NonFiniteVerbs非限定动词非谓语动词
non-finiteverbs概要
非限定动词英语中非限定动词有三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。
非限定动词在句中能充当谓语的一部分，但不能单独充当谓语，故又称非谓语动词。
它们的形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化，但仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带宾语。
一、非谓语动词时态、语态变化形式及其用法当非谓语动词所表示动作发生在谓语动词表示动作之前时，非谓语动词用完成时形式。
例：1）Having finished my homework, I listened to music for relaxation.当非谓语动词所表示动作与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生时，非谓语动词用进行时或一般时形式。
例：2）He pretended to be working hard when his mother entered his room.当非谓语动词所表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作之后时，非谓语动词用一般时形式。
例：3）I expect you to write to me.二、非限定动词的句法功能比较动词不定式（或不定式短语）具有名词、形容词和副词的性质，在句中能充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语或状语。
动名词（或动名词短语）具有名词形质，在句中常作主语、表语、宾语或定语。
分词（或分词短语）具有形容词和副词的性质，在句中可作表语、定语、补语或状语。
非限定动词的句法功能列表如下：1.动词不定式（短语）、和动名词（短语）作主语的区别1）当主语和表语都是非限定动词形式时，主语和表语的非限定形式要求一致。
例：①To live is to struggle. [正]②To live is struggling. . [误]③Living is to struggle. . [误]④Living is struggling. . [正]2）当主语为非限定动词，而表语不是的时候，不定式和动名词作主语都可以，意义有区别，但区别很小，可忽略。
区别在于：不定式强调动作性，常表示一次性、短暂的动作；而动名词倾向于名词性，常指多次重复的动作。
非谓语动词(非限定动词)
(3) 原因状语 Being ill, she stayed at home. （=Because she was ill） (4) 让步状语 Having failed many times, he didn't lose courage. (=Even though he had failed many times) (5)方式状语 Please answer the question using another way. (6)伴随状语 He is standing over there, singing. (= He is standing over there and singing.)
主 语
√ √
宾 语
√ √
表 语
√ √
定 语
√ √
状 语
√
补 语
√
不定式 动名词
现在分词
过去分词
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
谓语：
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，有 人称和数的变化（即跟主语的人称和数一致）。 单谓语或动词 e.g. He works. 短语 He takes care of the baby. 情态动词/助 He will go to Shanghai. 动词+ v. He didn’t go to Shanghai.
不定式的时态和语态
He came to help us. (一般式) (充当什么成分?) I am very sorry to have broken your vase. (完成式) She pretended to be crying. (进行式) The book is to be published next month. (一 般式的被动式) The meeting is said to have been canceled. (完成式的被动式)
高中非谓语的三种形式和用法
高中非谓语的三种形式和用法（一）非谓语动词一、定义非谓语动词（Non-Finite Verbs）是指动词形态上不能用作谓语或表语的各种动词，它不能表示完成形式、时态和语态，它包括动名词、不定式、分词和现在分词。
它们都可以做主语、宾语或补足语。
二、分类（1）动名词动名词（Gerund）是动词词尾加 -ing 构成的名词，它是动词的名词化形式，一般能起主语、宾语及补语的作用，作主语时通常用来表示某种动作被一般进行着。
（2）不定式不定式（Infinitive）是由 to 加上动词原形构成，能作主语、宾语及补足语，表示某种未完成的动作或态度。
（3）分词分词（Participle）是现在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）的统称，它的形态类似形容词，但可作简单句中的状语，也可作定语、表语和宾语补足语，有时也能作主语。
现在分词（Present Participle）的形式结尾常常是-ing，例如 working，它在现在完成时态中往往作定语，表示时间先后次序。
三、用法动名词可以作主语、宾语和补足语，在简单句中可以作主语，如：Studying other culture is quite interesting. 学习其他文化很有趣。
也可以作宾语，如：I like studying other culture. 我喜欢学习其他文化。
还可以作补足语，如：He was seen studying in the library. 他被看到在图书馆里学习。
不定式可以作宾语、宾语补足语及表语，但不能作状语，它可以用来表示时间、条件、原因、让步等，如：He agreed to help me. 他同意帮助我。
We came here to visitthe museum. 我们来这里参观博物馆。
分词可以用作定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语和宾语，用作定语时表示定语所修饰的名词发生的先后顺序，如：A broken cup was found on the ground. 地上发现了一个破杯子。
英语中的非限定动词 (Nonfinite Verbs)讲解
非限定动词有语态和时态的变化。
语态
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 一般式
主动
被动
动词不定式
to do to be doing to have done doing having done /
现在分词， 动名词 过去分词
to be done / to have been done being done having been done done
4). 用些动词后面用动名词和不定式所表示的意思不一样, 动名词表示动作已发生,不定式表示动作尚未发生。如： remember , forget, regret…例如： I remember locking the door.（“记得已经……） Please remember to lock the door when you leave.(别 忘……) 说明:need, want, require等表示 “需要”意义时, 其后 的宾语用动名词的主动式表示被动含义,或用不定式的被 动式。例如： The shoes need mending / to be mended. These young trees want watering / to be watered. The wounded soldier requires looking after / to be looked after.
