cities and making it easier for people to travel long distances. We can now go on exciting road trips with our families and discover new places easily!Another amazing development is the expansion of public transportation. Public transportation includes buses, trains, and subways that many people can use together. It's an eco-friendly way to travel because it reduces the number of cars on the road, which helps protect our environment. Many cities now have modern and efficient public transportation systems. They are not only convenient but also affordable for everyone. We can hop on a bus or a train and reach our desired destination quickly. It's like going on an adventure!Air travel has also become more accessible to people. Airplanes can take us to faraway places in a short amount of time. With more airlines and flight routes available, traveling by plane has become more affordable and convenient. We can fly to different countries and experience diverse cultures. It's like flying on a magic carpet!Moreover, technology has played a big role in transportation development. Can you believe that we now have self-driving cars? These cars can drive themselves without a driver! They use special sensors and computer programs to navigate the roads. Isn't that incredible? In the future, we might even have flying cars like in our favorite science fiction movies!The rapid development of transportation has made our world smaller. We can now explore new places, meet different people, and learn about diverse cultures more easily. It has also brought economic benefits by connecting businesses and creating job opportunities. However, we should also remember to use transportation responsibly. We should follow traffic rules, prioritize safety, and take care of the environment.In conclusion, transportation has developed rapidly in recent years, making our lives more convenient and exciting. With improved roads, expanded public transportation, andadvancements in air travel and technology, we have more options for getting around. Let's embrace these changes and use transportation wisely for a brighter future!I hope you enjoyed learning about the rapid development of transportation. Have a great day, everyone!篇5The Awesome World of Moving ThingsHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about the super cool world of transportation and how it has been changing at rocket speed!When I was just a little kid, my parents had to drive me everywhere in our boring old car. It could only go like 60 miles per hour at the fastest. But now there are all kinds of new vehicles that can zoom way quicker than that!One of the fastest is the bullet train. These awesome trains can reach speeds over 300 miles per hour! They use special electric engines and ride on elevated tracks with no crossings to slow them down. The first bullet trains were made in Japan back in the 1960s. Nowadays, countries all over the world like China, Spain, and Morocco have built high-speed rail lines too. Just thisyear, a bullet train in Japan set a new world speed record of 374 mph! Can you imagine going that fast on the ground? It's insane!Speaking of insane speeds, another new vehicle that can really move is the hyperloop. This uses special low-pressure tubes to shoot capsule-like pods through at airline speeds! A hyperloop has been proposed to connect cities in places like the United Arab Emirates and Missouri in the United States. The top speed could reach over 700 mph - almost as fast as a commercial jet plane! That would make a trip from Los Angeles to San Francisco take only about 30 minutes. I bet lots of you would love taking the hyperloop instead of being stuck in the car for hours.While we're talking about awesome new train technologies, I have to mention the maglev train too. These use powerful electromagnets to levitate the train cars up off the track. With no wheel resistance, maglev trains can accelerate crazy fast and cruise at over 300 mph. The first real maglev line opened in Shanghai in 2004 and can hit 268 mph! Japan and other countries want to build maglev networks in the near future that will make taking the train almost as fast as flying.But what if you want to travel really, really far - like to another continent? Well, for that you need to fly in an airplane.And let me tell you, airplanes these days are getting bigger, faster, and more advanced than ever before!The biggest passenger planes today are the hugedouble-decker Airbus A380. This