外文文献翻译---电子商务对物流服务商的影响(节选)

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外文翻译--电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响(节选)

2200单词，13000英文字符，3700汉字文献出处: Terzi N. The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011, 24:745-753.外文文献:The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employmentNuray TerziaAbstractThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment. Electronic commerce offers economy-wide benefits to all countries. The gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries in the short run but, developing countries will have more to benefit in the long run. The volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. In addition, electronic commerce is expected to create and destroy jobs.Keywords: e-commerce ; international trade ; employment1. IntroductionElectronic commerce offers unprecedented opportunities to both developing and developed countries. In the short run, the gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries but, in the long run, developing countries have more to benefit. In the short run, developing countries lack the infrastructure necessary to take full advantage of Internet. But in the long run, they can leap frog, skipping some of the stages in the development of information technology through which developed countries have had to pass.The advancement of technology has aided international business. Millions of people worldwide use the Internet to do everything from research to purchasing products online. The Internet is profoundly affecting almost all businesses. The various uses of the Internet by business entities include the ability to advertise, generate, or otherwise perform regular business functions. Therefore, many firms are embracing the Internet for many of their activities. One impact for e-commerce is to intensify competition and producing benefits to consumers in lower prices and more choices.2. E-commerce: An overviewE-commerce can be defined as the use of the Internet to conduct business transactions nationally or internationally. E-commerce has come to take on two important roles; first as a more effective and efficient conduit and aggregator of information, and second, as a potential mechanism for the replacement of many economic activities once performed within a business enterprise by those that can be done by outside suppliers that compete with each other to execute these activities.The Internet is dramatically expanding opportunities for business-to-business and business-to- consumer e-commerce transactions across borders. For business to consumer transactions especially, the internet sets up a potential revolution in global commerce: the individualization of trade. It gives consumers the ability to conduct a transaction directly with a foreign seller without traveling to the seller’s country. The Internet allows sellers to put theirstorefronts, in the form of Web pages, in front of consumers all over the world. Technology has expanded the consumer marketplace to an unprecedented degree [5].3. Benefits of e-commerce on economyThe benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive, firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electronic markets. The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management. Moreover, ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services. In addition, information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs. Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task. E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm .The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 percent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the United States .Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States. Most importantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing actors .but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology. In other words, users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs. 4. Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.The use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality, negotiating the price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly. With the internet and e-commerce applications, a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity. In this respect, the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase.Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerceapplications, reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically, reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks. A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet, especially for developing countries. An evident from a 1998 survey of enterprises in 15 low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities.However, whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will continue to play a significant role. In this regard, world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44 billion in 1996, less than 1 per cent of total world trade. For most countries, trade in digital media products was less than 2% of total trade. The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade: the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about 10% between 1990 and 1996, 1.5 times faster than total world merchandise trade.E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distribution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the quality, speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate. International cross-border trade in a wide range of services, financial, legal, telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means.Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors.As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing management and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have been attempts to identify industries or sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a research, based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings, increases in productivity, industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce, has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness. The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components, food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products. It is likely to expect that in other regions, these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing. At the same time, recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations arelikely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce.The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports of services, paying for them in terms of goods. Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet .Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use.. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outside world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage. According to figure 1, although world trade volume fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it had a positive situation until 2008. After 2008, it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again. World internet usage increased all regions between 2000 and 2010.Fig. 1 World Trade V olume, 2000-2010, annul percent change. (source: IMF, WEO,2006/2011).Table 1 The Growth of World Internet Usage, 2000-2010, percentage Empirical studies of internet adaption have found that internet use is correlated with openness to trade, even after controlling for other factors, that might correlated with both. For example, one of the studies found that internet users made up a greater share of the population in developing countries that were more open to trade. Other studies have also found that additional measures of ICT use and investment are correlated with various measures of openness. For example, a research, which looks at the determinants of IT used in 54 countriesin Africa, found that IT use tended to be higher in countries that are more open. One research shows that enterprises that are more internationalized are more likely to engage in business to business e-commerce, but not in business-to-consumer e-commerce.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share of their total sales, than enterprises without connections. In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in 1995 and 1996. The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries.Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. First, Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the enterprise, level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected. Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries, being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to developed countries.Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.5. ConclusionThis article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector, while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响努拉伊.特尔齐摘要：本研究的目的是探讨电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响。

浅谈现代电子商务对物流的影响毕业论文

浅谈现代电子商务对物流的影响摘要:本文主要讨论电子商务的概念和特征,物流的概念，以及我国传统商务下物流发展现状及现代电子商务对物流的各种影响。

关键词：电子商务；物流；影响ﻫAbstract: Tｈｉs arｔｉcle mａinly ｄiscuｓsｅs the eleｃtｒoｎic cｏmme ｒce cｏnｃept and ｔhe chaｒacteristｉc, the concｅpt ｏf ｔhｅ logisticｓ, tｈe present situaｔion of logistics deｖeloｐment under traｄiｔional ｃommeｒｃｅ aｎｄ all infｌuence modeｒn E—commｅrce to ｌogistｉcs.Key wｏrｄs：ｅｌectroniｃ coｍmerce; ｌogisｔｉcs; inｆluenｃe随着我国电子商务的发展,人们发现作为支持有形商品网上商务活动的物流,不仅成为电子商务发展的障碍,而且已成为电子商务活动能否顺利进行和发展的一个关键因素,同时电子商务也对物流产生一系列的影响。

ﻫﻫ1电子商务及物流的概念ﻫ1.１电子商务的概念和特征ﻫ所谓的电子商务就是“通过电子方式进行商务活动，即把文字、声音和图象等形式的数据通过电子信息网络如国际互联网(Ｉｎtｅrnet）、企业内部网（Intranet)或企业外部网(Extraｎeｔ）实现的商务活动”［1]。

ﻫ电子商务能提高物流效率、减少错误、降低商务交易成本，而且由于电子信息有不受时空限制的特点,可以方便地将商品信息及时传遍全世界，从而大大减少因信息不灵造成的商品积压及各地区销售商库存不平衡的现象,提高商品的产销率。