3.作宾语 不定式与动名词作宾语的用处较广,其区别也较 复杂,下面分几种情况进行比较: 1). 有些动词后面,既可以用不定式也可用动名词。 不定式表示某次具体的动作,动名词表示的经常性、 习惯性的动作。如：begin, start, continue, fear, like, dislike, love…例如： I like playing tennis, but don’t like to play it in such hot weather. 2). 有些动词后面用动名词。如：admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep (on), mind, practice, suggest, understand, forgive, miss, risk, can’t stand, permit…例如：
NonFiniteVerbs非限定动词非谓语动词
Sentence Completion A. There is hardly anything ____ (do)． B. She has nothing ____ (do) all day． C. The first person ____ (taste) crabs is thought to
True or False: A. It is impossible to try to forget one’s past． B. It is impossible trying to forget one’s past． (A. True B. False)
句型：It is (im-)possible to do sth. 1
动名词表示“用途或目的”， a washing machine．a writing brush(毛笔)，a
dining hall，a swimming pool 分词表示“动作或状态”。
1
Exercise & Explanation
Translation
a developing country——a developed country falling snowflakes——fallen leaves the changing world——the changed city a moving object——a broken object a sleeping baby——a deserted baby freezing cold——a frozen river
这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, impossible, possible, necessary, important, essential, easy, useless, convenient 句型：It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.
Nonfinite-verbs-(非谓语动词).doc1
Nonfinite verbs （非谓语动词）Ⅰ非谓语动词的特征1．非谓语：在句中能充当主、表、宾、定、状、补，唯独不能作谓语2．非限定：不受人称、数的限定3．保留一些动词的特征：⑴．与not 连用，构成否定式not to have done; not being invited⑵．可以带状语或宾语His failing the exam disappointed me.⑶．有着各种形式变化，如一般式、进行式、完成式、被动式等Ⅱ注意：非谓语动词的否定式：not 位于各种形式的最前面过去分词只有一种形式，及物动词表完成被动，不及物动词只表完成Ⅲ非谓语动词的句法功能Ⅳ动名词、不定式充当主语1．区别：动名词：不具体，时间性不强；不定式：具体，将来eg: ___________ is to learn. (teach)___________ is believing. ( see) (主表一致)___________ (find) a good job now is not easy.___________ (visit) the Summer Palace is the first step of the plan.2．复合结构动名词sb’s /sth’s doing sth.不定式for / of sb. to do sth.eg: • _______________________(玛丽来晚了) made her teacher very angry.• It is very important _______________________ (你掌握一门外语).注意：1) 动词不定式复合结构：It is good (nice, kind, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, rude, stupid…)of sb. to do sth.2) 动名词复合结构3）It 形式主语：不定式：多用It seems impossible to refuse.动名词：少用It is no good / no use / useless doing sth.Ⅴ非谓语动词作表语1．区别：A. 动名词不具体，时间性不强不定式具体，将来• Their job is ___________ houses. (build)• Their work is ___________ the house. (build)B. 动名词：表对等关系，主语常为抽象名词，可互换位置现在分词：说明主语性质、特征，是限定关系，不可互换位置• My job is teaching ---- Teaching is my job.• The book is interesting. The scene is frightening.C. 现在分词：表性质、特征(常只有一般主动式)过去分词：表状态、特征（和主语构成动宾关系）• His speech is ______________• I'm much _______________ (inspire)• The meeting is _________(bore),so I feel very ______(tire)2. 常见表感情的分词1) amusing; astonishing; disappointing; exciting; frightening; interesting; moving; relaxing; satisfying;shocking; surprising; tiring; worrying; pleasing… (令人…)2）上述现在分词相应的过去分词（感到…）3．