研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板
Research Proposal(研究计划)
根据美国心理学家马斯洛的需要层次论，他认为人的基本需要有五种，他们由低到高依次排 列成一定的层次，即生理的需要、安全的需要、归属和爱的需要、尊重的重要，包括认知、审美 和创造的需要，它具有两方面的含义，即完整而丰满的人性的实现以及个人潜能或特性的实现。 培养孩子的自理能力问题已经成为现代教育发展的重要内容之一。其中一个突出特点是更加注意 把自理能力的培养与动手能力培养结合起来，从小让儿童参与家庭生活，增强儿童对生活的体验 和自理能力的养成。
研究方法：
1.问卷法 自编问卷，在对关于自理能力的文献资料尽享系统的了解和把握后，与哈市某小学的教师、
及其学生家长进行访谈。通过访谈从多个角度了解当代小学生自理能力的现状。在对理论和实 行分析的基础上，拟出问卷初稿，并请有关专家和一线教师对题目的可读性、适宣性进行评议 。根据专家和教师的意见，对问卷设计的维度、对题目的表达和逻辑顺序的安排做了调整，最 终形成调查问卷。并运用？《小学生自理能力调查问卷》对哈市某小学的学生进行调查。
二.增强小学生生活自理能力的对策：
（一）家庭里父母要给孩子独立做事情的机会 （二）学校中教师要针对不同年龄的学生制定不同的培养方案，多开展一些课外活动 在实施素质教育的过程中，教师应通过自己的努力帮助学生克服惰性和依赖心理，倡导勤奋 、朴实、自信自强的学习氛围，努力是学生成为品学兼优、德才具备的高素质人才。
Research Proposal
课题名称：关于小学生自理能力培养问题的研究
姓名：高艳艳 学号：10071107 班级：10中文一班
概念界定
所谓自理能力，就是指在日常生活中自我料理与集体生活中自我管理的能力。 自理能力是人生活的基本能力之一，尤其在现代经济的飞速发展下，人的自理能力的 内容也有现代色彩，它包扩：生活自理能力、学习自理能力、社交自理能力等诸多方面
research_proposal_模板
Format for Research ProposalNotes:1.It is recommended that you discuss the proposed research topic with your prospective supervisor(s)and obtain a clear indication of support from them: applications without support from namedsupervisors are unlikely to be successful. E-mail addresses of academic staff are available from therelevant departmental web page.2.There is no prescribed length for the proposal, although it should be sufficiently detailed todemonstrate your familiarity with the topics being addressed. A PhD proposal would normally beexpected to include relatively more information on the background, importance and methodology of the research.3.Adoption of the following template is recommended, although you can add or omit sections asappropriate: not all sections are relevant to all research fields./1. Applicant’s name2. Title of proposed research project3. Summary of researchMaximum150 words, understandable by a non-specialist.4. IntroductionProvide the relevant background information and explain the motivation for your study.【5. Objectives and hypotheses to be testedList (using bullet points) the aims/objectives of the study and, where relevant, specify the hypotheses to be tested.6. Literature reviewDiscuss the key publications in the proposed research area.7. Materials and methods/theoretical framework/theoryExplain how you intend to undertake the research. There is no need to describe experimental apparatus or analyses in great detail: an indication of the approach to be adopted (with citation of sources) is adequate in most cases.8. Anticipated outcome and value of the research~Explain the likely significance of your research and how it will impact the research field.9. Literature cited/ReferencesProvide bibliographic details of all references cited, adopting a standardised format.。
research proposal 格式
research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。
以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。
2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。
-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。
3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。
4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。
-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。
5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。
6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。
7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。
8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。
9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。
10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。
请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。
在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。
research proposal字数
Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。
作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。
本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。
二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。
通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。
三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。
我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。
四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。
2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。
3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。
五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。
六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。
七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。
Research ProposalStudy Plan研究计划 学习计划
（Please Write inEnglish）(请用英文回答)
1)Research Area of Interest and Major：(p major is and what you plan to study)你的专业和研究方向: (请说明你的专业和学习计划)
2)Advisor or Potential Advisor: (this means your research advisornotacademic advisor)导师或有意向的导师：（是你的研究导师而不是学术导师）
3)Is your program coursework only? Ifnot, please tell us the name of your research project and give a basic description of your research.你的学习项目只是授课形式？如果不是，请提供你的专项课题的具体名称和内容
4)Research Funding: (Where is the funding coming from?)研究专项资金：（你的研究专项资金从哪里获得？）
5)Practical Application of Research:研究课题的实际应用
research proposal 的格式