事实上,电子商务的最主要特征是虚拟性、全球性、便捷性和互动性[2]。

ﻫﻫ 1.2物流的概念物流是指物质资料从供给者到需求者的物理运动,主要是创造时间价值和场所价值，有时也创造一定加工价值.从广义上讲，物流泛指物质实体及其载体的场所（或位置)的转移和时间占用,即指物质实体的物理流动过程。

电子商务物流配送外文文献译文及原文

电子商务物流配送外文文献译文及原文Increased competitiveness in all industrial sectors sharpened by globalization and fall of global supply is forcing companies towards optimization of their business processes and new ways of mergers or partnerships with direct results in decreased business costs. With these strategic alliances new management strategies are formed as Clusters, Supply Chain Management (SCM), E-logistics, etc. Some authors are making references that logistic are “worth” 10% to 12% of GDP (Sahay, 2003). According to AMR research (Challenger, 2001), E-logistics has apotential of lowering costs by 10 %. On basics of these two references we can conclude that E-logistics can save our money for as much as 1.2% of GDP. Therefore it is not surprised that in last few years in high effective companies as Hewlett-Packard, Compaq, Digital Equipment Corporation, Xerox, Dell and Benetton Group top management is favorable to Supply Chain and therefore E-logistics (Romano, 2003).There is collection of literature indicating the importance ofclusters and networks not only between firms, but along the value chain and across industries. The networks inherent in these clusters are integral for knowledge generation and diffusion, for technology transfer, for sharing risk and costs, for allowing firms to access new markets and opportunities and, finally, for building comparative advantage in the global market.Porter (Porter, 1990) defines clusters as geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions. He proposed a model that provides conditions that have to be met for a firm to be internationally competitive and successful. This model focuses on four primary conditions which he arranged in a diamond-shaped diagram: factor conditions, demand conditions, structures of firms and rivalry and related and supporting industries. The "Related and Supporting Industries" feature of the diamond denotes the importance of clustering in developing international competitive advantage incorporating two features of a healthy cluster: the presence of vertical support through internationally competitive supplier industries which ensure cost-effective and speedy deliveries; and the presence of horizontal support in internationally competitive related industries to co-ordinate and share activities with and to stimulate local competition.In the article informatization of STLC will be presented through the project Modeling, Analyzing and Renovation, Standardization and Informatization of business processes of the Slovenian Transport Logistics Cluster which is performed by Business Informatics Institutein Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. With informatization have logistic compani es’ not just better connectivity with their customers and suppliers but also better performance andfaster responds. To achieve appropriate level of informatization STLC must invest in modern information technologies. One of possiblesolutions is use of internet with his costless policy and in last years high security as the most appropriate communication channel.For all logistic companies it is assumed to control global logistic chain of their customers and therefore are dependent on successful implementation of informatization technologies which leads to decrease of inventory costs, better customer retention, asset management, etc.增加对全球化和全球供应下降削尖所有工业部门的竞争力，迫使他们对优化业务流程和兼并或在降低经营成本的直接成果的伙伴关系的新途径公司。

电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响-外文翻译

The Impact of E-commerce on InternationalTrade and Employment(Partly)The benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive, firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electronic markets. The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management . Moreover, ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services. In addition, information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs. Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task. E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm .The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 per cent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the1United States . Evidence on demand sensitivity to price is also mixed, with some work suggesting a low and others a high price elasticity of demand .Evidence from countries were the use of information and communication technologies is widespread suggests substantial improvements in productivity. In an analysis of the contribution of information and communications technology to economic growth in nine OECD countries, over the past two decades, ICTs contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 % per year to economic growth . During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9% per year. Effects were the largest in the United States, followed by Australia, Finland and Canada . Another study suggests that the rise of B2B e-commerce will in the long run increase the level of GDP by 5 per cent . In addition, it has been argued that Internet related technologies could increase the speed of financial operations, which raises the issue as to how interest rates should be set and whether the short end of interest setting needs to become shorter i.e. time units smaller than a day .Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States . Most importantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing sectors but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology . In other words, users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs .Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.2E-commerce and International TradeThe use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality, negotiating the price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly. With the internet and e-commerce applications, a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity. In this respect, the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase .Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications, reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically, reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks . A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet, especially for developing countries . An evident from a 1998 survey of enterprises in 15 low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities .However, whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will3continue to play a significant role. In this regard, world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44 billion in 1996, less than 1 per cent of total world trade. For most countries, trade in digital media products was less than 2% of total trade. The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade: the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about 10% between 1990 and 1996, 1.5 times faster than total world merchandise trade .E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distribution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the quality, speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate. International cross-border trade in a wide range of services, financial, legal, telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means .Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors .As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing management and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have been attempts to identify industries or4sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a research, based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings, increases in productivity, industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce, has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness. The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components, food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products. It is likely to expect that in other regions, these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing . At the same time, recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations are likely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce .The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports of services, paying for them in terms of goods. Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet .Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use. For example, a study suggests that the extent to which a country is integrated into the global economy can play a role in its access to IT. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outside world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage. According to figure 1, although world trade volume fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it had5a positive situation until 2008. After 2008, it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again. World internet usage increased all regions between 2000 and 2010.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share of their total sales, than enterprises without connections . In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in 1995 and 1996. The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries. In a second paper, same researchers find that exports of services to the United States grew more quickly for countries with greater internet penetration in a sample of 31 middle-and high-income countries .Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. However, they do not appear to export more to other developing countries and high-income countries with greater Internet penetration do not appear to export more to either developing or developed countries. These results make intuitive sense. First, Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the enterprise, level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected. Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries, being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to6developed countries. Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.Employment and e-commerceAs e-commerce continues expanding, its impact on employment and wages will be the result of a complex set of interactive forces. Electronic commerce is expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be gained in information-related goods and services, entertainment, software and digital products, for instance. Indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity. Jobs will be lost when e-commerce substitutes for the traditional way of doing business. The jobs most likely affected, as preliminary evidence suggests, are those in the retail sector, postal offices and travel agencies. However, the effects will not be uniform across countries, geographic areas, industries or skill groups.Evidence for the United States and the European Union reveals that employment in ICT-related industries and in the finance, business and commerce-related sectors account for almost one- third and one-fourth of total employment, respectively. More importantly, they accounted for 28% and 35% of job creation in 1993-96.The increased demand for high-skill workers, with augmented managerial and executive responsibilities and a greater need for specialized expertise, who will command higher wages are viewed by some researchers as a cause of worsening of income distribution. Evidence for the U.S. seems to suggest that demand has shifted from low and middle-wage occupations and skills toward highly rewarded jobs and tasks requiring specific talent, training or management ability. Much of the labor demand shift is being explained by skill-biased7technical change. Overall, low wage, low-skill production, did not enjoy the wage increases that IT-intensive, high productivity growth industries experienced. Thus, real wages grew in IT-intensive industries, were wages were already relatively high and did not change in IT-poor industries that faced workforce reductions and were already employing low-wage workers .Among developing countries, countries best situated to benefit from e-commerce through export expansion are those with a substantial pool of skilled labor, capable of working on or near the frontier of computer technology. The case of India, which is already benefiting from e-exports in a big way, best illustrates this point .A consulting firm made a estimate to calculate the multiplier effects of e-commerce on employment in France, Germany, Italy and the U.K. By utilizing input-output framework and methodology, three types of economic effects were obtained –direct effects produced by e-commerce revenues in the industries directly involved, indirect effects generated by inter-industry linkages, and second order effects determined through the basic Keynesian income-consumption circuit from the value added generated in the first-order round. The results reveal that indirect and second-order effects for employment requirements are large enough to counterbalance the direct losses of jobs (assuming a 100% substitution rate of e-commerce with traditional industries), with the exception of the case of Germany. This also confirms the potential of e-commerce to create jobs in the future. Their estimates also show that e-commerce businesses that rely on labor -intensive intermediaries will directly eliminate a larger share of direct jobs.This article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers.8E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector, while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity. The net employment gains and losses will depend on the demand for certain skills.9电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响（部分）电子商务对经济的促进作用体现在三个方面：企业，价格，生产力。