massive airliner is so big, it has room for up to 853 passengers! That's like a whole elementary school loaded onto one plane. The A380 is longer than a football field and stands almost 80 feet tall. And get this - its wings are so huge that they had to design a fancy CrossFlex system to bend the tips up and down to fit through airport gates. How crazy is that?But size isn't everything when it comes to amazing airplanes. There are also some super sleek and fast jets out there now. The Cessna Citation X+ private jet can cruise at over 600 mph - that's almost as fast as a fighter jet! And some military planes like the X-59 QueSST are being designed to go supersonic - that means faster than the speed of sound! Isn't that just bonkers?Another really awesome aviation technology is drones. These little unmanned aerial vehicles use multiple rotors to takeoff and land vertically like helicopters. They are controlled remotely by pilots on the ground using video cameras and sensors. Drones are being used all over for things like inspecting bridges, watching over wildfires, even delivering packages rightto your doorstep! The U.S. military has huge armed combat drones that can fly across oceans on bombing runs without any human pilot on board. Some commercial companies like Amazon want to use whole fleets of delivery drones in the future to drop off orders with just 30 minutes notice. How futuristic is that?But you know what's even more futuristic than drones? Freaking rockets that can launch spaceships and satellites into orbit! Over the past few years, companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Rocket Lab have made launching stuff into space way more common and affordable. In fact, SpaceX's gigantic reusable Falcon Heavy rocket is the most powerful one operating today. After blasting off, the different booster stages can detach, flip around, and land vertically back on Earth to get reused on the next launch. It's like having a spacecraft that is also a transformer! This kind of reusable tech is just the start of making space travel cheaper and more convenient.Speaking of space travel, I can't wait until we have things like supersonic planes that can zoom across the Earth in a couple hours and Mars colonies with flying car skylanes. I heard some places are already working on experimental hypersonic planes that can exceed Mach 5 - that's over 3,800 mph! At those speeds,you could fly from New York to Tokyo in just 2 hours. They're looking into using special scramjet engines that can breathe air at ridiculous speeds instead of needing to carry huge fuel tanks like rockets.And what about the idea of taking a vacation to space?! Companies like Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin want to start launching wealthy passengers up for a few minutes ofzero-gravity fun and amazing views of the Earth from the upper atmosphere. I wish I could save up enough money to go! But that's still pretty expensive for regular space tourists. Maybe in the future we'll have hotels and amusement parks orbiting Earth or on the Moon where you can actually go and stay for a while. I'd love to try out some low-gravity trampolines and race STRVs (that's a space terrain reusable vehicle).Well, those are just some of the crazy awesome transportation technologies being developed now and maybe in the coming decades. From super high-speed rail to hypersonic jets, delivery drones, reusable rockets, and space tourism - it's going to be incredible how we'll be able to zip around the Earth and beyond! I can't wait to see what sorts of new vehicles and ways of traveling will be invented by the time I'm all grown up.The future of getting from place to place is looking unbelievably fast, efficient and fun. Let's get moving!篇6Traveling Around the World in a Blink of an Eye!Hi, friends! Today, I want to tell you about something that has always fascinated me – how we can travel from one place to another so quickly these days. It's like we're living in a world of magic!Let me start by talking about the good old days when our grandparents were young. Back then, traveling was a real adventure! Imagine having to walk for days or even weeks to reach your destination. Ouch, my little feet hurt just thinking about it! And if you wanted to go somewhere really far away, you had to ride a horse or take a boat. Can you believe it? No planes, no trains, no cars! It must have been so tiring and slow.But then, something amazing happened – people