非谓语动词还可作其他系动词的表语：eg: He seemed to have worked it out. He got injured in the accident.Things remained unchanged. The story sounds amazing.EXERCISES1._____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk2._____ for the people is a glorious death.A. To dieB. DeadC. To be diedD. Being died3.To answer correctly is more important than _____.A. a quick finishB. to finish quicklyC. finishing quicklyD. finished quickly4.It is careless _____ the same mistake time and again.A. for you to makeB. of you to makeC. of you makingD. your making5.The door remains _____.A. lockingB. lockedC. closingD. to lock6. ---You look pale. ---I feel a little _____.A. tiringB. tiredC. tireD. tiresome7.You are our monitor. This is _____.A. for you to decideB. of you to decideC. your decidingD. you to decide8.He seems _____ here for 3 years.A. to be livingB. to have livedC. to liveD. having lived9.Her wish is _____ an engineer.A. becomingB. to becomeC. to be becomingD. become10.What I don’t like is _____.A. others’ shoutingB. they shoutingC. for them to shoutD. they shout11._____ pity on is taken for granted.A. The weak’s takenB. the weak being takenC. His being takenD. Tom’s taking12.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.A. payB. payingC. paidD. to pay13.The difficulty is _____ in touch with them.A. to getB. how to getC. how gettingD. our getting14.---What’s made you so upset?--- _____ 3 tickets to the pop music concert.A. LostB. LosingC. Because of losingD. Since I lost15.As his business grows bigger, _____ will be part of his life.A. flight constantlyB. constant flyingC. flying constantlyD. to be flyingⅥ动名词和不定式作宾语1eg: • If you keep practicing speaking English, you can learn it well.• He devotes all his spare time to colleting stamps.2I'm learning to drive. √He knows how to drive √I'm learning how to drive. √ He knows to drive ╳eg: • she enjoys _____ (listen) to light music.• Would you mind _____ (go) on foot this evening?• Things keep _____ (change).• We are planning _____ (visit) Euro pe this summer.• Do you know _____ (operate) the machine?• He pretended _____ when I came in.A. readingB. to be readingC. to readD. being read3．跟动名词和不定式意义不同的词：⑴like, love, hate 区别不太大I hate lying. （不具体，时间性不强）I love to skate today. (具体)⑵remember, forge tHe must have forgot _____ (turn) off the light. It is still on. (去做某事)I remembered _____ (read) it in some magazine. （做过某事）⑶regret后悔作了某事，+动名词遗憾或抱歉要做某事，+不定式（tell, say, report, announce…）后悔没做某事，+动名词或不定式完成式的否定式I regret _____________________ (not study) hard when at college.I regret _________(say) that you are dismissed.⑷try to do sth努力做…try doing…尝试做…Let’s try ________(do ) it in another wayWe should try ________(get) everything ready in time.⑸begin, start一般情况下，两者皆可。
non-finite
non-finite verbs 和finite verbs.的区别。
A : 概念上的不同根据动词在分句或句⼦中能否单独做谓语可判定non-finite verbs 和finite verbs.1. non-finite verbs 是动词的⾮谓语形式，不能单独做谓语。
1.1. 动名词eg. Seeing is believing.It is no use sading.1.2. 不定式eg. To see is to believe.Nice to meet you.1.3 现在分词eg. Putting my book on the table.1.4 过去分词eg. When we arrived, we were given printed in the strong wind.Excited by the sale figures, we dicided to go out and have a meal.2.finite verbs 在分句或句⼦中做谓语，它受主语的⼈称和时间的限定。
eg: I am a student. She often writes.You are a student.She is a student.B. non-finite verbs and finite verds 并不是两种不同的动词，⽽是同⼀动词的两种的不同形式。
每⼀个动词都有它⾃⼰的限定形式和⾮限定形式。
eg. I am a student. am是系动词，在句中做谓语。
I am studing grammer. am 是助动词，帮助构成进⾏时态。
I have three sisters. have 是实义动词，⽤做谓语。
I have studied English for 13 years. have 是助动词，帮助构成完成时态。
注意：non-finite verbs 虽然不能单独做谓语，但是在做谓语的限定动词短语中，却少不了non-finite verbs.除了现在⼀般时和过去⼀般时以外，其他时态和语态的谓语都是由限定动词短语担任的。
非限定动词汇总
10．1．1 非限定动词的含义和种类1）非限定动词（non-finite verb）作为动词的非谓语形式，不受主语的人称和数的限制，不能在句中做谓语，这是非限定动词与限定动词（谓语动词）的主要区别。
2）非限定动词没有语法上的主语，但往往有逻辑上的主语。
例 1 Experts hope to find a solution to the problem.专家们希望能找到解决这一问题的方法。