电子商务物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务物流中英文对照外文翻译文献电子商务物流中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Introducing Commodity Flow to an Agent-Based ModelE-commerce SystemAbstractIn our model agent-based e-commerce system [2] we have assumed that a certain number of items of a given product is available for sale. In this note we introduce a model logistics subsystem and discuss how it will be integrated with the system. Keywords: e-commerce;logistics system;agent1.IntroductionCurrently, we are developing and implementing a model agent-based e-commerce system (see [2] and references collected there). In this system multiple buyer agents attempt at making purchase by participating in price negotiations in e-stores and selecting the best oﬀer, while e-stores attempt at maximizing profit resulting from product sales.Thus far our attention was focused on buyer-seller interactions. By assuming that products are in the warehouse we have omitted the question where do they come from. The aim of this work is to describe how our system can be extended to include product restocking processes.Before proceeding let us make a few observations. First, the proposed logistics subsystem is not ―stand alone‖(e.g. similar to that considered in [3, 1, 6]). Instead, it has been created within the context of our e-commerce system, which has directly influenced its design. Second, while somewhat similar, processes involved in e-store restocking a warehouse differ from client making a purchase in an e-store (e.g. in product demand prediction, interactions with wholesalers, methods of price negotiations that involve more ―cond itions,‖ offer selection criteria, etc.) Therefore we have created a separate logistics subsystem (instead of reusing already modeled functions; e.g. price negotiations). Third, this note is devoted to the agent structure and agent interactions and, due to the space limitations, we omit important topics like:forecasts derivation, oﬀer evaluation etc.However, these functions can be encapsulated into modules that can become a part of an appropriate agent. Therefore readers should envision that, for instance, when we write that ―rece ived oﬀers are evaluated,‖then their favorite method of oﬀer evaluationhas been utilized.To proceed, first, we briefly describe our e-commerce system.We follow with assumptions that underline the logistics subsystem and description of new agents that were introduced. Finally, we present the sequence diagram of restocking and use it to discuss in detail how this process will take place in our system.2. System DescriptionOur system is a distributed marketplace in which software agents perform e-commerce functions (see [2] for details, the Use Case diagram in particular). User-Client is represented by the Client Agent (CA). The CA is autonomous and when a purchase order is communicated by the User-Client, it works until either it is completed, or purchase is abandoned. The CA communicates with the Client Information Center (CIC), which facilitates information which e-stores sell which products (yellow-page matchmaking).For each store that sells the requested product, the CA delegates a Buyer Agent (BA) to participate in price negotiations and if successful, possibly attempt at making a pur- chase (successful price negotiations result in a product reservation for a specific time; after which products that have not been purchased are available for sale again).Since multiple BAs representing the same CA can win price negotiations the CA makes the decision if either of available oﬀers is good enough to make a purchase. Buyer Agents can participate in negotiations only if the Gatekeeper Agent (GA) admits them (if they are trusted; e.g. BAs that win price negotiations but do not make a purchase may be barred from subsequent negotiations). The GA represents a given e-store and is created by the Shop Agent (SA). The SA is the central manager and facilitating the selling process it utilizes the GA, and a set of Seller Agents (SeA) that negotiate price with incoming BAs, as well as a Warehouse Agent (WA) that is responsible for inventory and reservation management. Thus far, the WA was responsible for managing product reservations and the inventory. Specifically, (1) before a new price negotiation the WA ―re served‖ a given product—so that if negotiation ended successfully there was an item that could be sold; (2) when a reservation ended in purchase, it adjusted product counters; and (3) when a reservation expired it also adjusted products counters. However, the WA was always envisioned as the ―gat eway‖between the store and suppliers, which is one of the foci of this note.3. Assumptions behind the logistics systemLet us now specify assumptions that underline design of the logistics subsystem:1.Nowadays, except of largest store-chains (e.g. TESCO, WalMart), companiesoutsource transportation activities (considered non-core business activities) to specialists (e.g. UPS, Mayflower). However, we assume here that suppliers are still re sponsible for facilitating transportation. Therefore, we omit transportation related processes and focus only in interactions between e-stores and suppliers2. As a result of (1), transportation costs are assumed to be paid by the supplier and included directly in product price (e.g. discount on delivery costs, will manifest itself in the total price).3. While in the original system auction-based price negotiations were used, here we opted for the simplicity of the FIPA Contract Net Protocol [4]. Therefore, in the logistics subsystem, a single round of negotiations consisting of a call for proposals and evaluation of responses, is used.4. New functions and agentsIn order to perform logistics-related tasks, several new roles were introduced; some of them have been delegated to agents existing in the system, while others warranted adding new agents. Specifically:•demand estimation—to draw information from sales data and/or external premises to predict future sales of products,•warehouse monitoring—to observe supply levels and react in case of a risk ofdropping below values considered suﬃcient to satisfy estimated demand,•order management—to coordinate issuing orders for goods, to assist inevaluating received oﬀers,•ordering goods—to contact suppliers for their of- fers and to select the best oﬀer,•selling goods—in the system suppliers were also modeled; while goods are acquired without extensive price negotiations, ―someone‖ has to deliver proposals to ordering components,•logistics yellow pages—the role of the ―l og istics CIC‖is very similar to the original CIC ([2]); it has to provide lists of potential suppliers of products; obviously, it is possible for a shop to become a sup- plier for another shop and to suggest that the two CIC s could be joined, but we decided to clearly separate the client-side from the shop and from the supply-side. Another reason for this separation was that while some shops may not be interested in becoming wholesaler, we would have to make changes to the original CIC data structure (e.g. wholesaler—yes/no). Finally, since the logistics subsystem does not involve auctions, the separation is even more warranted.Let us now see how these tasks/roles could be placed in our system. The demandestimation role was attributed to the existing Shop Decision Agent (SDA), responsible for the ―kn owledge managemen t‖functions (e.g. trust management, sales trend data mining, etc.) in the shop.The warehouse monitoring role is already a part of the existing WA. The diﬀerence is that now WA becomes a proactive manager of supplies; acting on predictions supplied by the SDA.Fulfillment of the order management role required introduction of the Logistics Agent (LA), which became the ―centra l manager‖ of the logistics subsystem. It is responsible for contacting the logistics CIC for the list of potential suppliers and managing a pool of agents responsible for ordering goods from ―wholesalers.‖ Finally, it collects and manages data related to supplier reliability. This data, in turn, will be one of factors in selecting the supplier.The ordering goods process is facilitated by the Ordering Agent (OA), which is also a new agent. Its task is to issue a call for proposals, collect responses and select the best oﬀer taking into account factors such as: price, delivery time, reliability etc. Let us recall that due to the modularity of agent design ([2]), our system is flexible enough so that any method of selecting an oﬀer can be applied (it can be encapsulated in a module and plugged into the OA).The selling goods role is realized by a very simple Wholesale Agent (WhA). Its role is to respond to CFP’s incoming from OA s.Currently we assume that WhA s receive instructions in what way to generate a stream of responses to the CFPs.Finally, logistics yellow pages are facilitated by the logistics CIC Agent. Its role is to store a complete list of suppliers and products that they sell. Obviously, the logistics CIC uses the original product ontology ([2]), extended by the logistics ontology. When the system is initialized, each WhA registers with the logistics CIC and provides it with a list of products for sale.What was described thus far is summarized in an UML use case diagram presented in Figure 1.Figure 1. Use Case of the logistics subsystem5. Typical Product Restocking ProcessLet us now describe the processes involved