research proposal 的格式Research Proposal Format:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisIntroduction:- Briefly explain the background and significance of the topic.- Highlight the existing gap in knowledge or controversy surrounding the impact of social media on mental health.- State the research questions and objectives.Literature Review:- Conduct a comprehensive review of studies exploring the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes.- Summarize the main findings and controversies in the existing literature.- Identify any limitations or gaps in the current research.Methodology:1. Research Design:- Specify whether the study will be a systematic review or ameta-analysis.- Justify the chosen methodology and explain how it will contribute to addressing the research questions.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:- Define the population of interest, including age range and social media platforms.- Specify the types of studies that will be included (e.g., experimental, correlational, longitudinal) and any language or date restrictions.3. Search Strategy:- Describe the databases and search engines that will be utilized. - Explain the keywords and search terms that will be used.- Discuss any additional strategies for identifying relevant studies (e.g., hand-searching reference lists, contacting experts).4. Study Selection:- Outline the process for screening and selecting studies based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.- Describe the number of reviewers involved and any measures toensure inter-rater reliability.5. Data Extraction:- Specify the data items that will be collected from each study (e.g., sample size, study design, outcome measures).- Indicate how the relevant data will be extracted and recorded (e.g., using standardized forms).6. Quality Assessment:- Explain the methods for assessing the quality and risk of bias of the included studies.- Discuss any tools or criteria that will be used for this purpose.Data Analysis:- Describe the statistical methods that will be employed for data synthesis (e.g., meta-analysis, qualitative synthesis).- Explain the rationale for pooling or comparing the results of the selected studies.Ethical Considerations:- Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during the research process.- Address how participant confidentiality, informed consent, and other ethical principles will be ensured.Timeline and Resources:- Provide a detailed timeline of the proposed research activities. - Specify any necessary resources, such as research assistants, software, or funding.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points of the research proposal.- Emphasize the potential contributions and implications of the proposed study.- Discuss the feasibility and limitations of the research.References:- Include a list of all the references cited in the proposal, following appropriate citation style guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA).。
留学研究方案(research proposal)模板3
Title of research:An investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship.Objectives:•To identify key barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship•To administrate a national electronic survey to health librarians and information specialists in England, Scotland and Wales.Please give a brief justification of your proposed research project:The question this study aims to answer is: What are the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship? This question has been given minimal levels of consideration in the professional literature to date and is a question of importance for a number of reasons. There is now a growing literature base that recognises the need for librarians to engage more with research (Powell, Baker et al. 2002; Juznic and Urbanija 2003; Koufogiannakis and Slater 2004; Koufogiannakis and Crumley 2006). Within the current context of health librarianship strategies are neededto engage with this more fully and in order to effectively address the associated issues that relate to improved decision making skills, evidence based practice, and the improvement of patient care. This is particularly pertinent in light of the recent HillReport (Hill 2008, p35) which specifically recommends that “research to measure the impact of the application of best available evidence in decision making should continueto be pursued vigorously and routinely by health librarians, in partnership with researchers’.Much of the work health librarians are involved with is directly linked to evidence based health practice, and evidence based medicine and research forms a substantial aspectof this (Eldredge 2000; Hill 2008). Whilst there is a demand on health professionals to justify and base their practice on robust research based evidence, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with this in relation to their own professional practice. Largely, their involvement with evidence based practice is linked directly to health practice rather than the practice of librarianship. The lack