（不定式to find…的逻辑主语是句子主语experts。
）例 2 It would be difficult for the youth to understand this.要让年轻人理解这一点是会很难的。
（不定式的逻辑主语是theyouth）3）非限定动词有三种，即不定式（infinitive），动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。
分词又有现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）两种。
10．1．2 非限定动词的性质非限定动词具有双重性质，即动词性质和非动词性质。
1）限定动词的动词性质表现在：非限定动词有时态和语态变化，有肯定与否定形式，可被状语修饰，可带宾语等。
2）非限定动词的非动词性质表现在：不定式和动名词具有名词性质，而分词具有形容词性质。
10．1．3 非限定动词的语法作用由于不定式和动名词具有名词性质，因此可在句中做主语、表语、定语、宾语和补语；另外不定式和介词+ 动名词还可做状语。
而由于分词具有形容词性质，因此可在句中做表语、定语、状语和补语，但不能做主语和宾语。
10．1．4 非限定动词短语及其复合结构由于非限定动词具有动词性质，因此可与表语、宾语、状语等修饰语连用，构成非限定动词短语，即不定式短语，动名词短语和分词短语。
非限定动词短语的逻辑主语可以是句子中的某一成分（如主语或宾语等），如10．1．1中的例1；而其本身也可以带逻辑主语，构成非限定动词复合结构，如10．1．1中的例2。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
People _________ (travel) long distances frequently have _________ (decide) whether they would prefer__________ (go) by land, sea, or air, Hardly anyone can positively enjoy __________ (sit) in a train for more than a few hours. Train Compartments are likely __________ (get) crowded and stuffy. It is almost impossible __________ (take) your mind off the journey. __________ (read) is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels __________ (click) on rails soon lulls you to sleep. At night, when you really wish __________ (go) to sleep, you rarely manage __________ (do) so. If you are lucky enough __________ (find) a couchette, you spend half the night __________ (stare) at the small blue light in the ceiling. As a result, you arrive at your destination almost __________ (exhaust).
动名词和不定式都可充当句子的主语。在多数情况下，选 择动名词还是不定式作主语对句意影响不大。抽象，有普 遍意义的或概念化的动作常用动名词。
有些动名词已几乎成为了表示动作的名词，如：reading， writing，swimming，smoking，jogging，learning， cooking。
Sentence Completion A. It is no use ____ (ask) me for help. B. It is of no use ____ (cry) over spilt milk.
➢ A. asking B. to cry
句型：It is no use + doing (sth.) It’s no use (good)…后接动名词，表示“…是没 有用的” It’s not much good worrying for nothing.
True or False: A. It is impossible to try to forget one’s past． B. It is impossible trying to forget one’s past． (A. True B. False)
句型：It is (im-)possible to do sth.
这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, impossible, possible, necessary, important, essential, easy, useless, convenient 句型：It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.
表示一个人的特性．而不是动作本身的性质，用of引导 不定式的逻辑主语，这类形容词包括：good, kind, clever, foolish, stupid, silly, careless, nice, polite, right, bad, wrong, cruel, generous, unselfish, thoughtful, considerate, wise等。E.g.
OF or FOR
A. It’s difficult ____ us to et together .
B. It’s thoughtful ____ your mother to get the food ready
➢ A. for B. of 句型：It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.
? Questions ?
可作什么句法成分？ 主语 宾语
定语 补语 状语
不定式 + +
+
+
+
动名词 + +
+
+
-
分词 -
-
+
+
+
Exercise & Explanation
Gap-Filling: __________ (try) to forget one’s past is impossible． (Trying/ To try)
句型：It is of no use + to do (sth.)
Exercise & Explanation
True or False? The boy sings delighted his parents．
Non-Finite Verbs 非限定动词
又称
非谓语动词
? Questions ?
为什么称为非限定动词？ 不受主语的人称和数的限制
为什么称为非谓语动词？ 不能单独作谓语
有几种形式？ 不定式（infinitive） 动名词（gerund） 现在分词（present participle） 分词（participle） 过去分词（past participle）
It’s very kind of you to come to see me.
= You are very kind to come to see me. It’s clever of this policeman to pretend to be a driver．
Exercise & Explanation