in restocking the warehouse. Here, we skip the description of system initialization, and start with the Shop Decision Agent sending a forecast to the Warehouse Agent. The sequence of actions resulting form such a forecast is depicted, as a UML sequence diagram in Figure 2.The SDA communicates the forecast to the WA by sending a FIPA Inform message containing the PredictionDescription (which contains all necessary data such as: product ID, amount of predicted sales, standard deviation of sales, expected purchase price, period for which this forecast is valid, etc.). We assume that the SDA forecasts are of the type: until a new fore- cast, weekly sales are expected to be 45 items of a given product. Forecasts can be issued at specific times (e.g. once a week or once a month) and their frequency de- pends on the information found in data analyzed by the SDA to derive forecast(s).The WA starts by examining current stock of a given product, and if current supplies are suﬃcient, it sets up to check their levels at the end of the time unit specified in the forecast (i.e. forecasts specified on weekly basis are checked once a week). If stocks are insuﬃcient, the WA utilizes the FIPA Request Protocol (FIPA specification SC00026) and FIPA SL language [4] (used in all agent interactions), to com- municate with the Logistics Agent. The initial message from the WA is the FIPA Request message sent to the LA and it contains OrderRequest action with the Or- derRequestDescription. The OrderRequestDescription contains the necessary information specifying the order to be made: product ID, preferred delivery time, amount and maximumprice. Delivery time and amount are computed based on the current product level, predicted delivery time and an overall inventory strategy.Upon receiving the request, the LA dispatches a query to the logistics CIC to obtain a list of suppliers of a given product. Ensuing conversation conforms to the FIPA Query Protocol, starting with the FIPA Query-Ref message containing the CICQuery action with the Product ID. The logistics CIC responds with the FIPA Inform-Ref message containing the CICResponse with a list (possibly empty) of suppliers. Empty list results in a FIPA Failure message (with OrderRequestResult set to failure) send by the LA to the WA. Similar response is sent when the logistics CIC cannot be contacted.When the non-empty list was received, the LA removes these suppliers that have their reliability value below a certain threshold. Then the LAAgentDescriptions list is formed by supplementing each CICAgentDescription received from the logistics CIC with the reliability information. If a given WhA’s is not known a default trust value is used.After preparing the list, the LA utilizes the FIPA Request Protocol to find a free OA. Busy agents will re- spond with FIPA Refuse messages. If all agents respond in such a way, this process may need to be repeated un- til a free OA is found and responds with the FIPA Agree message. The LA then sends the ordering request to the selected OA and awaits for the result of the ordering pro- cess. LA’s message contains the IssueOrder action with the OrderDescription and the LAAgentDescriptions.After obtaining the request from the LA, the OA engages in the FIPA ContractNet Protocol interactions with WhAs from the list. It sends the FIPA CallForProposal message, containing CFPRequest with OrderDescription to the WhAs. WhAs evaluate the CFP and submit their oﬀers by sending FIPA Propose messages containing the CFP Response actionwith OﬀerDescription or, if terms contained in the CFP are unacceptable/not interesting, respond using the FIPA Refuse message.Responses must arrive within a timeframe speci- fied by the OA, after which the OA proceeds to evalu- ate them. First, it filters unacceptable oﬀers. Note that it is possible that some WhAs may respond knowingly with proposals that violate some of the conditions and in special circumstances when no better oﬀers were found the OA may need to accept such oﬀers. In the next step, oﬀers are ranked and the winner is determined. Winner issent a FIPA AcceptProposal message containing the ConfirmationRequest action with its offer quoted. The winning WhA must in turn reply with the FIPA Inform messagecontaining Confirmation Response action with the OrderConfirmation which has unique orderID generated by the supplier. This successfully completes the ordering process.The winner can also withdraw the oﬀer by sending a FIPA Failure message. In this case, runner-ups are contacted in an iterative manner. In case when there are no more oﬀers left or there were no oﬀers to begin with, the OA sends a FIPA Failure message to the LA,which, in turn, forwards it to the WA. When the winner confirms the order, the OA sends to the LA a FIPA Inform message containing the InformResult action with the WhA-received Or der Confirmation, thus completing the protocol. At this time the LA sends information to the WA, inside a message of the FIPA Agree type. This performative is used in compliance with the protocol to indicate that the LA is performing the desired task (ordering), but its eﬀorts do not guarantee success (ordering success order success), and thus sending the final response (FIPA Inform) is inappropriate at this stage. Meanwhile the OA returns to the pool of available Ordering Agents.Now the purchase enters the delivery monitoring stage. Here, the LA waits for the delivery from the WhA to be registered with the WA. When a delivery arrives the WA sends (to the LA) a plain FIPA Inform message containing the WADelivery action with the DeliveryDescription, which has supplier’s AgentID and the already mentioned orderId. The LA does not need to respond to this message, but it checks the messages to see if it is currently awaiting a delivery with the given orderId coming from a supplier AgentID. If it finds a match, the ordering process is completed. As a result, the reliability value of supplied AgentID is increased. If a delivery notification does not come within time agreed in the OrderConfirm, actions must be undertaken (recall, that receiving supplies is vital to the e-Shop as its warehouse is likely to run out of stock Those actions are: (1) retry the ordering (sending reminder to the WhA / choosing new WhA), if there is still time, and (2) marking that a retry has been made.If there is still time before the deadline (established by the WA), then order can be retried. If it is the first time an attempt to retry the order is made, a reminder is sent to the WhA. To this end, LA contacts a free OA with a FIPA Request Protocol message with a Reminder action containing AgentID of the WhA and the orderId. The OA accepts the job (the FIPA Agree) and contacts the WhA (also using FIPA Request Protocol), sending it the exact same action. The WhA is expected to reply within a timeframe using either a FIPA Failure (oﬀer is withdrawn) or a FIPA Inform providing new Order Confirmationwith a new delivery time, which is forwarded to the LA unchanged. In the case of an agreement, the LA returns to awaiting delivery, in the case of failure, the LA removes this WhA from the LA Agent Description list and locates an OA to perform entirely new search for a supplier. New search is also ordered if a reminder to the supplier whose delivery we were waiting resulted in a failure. The monitoring stage ends when: (1) delivery is received, or (2) reminder to the supplier was made, but it was refused, while deadline has already passed. Note that we assume that the actual order failure occurs only when the delivery deadline has passed and the reminder failed.This is because it is possible that there is an order delay and goods may arrive late. This information can be obtained from the WhA, and thus the need for the reminder.Figure 2. Restocking process: sequence diagramWhen the monitoring stage ends, the WA is notified about the result by the FIPA Inform or the FIPA Failure message to complete the FIPA Request protocol. The message will contain the OrderRequest action with the OrderRequestResult set appropriately. Furthermore, at this stage the reliability bonuses and/or penalties are calculated and applied. Finally, in the case of a successful order, the WA sends to the SDA a FIPA In-form message containing status information about the re-stocking of the warehouse.6. Concluding remarksIn this note we have discussed the way in which the logistics subsystem is being introduced into our model agent-based e-commerce system. We have presented used UML’s use case and sequence diagrams to formally depict and discuss the most important features of our approach. Due to the lack of space, we have focused our attention on agents and their interactions. The proposed system has been implemented and is in the final testing phase.References[1] C. Bádicá, A. Báditá, M. Ganzha, M. Paprzycki, Developing a Model Agent-based E-commerce System. In: Jie Lu et. al. (eds.) E-Service Intelligence—Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 2007,555–578[2] C. A. Butler and J. T. Eanes. Software agent technology for large scale, real-time logistics decision support. US Army Research Report ADA392670, 2001. 23 pages.[3]W.Ying and S.Dayong. Multi-agent framework for third party logistics in e-commercestar. Expert Systems with Applications, 29(2):431–436, August 2005.引入第三方物流企业的以代理人为基础的电子商务系统模型摘要在我们的模型以代理人为基础的电子商务系统[2]的基础上,我们假定一定数量的物品的某一特定的产品是适合出售的。