of evidence based practice in librarianship jeopardises the credibility of health librarians in their involvement with evidence based health practice and it is widely reported that increased engagement with evidence based librarianship amongst the profession is becoming increasingly important. For health librarians to credibly support evidence based health practice / medicine it is arguable that the profession should be able to demonstrate evidence based practice in relation to its own professional practice (Eldredge 2000; Booth and Brice 2003; Grant 2003). This is particularly relevant since the end purpose of health librarianship is directly linked to the improvement of patient care (Hill 2008). For health librarians totake a truly evidence based approach to their professional practice, increased engagement with research activities is necessary. At present however, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with research in relation to their ownprofessional practice (Booth 2002; Booth and Brice 2003). Whilst some small pockets of active engagement exist, largely this remains a specialist interest area rather than something that is taken on board profession-wide (Booth 2002). Reluctance to conduct research in relation to health librarianship (rather than health practice) within the profession is widely documented (Booth 2002; Booth 2003). However, with the exception of a generic study (McNicol and Nankivell 2003) which aimed to survey librarians from all subject disciplines and which had poor coverage of health librarians, the reasons behind this have not as yet been fully investigated.The study by McNicol and Nankivell (2003) identified the LIS research agenda to be poorly organised and lacking in direction. It is expected that in carrying out this study a deeper understanding of the reluctance amongst health librarians to engage in research and other related issues they perceive create barriers to their engagement with research activity will be gained. The study will also aim to investigate what they feel are the priorities for research development to aid this current situation. It is anticipated that from the data collected, a clearer and deeper understanding of the issues can be acquired. This will inform the development of a framework which will provide clarity and direction for the profession. Furthermore, it will make recommendations as to how best research development can be taken forward in the profession based on sound evidence derived from the population to which it concerns. The use of a large scale electronic web based survey method will help to acquire a valid data set which is expected to make a substantial and effective contribution to answering the research question. The results and recommendations will be widely disseminated through a variety of appropriate channels.ReferencesBooth, A. (2002). "Mirage or reality." Health information and libraries journal 19(2): 56-58.Booth, A. (2003). "Bridging the research-practice gap: the role of evidence based librarianship." The New Review of Information and Library Research 9(1): 3-23.Booth, A. and A. Brice (2003). "Clear-cut?: facilitating health librarians to use information research in practice." Health information and libraries journal 20(S1): 45-52.Eldredge, J. D. (2000). "Evidence-based librarianship: an overview." Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 88(4): 289-302.Grant, M. L. (2003). "Journal clubs for continued professional development." Health information and libraries journal 20(1): 72-78.Hill, P. (2008). Report of a national review of NHS library services in England: from knowledge to health in the 21st century. Newcastle, Institute of Health and Society.Juznic, P. and J. Urbanija (2003). "Developing research skills in library and information studies." Library Management 274(6/7): 324-331.Koufogiannakis, D. and E. Crumley (2006). "Research in librarianship: issues to consider." Library Hi Tech 24(3): 324-340.Koufogiannakis, D. and L. Slater (2004). "A content analysis of librarianship research." Journal of Information Science 30(3): 227-239.McNicol, S. and C. Nankivell (2003). The LIS research landscape: a review and prognosis, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals.Powell, R. R., L. M. Baker, et al. (2002). "Library and information science practitioners and research." Library and Information Science Research 24(1): 49-72.Please outline the proposed sample group, including any specific criteria: The sample group will aim to include representation from eight identified areas of health librarianship:Senior strategic health librariansClinical librariansHealth library service managersSenior information strategy managersAcademic health librariansIndependent health librariansResearch librariansAcademicsThe qualifying criteria required for inclusion in the survey will be health librarians and information specialists working in the above context areas, and who hold a professional LIS qualification (ie. degree