started inventing new ways to travel, and everything changed! First came the steam engine, which allowed trains to move along those long, winding tracks. Suddenly, you could cover distances that would have taken weeks on foot in just a few days. Isn't that incredible?And then, not long after, someone had the brilliant idea of putting an engine inside a metal box with wheels – and voila, the automobile was born! With cars, people could go wherever they wanted, whenever they wanted, without being tied to train schedules or tracks. It was like having a little house on wheels, and you could take it anywhere!But the coolest invention of all has to be the airplane. Can you imagine being able to fly like a bird, high up in the sky? It must have seemed like pure magic to our ancestors! Airplanes can take us across entire oceans and continents in just a few hours. I still get goosebumps thinking about it!Nowadays, we have all sorts of transportation options –buses, subways, bullet trains, helicopters, and even spaceships! It's like we've unlocked the secret to teleportation or something. My favorite has to be the high-speed trains that zip through the countryside at mind-boggling speeds. It's like being in a real-life video game!And you know what's even cooler? We're constantly coming up with new and better ways to travel. Like thosefuturistic-looking electric cars that don't need any gasoline and are better for the environment. Or those amazing drones thatcan deliver packages right to your doorstep! Who knows, maybe one day we'll even have flying cars like in the movies!But as amazing as all these transportation options are, they wouldn't be possible without the hard work and brilliant minds of engineers, scientists, and inventors. These are the real superheroes who have made our world so connected and accessible.Just think about it – if we didn't have planes, trains, and cars, we'd never be able to visit our relatives who live far away, or go on exciting vacations to different countries. We wouldn't be able to import all those delicious foods and cool toys from around the world. And it would be so much harder for doctors, firefighters, and other essential workers to get where they need to go quickly.Transportation has truly revolutionized the way we live, work, and play. It has brought people and cultures closer together, opened up new opportunities for trade and travel, and made our world feel just a little bit smaller and more connected.So the next time you're zipping down the highway in a car, soaring through the clouds in an airplane, or whooshing by on a high-speed train, take a moment to appreciate the incredible journey we've been on as a species. From walking barefootacross vast distances to traveling at the speed of sound, we've come a long, long way!And who knows what amazing transportation inventions the future holds? Maybe we'll finally get those flying cars, or even teleportation devices like in science fiction movies! One thing's for sure – the world is getting smaller and smaller, and we're all just one quick ride away from our next great adventure.。
CBN树脂砂轮的修整
Q形钕转换激光器（亿铝石榴石激光器）CBN树脂砂轮的修整摘要树脂CBN砂轮由于它们好的磨削性能而广泛用于工业上。
因此有必要找到一种合适的修整CBN砂轮。
本篇论文介绍一种以热作用有关的用声光Q钕转换器（石榴石转换器）修整的方法。
它不象常规的以力的作用为基础的修整方法，结合剂的结构被分析。
针对橡胶结合剂、CBN磨料、不同修整参数橡胶CBN砂轮的一种简单脉冲设备已经被实验出来了。
经过常规机械修整与激光修整的磨削力的比较说明CBN树脂砂轮更适合用激光修整，它比连续激光修整和常规机械修整方法好。
关键词激光器修整橡胶CBN砂轮Q形钕激光转换器修整机构单一脉冲1介绍一般来说CBN砂轮有三种结合剂，橡胶结合剂、金属结合剂、陶瓷结合剂。
陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮是通过以热作用为基础的常规修整方法来修整的。
电解方法是一种适合与金属结合剂CBN砂轮的电解方法。
树脂结合剂CBN砂轮通过常规机械修整方法来修整是很困难的，有必要找到一种适合这类砂轮修整的方法。
激光作用已经表现出它在常规陶瓷砂轮修整上是一种有效的工具。
因为它是一种非接触的过程并且以热作用为基础，因此激光器修整消除了工具磨损，机械工具偏斜颤动。
砂轮的切入力和污染问题。
尽管一些关于砂轮的激光修整的研究已经被报道，但它们主要集中在常规砂轮激光修整、高频激光修整和超精磨轮的常规脉冲激光修整能够方面，尽管常规砂轮的Q—switched Y AG激光器已经被报道，但是常规砂轮用常规机械修整方法就可以修整得很好，而不必要用激光器来修整。
树脂结合剂CBN砂轮用激光器修整很容易消去树脂结合剂且不破坏或损坏CBN 磨料，从而获得一个好的表面。
激光器可以消除表面物质，但是怎样消除表面物质呢？这是一个很重要的问题。
因此有必要去考虑用那一种激光器和用那一种发射方法。
Y AG激光器用一个短的脉冲期、高的顶点功率、高的频率，并且激光器脉冲是一个小的因素。
因此，加热效果可能会降低。
当用适当的激光功率和径向发射方式并重叠蚀坑时，可以获得一个好的表面。
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Super abrasive grinding wheel选用合适的砂轮1. Selection of the appropriate grinding wheels对不同的工件材料、不同的加工要求,应选用不同的砂轮。
即使磨削同一种工件材料,不同牌号砂轮的磨削比可能相差2~5倍,因此要选用合适的砂轮。
According to different work piece materials and processing requirements, it is necessary to choose different grinding wheels. Even for the same work piece material, there may also exist 2-5 times difference in grinding ratio among the different models, so it is of great significance to choose the appropriate grinding wheels.金刚石砂轮是磨削硬质合金、光学玻璃、陶瓷、宝石和石材等高硬度脆性大的非金属材料的最佳磨具。