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务与现代物流中英文对照外文翻译文献In this model。

the XXX its own logistics system。

the enterprise can control the entire process of delivery。

XXX。

this model requires a XXX.3.Third-party logistics model.XXX ns to a third-party logistics provider。

The third-party logistics provider handles the entire logistics process。

XXX。

the enterprise may lose some control over the logistics process and may have to pay higher fees for the services provided.Second。

the impact of electronic commerce on physical n1.Shortening of the n chain.XXX intermediaries in the n process。

such as XXX.2.Increased demand for logistics services.As more consumers shop online。

XXX.3.XXX.Electronic commerce has led to the XXX logistics models。

XXX connect consumers with individuals who XXX.Overall。

electronic commerce has had a significant impacton physical n。

电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献

电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade E-Commerce is doing business through electronic media or the practice of buying and selling products and services over the Internet,utilizing technologies such as the Web,Electronic Data Interchange(EDI),Email,electronic fund transfers and smart cards,without face-to-face meeting between two parties of the transactions.In brief,E-Commerce is the online exchange or sale and purchase of goods and services.The BackgroundWith the extension of internet in application area, from academies, enterprises tothe government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or can’t go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future.Abstract：The 21st century is the century of the network, with the growing popularity of the network, making e-commerce has become the most important international trade as a means of convenient e-commerce has brought the entire international trade an in-depth change, a great impact the development of international trade.In this paper, the impact of electronic commerce on international trade research, first on the meaning and mode of e-commerce and international trade, a simple introduction to basic concepts,followed by analysis to identify the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and found that not only e-commerce promote the rapid development of international trade transactions, but also changed the way of making small and medium enterprises to become more involved in international trade to; and making the international market truly be realized, but also the international trade business management major changes.Key Words：Electronic commerce; international trade; InternetIntroductionIn recent year, e-commerce has emerged as the fastest growing sector of the world marketplace. Despite the contraction in the high-tech industry during the recent recession, firms have continued to enter and expand their presence in e-commerce, and consumers have increased the number of purchases made online. E-commerce currently represents a very small share of overall commerce, but it is expected to continue to expand rapidly in coming years. As e-commerce grows, so will its impact on the overall economy.1．The Overview of E-commerce1.1 The Meaning of E-commerceE-commerce usually refers to the use of computer technology, network technology and telecommunication technology to achieve the entire business process become computerization, digitization and networking.E-commerce is a new business model making that both buyers and sellers do not have to meet each other in various business activities in a wide range of business around the world trade. It also contributes to the consumer's online shopping, online transactions between merchants and online electronic payment in different business activities, trading activities, financial activities and activities related to integrated services in the Internet, an open network environment which based on WEB / server applications ways.E-commerce permeates every stage of trade activities, including information exchange, pre-sales service, sales, electronic payments, transportation, the formation of virtual enterprise and sharing resources. The participants of E-commerce include consumers, vendors, suppliers, financial institutions, enterprises, government and other institutions or individuals, whose purpose is to achieve a business and the whole society efficiency and low-cost trade.1. 2 The E-commerce PatternThe E-commerce pattern is refers to the basic mode which the enterprises obtain the business income using the Internet development management, it is based on a certain technology based commercial operation way and the profit pattern in the network environment. The research and the analysis of the E-commerce pattern’s classified system is helpful in unearths the new E-commerce pattern, provides the way for the E-commerce pattern innovation and be helpful in the enterprise formulates the specific E-commerce strategy and the implementation step. The E-commerce pattern can establish different classification framework from different angles. From the traditional viewpoint, E-commerce pattern is summed up as B2C(Business to Consumer), B2B(Business to Business), C2B(Consumer to Business), C2C(Consumer to Consumer), B2G(Business to Government), BMC（Business Medium Consumer）..1.2.1 The Emergence of E-commerceDuring the 1940s’ and 1950s’, the fiber optic communication technologies and computer technology based on microelectronics has detonated the information technology revolution which still has not ceased until now. Whether it is data processing or information transmission, the human beings have entered an unprecedented era of efficient. In the 1970s, the production of EDI technology (Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Data Interchange) causes the people began to try to exchange business data automatically between different computers, which is the primary form of e-commerce.E-commerce originated in the 1960s’ and development in the 1990s’, and the important conditions of its emergence and development are mainly:● Government's support and impetusAfter the European Union issued Europe Electronic Commerce Agreement in 1997 and the US issued the “Framework for Global Electronic Commerce”, the electron ic commerce has been valued by the governments all over the world.● Widespread use of computerIn the recent 30 years, the faster speed of computer's processing, the stronger handling ability, the lower price and the broader application area provided the solid foundation for use ofE-commerce.● Popularity and maturity of the networkUp to December 31, 2008, the Chinese net citizen achieves at 298, 000, 000 people, and the popularizing rate achieves 22.6%, which surpasses the global average level.