level or above).Describe how the proposed sample group will be formulated:The study will aim to cover a wide sample group formulated from individuals working in the context areas identified above. Potential participants will be identified from LIS related JISCmail groups, professional directories, university LIS departments, special interest and professional groups, and cascades through senior managers and group Chairs.Indicate clearly what the involvement of the sample group will be in the research process:The involvement of the sample group in the study will extend to the completion of an electronic survey which will be sent via email.Specify how the consent of participants will be obtained. Please include within this a description of any information with which you intend to provide the subjects:Consent will be gained from respondents immediately before participants complete the survey. An invitation email will be sent out to potential participants containing details about the study and a link to the survey. Consent will be obtained from respondents through the inclusion of a statement of consent which will be embedded at the beginning of the survey before the respondent commences with completion of their response. Upon accessing the survey link, respondents will be directed to read the statement of consent and offered the option to consent to their involvement in the study or not. Provided the participant opts to consent to their participation, the survey will then open for them to complete. From the time of sending out the invitation to participate and link to the survey, potential respondents will be given six weeks in which to complete the survey (with a reminder being sent out at three weeks), if they decide to do so after having read the statement of consent.Indicate any potential risks to subjects and how you propose to minimise these:Participation in this survey presents no potential risks to the participants. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.Describe the procedures you intend to follow in order to maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects:The email addresses from which responses will be sent will be automatically removed by the survey software used (SurveyMonkey). The identity of respondents will therefore not be known to the researchers at the survey return stage. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.RESEARCH CONSENT FORMTitle of studyAn investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianshipPlease read and complete this form carefully. If you are willing to participate in this study, ring the appropriate responses and sign and date the declaration at the end. If you do not understand anything and would like more information, please ask.I have had the research satisfactorily explained to me in written form by the researcher. YES / NOI understand that the research will involve:•The completion of an electronic survey on the topic of research development issues in health librarianship.YES / NOI understand that I may withdraw from this study at any time without having to give an explanation.YES / NOI understand that all information about me will be treated in strict confidence and that I will not be named in any written work arising from this studyYES / NOI understand that any data collected will be used solely for research purposes and will be erased on completion of your research.YES / NOI understand that the data will only be discussed within the research teamYES / NOI understand that survey participants and their respective organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publicationYES / NOI freely give my consent to participate in this research study and have been given a copy of this form for my own information.Signature: ………………………………………………………Name (capital letters)…………………………………………..Date: ……………………………………………………………Contact details: (include address, email and telephone number) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Thank you for your interest in the study.。
研究计划书英文格式
研究计划书英文格式Research Proposal Format.I. Title Page.Title of the proposal.Name of the researcher(s)。
Affiliation(s) of the researcher(s)。
Date.II. Abstract.A concise summary of the proposed research, including its objectives, methods, and expected outcomes.Typically 200-300 words.III. Introduction.Provides context for the research, including a review of the relevant literature and identification of research gaps.Establishes the significance and originality of the proposed research.IV. Research Objectives.Clearly states the specific aims of the research.Objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).V. Methods.Describes the research design, methodology, and data collection and analysis techniques in detail.Provides information on the population, sample,sampling method, and research instruments.Includes ethical considerations and plans for ensuring confidentiality and data protection.VI. Expected Outcomes.Outlines the anticipated results and deliverables of the research.Describes how the findings will contribute to thefield of study and address the research objectives.VII. Timeline and Budget.Provides a realistic schedule for completing the research, including major milestones and deliverables.Includes a detailed budget outlining the financial resources required to conduct the research.VIII. Qualifications of the Researcher(s)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