但因金刚石在700℃~800℃时容易碳化,所以它不适于磨削钢料。
CBN的硬度稍次于金刚石,但它的热稳定性好(能耐1300℃~1400℃高温),它不象金刚石那样在高温中会分解,即氧化和石墨化,与铁族元素化学惰性大,热导率高(是刚玉的46倍),用其制作的砂轮寿命长(可达刚玉砂轮的几十倍到成百倍以上),是替代刚玉砂轮磨削淬硬钢、高速工具钢、轴承钢、不锈钢、耐热钢和钛合金等高硬度韧性大的金属材料的最佳磨具。
The diamond grinding wheel is the optimal abrasive tool forgrinding the non-metallic materials featured with high hardness and brittleness, such as tungsten carbide, optical glass, ceramics, gems and stone material . However, due to the carbonization character of diamond in 700 ℃ ~800 ℃, so it is not suitable for grinding steel material. The hardness of CBN is slightly inferior to diamond, but its thermal stability performance is good, which can withstand temperatures up to1300 ℃ ~ 1400 ℃. Unlike the decomposition of diamond in th e high temperature, that is to say, it is unlikely to get oxidation and graphitization and it is also inert to most chemical elements of iron group. Besides, it is of high thermal conductivity, which is 46 times than that of corundum. As a result, grinding wheel made of CBN is of longer life (up to several dozen or one hundred times than the corundum grinding wheel). Consequently, it is a good alternative of corundum grinding wheel grinding of metal materials of high hardness and brittleness, such as hardened steel, high-speed tool steel, bearing steel, stainless steel, heat-resistant steel and titanium alloys. 超硬磨料砂轮的结合剂有树脂、金属、陶瓷、电镀和钎焊等。
树脂结合剂砂轮主要用于刃磨刀量具、磨孔、外圆磨及平面磨;金属结合剂砂轮用于切入磨削、光学曲线磨床的成形磨、刃磨单刃刀具、磨削小钻头的螺旋槽,也适用于电解磨削;陶瓷结合剂砂轮的磨削效率高,形状保持性好,耐用度高,易于修整,砂轮使用寿命长,并因陶瓷结合剂本身有良好的化学稳定性,耐热、耐油、耐酸碱的侵蚀,可适应各种磨削液,磨削成本低,因而目前已成为高效、高精度磨削的首选磨具;电镀砂轮适于高速精磨和成形磨,也适于孔的高效磨削(湿磨)和在坐标磨床上使用;钎焊砂轮适于超高速磨削。
The bond types of the super abrasive grinding wheels include resin, metal, vitrified and electroplate and vacuum brazed. The resin bond diamond grinding wheels are mainly applied to the sharpening of the cutting and measuring tool, boring, cylindrical grinding and surface grinding; the metal bond can be used to the cut-in grinding, optical contour grinder shaping, single-point cutters edging, spiral grooving of the small drill bits and electrolytic grinding; the vitrified grinding wheels are characterized by the high efficiency, excellent form holding, high durability, easy dressing and long work life. Additionally, due to its chemical stability and heat-resistance, oil-resistance and erosion-resistant of acid and alkali, which is suitable for the high speed fine grinding and high efficiently wet bore grinding, it is also can be on the jig grinder. And the vacuum brazed grinding wheel are good for the super high speed grinding.必须指出,不同牌号的磨料,因制造工艺不同,其晶体形态、颗粒形状也不同,而具有不同的强度、热稳定性和破碎特性,应根据结合剂种类、磨削工件材料和磨削方式,选择不同的磨料。
如用于高效、高精度磨削的陶瓷结合剂砂轮,可选用高强度和颗粒形状锋利的磨料, Attention should be paid to that due todifferent manufacturing techniques of the different abrasives, correspondingly, their crystal forms and shapes are different. And thus they are of different intensity, heat stability and Bursting properties. So we are supposed to choose different abrasives, according to bond types and work pieces material and grinding methods. If the vitrified grinding wheel are used for the high proficient and high-precision grinding, we can choose the high-strength and sharp abrasives .超硬磨产表面又有镀金属衣(金属镀层可起到补强增韧,减缓热冲击以及在磨粒与结合剂之间起结合桥作用,可提高砂轮使用性能)和不镀金属衣两种,应根据结合剂种类、工件材料、干磨和湿磨等不同条件选择。
干磨一般选用铜衣,如RVD-Cu、CBN-Cu;湿磨选用镍衣,如RVD-Ni、CBN-Ni。
当前,镀覆金属已由镍、铜发展到钛、钨合金、非金属陶瓷等,由单一镀层发展到复合镀层,并已由磨粒镀覆发展到微粉镀覆。
The super-hard abrasives can be classified into metal uncoated and coated ones. The metal coatings can play a important role in the reinforcement of strength and toughness, retard of thermal impact, and bridge the abrasives and bond to improve the performance of the grinding wheel. According to the bond types, work pieces materials and theprocessing conditions ( wet or dry), we can choose to different grinding wheels. The abrasives for dry grinding are commonly decided to coat the coppers, such as VD-Cu, CBN-Cu; while the abrasives for wet grinding are commonly decided to coat nickles, such as RVD-Ni, CBN-Ni. At present, the metal-coating are developed to Titanium, tungsten carbide, non-metal ceramics etc form the nickles and coppers. At the same time, the coating also developed to the composite coatings from the single layer coating. The abrasive-coated technology has reformed to the powder-coated.起硬磨粒砂轮的浓度不能选得太低,高浓度可带来高的磨削比,200%浓度的超硬磨料砂轮实际上是一种以超硬磨料为辅料的普通砂轮,一般不推荐命名用。