● Impeccable network serviceAccording to the statistics, there are more than 4000 influential websites in the world, and almost every website can provide the electronic commerce information and the service. And theOn-line payment technology and the electronic currency payment technology are reliable and popular used all over the world.A recent study of the marketplace by Nielsen//Net Ratings found more than 200 million Americans (or 75%) are using the Internet. Those who shopped online in 2003 spent $17.2 billion online in just the fourth quarter alone. Research firms anticipate that, in 2004, the number of online shoppers will increase by 14 percent, representing 30 percent of the U.S. population. In four more years, half the country’s population will be purcha sing online.1.2.2 The Meaning of International TradeThe international trade refers the exchange between commodity and service in different countries (and/or area), the business of buying and selling commodities beyond national borders. It is the international shift of commodity and service which is also called the world trade and composed of two parts, imports and exports.International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.2 The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade2.1 Promote the Rapid Development of International TradeThe electronic transaction can replace other trading method to a certain extent. In this case, the rise in e-commerce trade will offset the decline in trade in other ways. For example, the increase of international commercial volume through the Internet means the decrease of the volume through the mail or services across the border. However, electronic commerce improve the transaction efficiency and creates the extra commercial opportunity unceasingly by reducing the transaction cost and the price, which on one hand from the superiority that the electronic commerce can reduce the price and increases the international demand; On the other hand it can create the new trade partner and develop the new business partner, making these overtop cost or implementation difficulties transaction becomes feasible.Moreover, electronic commerce can be supplement of the traditional transaction method to complete the transaction together with the transportation of tangible goods. For example, electronic commerce can be the supplementary means of trade through advertisement, marketing, purchase and electronic payment. In short, electronic commerce makes the cross-border transfer of information and resource sharing truly meet the requirements as breaking the space and time limit, thus promoted the international trade development.websites through the provision of goods price and seeking the lowest prices all over the world and use the online auction bidding and other forms of collective bargaining to buy goods at lower prices. This can reduce the prices of imported goods in the country and be conducive to the development of the country's import trade and growth, and form the expansion effects of trade to a certain extent. 2.2 Changed the Trade ModeThe traditional marketing model is the first with the product to look for customers, and sellers are basically telephone communication, mailing product catalogs, all kinds of exhibitions, and so the traditional way to exchange views and suggestions. The changes arising from electronic eommerce marketing, the promotion of international trade, marketing, generate new forms of marketing - e-marketing (e-marketing). E-marketing, there are two meanings: one refers to the use of electronic means of marketing; the other one refers to the Internet as the core e-marketing. However, the latter is developing as a modern international trade, an important way of marketing.The emergence of e-commerce makes a significant change in the trade transactions of the international market, and contributes to the appearance of the virtual trading market without cashtransaction. Electronic commerce developed a brand-new opening, multi-dimensional, the three-dimensional market environment through the exchange of on-line “virtual” information, which broke through the premise condition in which traditional market must take certain time and area. the whole world are connected into a unified "big market" by the information network, promoting to form a world economics marketability. Meanwhile, it drove the development of our country’s social economy in great extent and urged deepen the reform of our country’s enterprise in industrial structure and the trading mode.The existing network has achieved the real-time transmission and exchange of the standard format among the business users document such as contracts, bills of lading, invoices and so on). Both buyers and sellers can handle the order, the negotiations, signing, the declaration, the inspection, the chartering, the taxes payment and other trade service procedure directly online, which reduced the trading hours greatly and made the transaction more fast and convenient and promote the working efficiency of the finance, the customs, the transportation and the insurance. The capital, the commodity and the technology brought by the fast flowing information accelerate the global flows of production elements and promote network economy to the computer network technology as the platform and electronic commerce for the pattern in the rapidly developing economy world. The economic and trade and the connection among countries can strengthen greatly under this kind of network trade's environment and bring the new energy and spirit to the development of world’s economic.2.3 Making SMEs More Involved in International TradeThe rapid development of e-commerce in the world makes the position where the large enterprises plays a leader role in the international trade in traditional trade pattern decrease day by day and ushered a brand-new development opportunities and a broader international market. The emergence of electronic commerce makes the Small and medium-sized enterprises have more opportunities to show their good brand image and product on the international stage, which is mainly manifested in two aspects:On the one hand, e-commerce is helpful for the small and medium-sized enterprise displays its unique superiority of products and greatly develops the brand products. in environmental impact of the traditional mass production and marketing, people often tend to buy the most satisfying products in the lowest price, which often has the relative advantage of the advantage in large scale of economies, mass production capabilities by large enterprises, the formation of cost, so that to bea dominant position in the small and medium-sized enterprise competition. However, electronic commerce provided customers an effective way that they can talk face to face with manufacturers of products and ordered services personalized, by which customers can massively visit enterprise's related website, describe their products and business needs and different requirements in the web sides, and make a transform from large scale production's pattern into the personalized product ordering pattern。