a ?能否写出漂亮的，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于以及、写作的网上资源]文章作者 T. P. , ., . ( , . , , ). 题为： a . 全文转载如下：a , . , ’s a ’s . . A , , , a .A a . , a ., : , ., a , ., . A . , , ..:. , , “ . . .” . a , . , , . ’s , .:a 300 . , , ( ), . , , .:. .a , , . , a , ., . A , ., a “” , . , a . , . , “ ” . , .a , a a , . :1. , .2. a .3. .4. .5. . , .6. , . , . ( .)7. a .8. . ( .):. , a , a .:1. “ ”.2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. a .8. a (., a ).’ :** ,******.. . , , : , , , .a . a . , . (: .) :. .. a ... , , , ., , . , a . . ( a .), :1. a a ? ?2. – ? ?3. – ? ? ?4. – ? ? ?:. , , .:. a . , .1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. a .7. , .8. —“ ” a . ( a .)9. .10. .11. .12. .大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
简单的说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。
一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。
另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不仅确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印象。
一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应的工作计划来完成它。
总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。
不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。
研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。
研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书写作。
一个好的研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。
因此，非常值得你去写得连贯，清晰并且令人信服。
这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。
标题：标题应该简明扼要。
比如，“一个关于…的研究”，这样的句子就应该避免。
通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。
然而，应尽可能，想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。
一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了他们会喜欢这个计划。
摘要：摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。
它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），方法以及主要发现。
对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本，还有任何将被用到的手段。
引言：引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。
如何设定研究问题可能是计划书写作最难的部分。
如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎和无趣。
然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重要性就变得不言而喻了。
不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣和翔实的开头段的规定一样。
很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。
首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域；其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景，在这里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。
最后，确定“关键角色”（），参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。
总之，把你的研究问题放到一个大的背景下，但同时体现出他的重要性。
引言一般以对该领域的简单描述开始，同时关注某一特定的研究问题，接下来是拟定研究的基本原理。
引言部分通常包含以下内容：1. 描述该研究问题，一般也叫研究目的；2. 为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；3. 说明你研究问题的理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；4. 简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；5. 确定你试验中关键的独立或相关变量。
或者，明确说明你想要研究的现象；6. 阐述你的假说或理论，如有的话。
对于探索性或现象解释型的研究，你可能不会有任何假说。
（请不要混淆假说和统计学上的零假设）；7.设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；8. 给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）；文献综述：文献综述有时也包括到简介部分。
然而，大多数教授更喜欢一个单独的部分，这样可以更全面地回顾相关文献。
文献综述有以下一些重要功能：1. 确保你不是“重新发明车轮”（意即不是重复前人已有的成果）；2. 向奠定该研究基础的前人致谢；3. 说明你对该研究问题的了解；4. 阐述你对该问题相关的理论和研究的理解；5. 展现你对相关文献资料的批判评价能力；6 显示你整合现有文献的能力；7. 提供新的理论见解或发展一种新的模式，作为你研究的概念框架；8. 向你的读者证明该研究计划会对现有文献做出重要的和实质性的贡献。
（比如，解决一个重要的理论问题或者填补一个主要空白）；大多数学生的文献综述都有以下问题：* 缺乏组织结构* 缺乏重点，整体性和连贯性* 冗长重复* 没有引用重要文献* 没有跟上最新进展* 没有对所引文献进行批判分析* 引用了不相关或不重要的文献* 过多依赖二手资料如果你的研究计划里有任何上述问题，你的学术和研究能力就会受到质疑。
有多种方式来组织文献综述。
利用副标题来使你的综述有序和连贯。
比如，在展示了你研究领域的重要性和最新研究进展之后，你可能会用几个小节来探讨相关问题，如理论模型，测定手段，跨文化和性别差异，等等。
同时也要牢记你是在向听众讲一个故事。
要试着以一种具有启发性的方式讲述，而不要使他们感到厌烦，因为这可能导致你的计划被否决。
（记住，教授和科学家们也是人。
）方法：方法部分非常重要，因为它会告诉研究委员会你准备如何来解决该研究问题。
该部分要提出你的工作计划，并说明完成你项目所需的必要活动。
攥写方法部分的指导原则就是，应包含足够的信息，以便读者判断该方法是否有效可行。
你也应该说明对其他可行方法的看法，以证明你的方法是解决该研究问题最适当和最有效的途径。
表明你的研究问题能被定性的研究所回答。
然而，大多数主流的心理学家仍然对定性研究抱有偏见，尤其是针对各种现象，因此你可能需要证明你的定性方法。
而且在定性分析时，并没有一个好的而又被广泛接受的经典方法，所以你的方法部分就需要阐述得比传统定量研究所要求的更为详尽。
更重要的是，相比定量研究，数据的收集过程对定性研究的结果有更重大的影响。
这是你需要更加小心地描述你将如何收集和分析数据的另一个原因。
（如何攥写定性分析的方法部分需要另文讨论）对定量研究来说，方法部分通常包括以下内容：1. 研究设计-是问卷调查研究还是一个实验室的试验？你将选择什么样的设计？2. 研究对象或参与者――谁将会参与你的研究？你将采用什么样的抽样程序？3. 研究手段――你将采用什么样的测量手段或问卷？你为什么要选择这些方法？他们是否有效可靠？4. 研究步骤――你打算如何开展研究？有哪些过程将被包括？需要多长时间？结果：很显然，在研究计划准备阶段你并没有研究结果。
不过，你将收集哪些数据，什么样的统计方法将会用于解答你的研究问题或验证你的假设，关于这些你应该有一些想法。
讨论：向读者说明你研究的潜在影响很重要。
在交流时你应该热情而自信，但又不能夸大该研究的价值。
这就是为什么你还需要说明该研究的局限和不足，可能是因为时间和经济上的限制，也可能是因为你研究领域还是在发展初期。
研究计划攥写时常犯的错误：1. 拟定研究问题时没有提供合适的背景；2. 没有给研究设定边界条件；3. 没有引用标志性的研究；4. 未准确指出其他研究者在理论和实践上做出的贡献；5. 未能持续关注所研究的问题；6. 未能给该研究提出一个条理分明和有说服力的论据；7. 在次要问题上太多细节，在主要问题上却细节不足；8. 过于松散，都是泛泛而谈，没有明确的方向。
（好的研究建议方向明确，展开论述从容不迫，就像一条连续的河流）；9. 过多的引用笔误和错误引用；10.太过冗长或过于简短；11. 没有遵循美国心理学会写作格式规范（）；12. .？？。