英语作文-快递服务行业的电商平台合作与发展

英语作文-快递服务行业的电商平台合作与发展The collaboration between e-commerce platforms and the express delivery service industry has significantly influenced the dynamics of both sectors. This symbiotic relationship has propelled the evolution and expansion of online shopping, transforming consumer behavior and expectations. Here, we delve into the intricacies of this partnership, exploring its impact on the express delivery service industry and the avenues for future development.At the heart of this collaboration lies the seamless integration of e-commerce platforms with express delivery services. These platforms serve as the virtual marketplace, offering a diverse array of products and services to consumers worldwide. Concurrently, express delivery services function as the logistical backbone, ensuring the swift and efficient transportation of goods from sellers to buyers.One of the most notable advantages of this partnership is the enhanced convenience it offers to consumers. Through e-commerce platforms, shoppers can browse and purchase items with unprecedented ease and accessibility. Moreover, the integration of express delivery services enables timely order fulfillment and doorstep delivery, eliminating the need for physical travel to retail outlets. This convenience factor has been instrumental in driving the widespread adoption of online shopping among consumers of all demographics.Furthermore, the collaboration between e-commerce platforms and express delivery services has catalyzed innovation in logistics and supply chain management. In response to the growing demand for faster delivery times, express delivery companies have leveraged advanced technologies such as real-time tracking systems and route optimization algorithms. These innovations have not only expedited the delivery process but also improved transparency and reliability, thereby enhancing the overall shopping experience for consumers.Additionally, this partnership has facilitated the globalization of e-commerce, enabling businesses to reach new markets and demographics beyond geographical boundaries. Through strategic partnerships with international express delivery providers, e-commerce platforms can offer cross-border shipping options, allowing sellers to tap into global consumer markets. This expansion of reach has unlocked immense growth opportunities for businesses, driving increased revenue and market share.Moreover, the collaboration between e-commerce platforms and express delivery services has fostered healthy competition within the industry. With multiple players vying for market dominance, companies are compelled to innovate and improve their service offerings to stay competitive. This competitive landscape ultimately benefits consumers, as it leads to greater efficiency, lower costs, and higher service standards.Looking ahead, the future of the partnership between e-commerce platforms and express delivery services appears promising, albeit with its share of challenges. As online shopping continues to proliferate, the demand for faster, more reliable delivery services will only intensify. To meet these evolving consumer expectations, stakeholders must invest in technology, infrastructure, and workforce training to enhance operational efficiency and service quality.Furthermore, the sustainability of express delivery services has emerged as a pressing concern in light of environmental considerations. As delivery volumes surge, so too do carbon emissions and environmental impact. In response, industry stakeholders are exploring eco-friendly alternatives such as electric vehicles, renewable energy sources, and optimized delivery routes to mitigate their environmental footprint.In conclusion, the collaboration between e-commerce platforms and express delivery services has revolutionized the retail landscape, ushering in an era of unprecedented convenience, efficiency, and global connectivity. By harnessing the power of technology and innovation, this partnership has propelled the growth of online shopping while reshaping consumer expectations. Moving forward, continued collaboration and adaptation will be key to sustaining this momentum and driving further growth and development in the express delivery service industry.。

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中文5300字,3200单词，1.8万英文字符文献出处：Delfmann W, Albers S, Gehring M. The impact of electronic commerce on logistics service providers[J]. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 2002, 32(3):203-222.文献原文The impact of electronic commerce onlogistics service providersWerner Delfmann, Sascha Albers, Martin Gehring,Business Policy and Logistics, University of Cologne, GermanyAbstract The impact of e-commerce on the business environment is often praised but seldom analyzed with scrutiny. In this paper we try to depict the underlying logistically relevant aspects of e-commerce and their impacts on logistics service providers. This seems to be of considerable importance, as logistics is seen as the back-bone of e-commerce operations. However, the firms specializing in this field are commonly neglected. We argue that the logistical implications of e-commerce can be differentiated into two main categories: the rise of e-marketplaces; and the elimination of supply chain elements (disintermediation). By analyzing these two categories and their major logistical implications in detail we deduct strategic consequences for logistics service providers.Keywords ：Internet, logistics, strategyIntroductionE-commerce has been one of the buzzwords of the last years. Analysts as well as researchers predicted enormous changes in the competitive landscape of whole industries, causing an as yet unwitnessed surge in s tock prices of companies in the “new” economy. However, this was almost two years ago. Today, the dust has settled and many of the promising new e-commerce companies have failed or are struggling for economical survival. The failure of so many companies in e-commerce can be in part accounted for by the neglect of logistics as a key factor of success, implying a prominent role for companies specializing in the logistics segment (Bretzke, 2000). Logistics service providers (LSPs) are thus confronted with changes in their respective market environments. It is therefore surprising that little attention has been paid to an assessment of these changes and their direct as well as indirect implications for LSPs. (In contrast, e-commerce applications for logistics companies have stimulated a broader echo, e.g. Pfohl and Koldau, 1999.)This paper tries to bridge the gap. It is divided into three main sections. The first part deals with a specification and classification of logistics service providers. In the second part a clarification of the term e-commerce is provided and prominent business models of e-commerce firms are depicted as well as modifications in the configuration of logistics chains illustrated. Finally, we focus on the implications of these modifications and trends for LSPs.LSPsLSPs have grown in importance since more and more companies outsource their logistics functions (Sheffi, 1990). Generally speaking, logistics service providers are companies which perform logistics activities on behalf of others. Additional popular terms for these companies are third-party logistic firm, or contract logistics firm (Razzaque and Sheng, 1998; Sink et al., 1996). “Whatever label is chosen, it denotes external suppliers that perform(s) all or part of a company’s logistics functions” (Coyle et al., 1996; Ihde, 1991). However, definitions of this kind only give an institutional characterization of LSPs, leaving the functional scope of these providers unanswered.It appears reasonable to assess the functions of LSPs by referring to a definition of the underlying domain, that is logistics and logistics management. With reference to the predominant logistics definition provided by the Council of Logistics Management (2001), logistics functions include the planning, implementation and control of the flow of goods, services and related information.LSPs differ among the palette of services they provide to their customers as well as with regard to other criteria. Although a commonly accepted typology for LSPs is still missing, some propositions exist on this matter, e.g. types of services (Muller, 1993a, b; Africk and Calkins, 1994), geographical scope of operations and type of goods handled (Niebuer, 1996). With regard to their contribution for the explanation of changes in the supply chain induced by e-commerce, we will pursue a characterization employing two criteria here, which are, however, closely related. We will focus on functions and the degree of customization, as the combination of these criteria allows a comprehensive clustering of LSPs.An overview of functions LSPs typically perform, based on a survey among buyers of logistics services, is provided by Sink.A more conceptual approach was taken by Engelsleben (1999), who clustered these functions into two broad groups: services which are directly related to the physical flow of goods, and services which are not directly related to the physical goods flow.However, these functions and types of services can be grouped with regard to the degree of customization as well. A clustering of LSPs according to this dimension was conducted by Niebuer (1996), who divides LSPs into three major groups. The first group consists of service providers, which only offer standardized and isolated logistics services or distribution functions, e.g. transportation and warehousing. The services they fulfil for their customers are standardized, resulting in highly interchangeable services among this type of LSPs. These companies are highly specialized in their field and do not take over coordinational or administrative functions for their customers. They mostly handle homogeneous objects and optimize their whole logistics system with regard to these special logistics objects. Standardizing LSPs plan, implement and control their own logistics system according to their requirements and considerations. Examples are traditional carriers and the integrators’ original express parcel services as offered, inter alia, by UPS and FedEx. We will refer to them as standardizing LSPs.The second group consists of companies which combine selected standardized services to bundles of logistics services according to their customers’ wishes. We will thus call them bundling LSPs. Theoperational coordination and arrangement of these service bundles are provided by the LSP, whereas the disposition lies in the responsibility of the buying company. Frequently these bundles of services consist of a core logistics activity, like transportation, which is combined with secondary activities such as simple assembly and quality control activities, performed by traditional forwarding companies in the automobile industry. These bundles are offered undifferentiated for all potential customers and can thus not be regarded as customized services.We will call the third group customizing LSPs, as these companies design logistics services and logistics systems according to the preferences of their customers. These LSPs combine and modify components of logistics services especially for the needs of one specific customer. Companies of this type usually take over coordinative and administrative responsibility for their customer as well (Engelsleben, 1999). These providers also offer services which are not originally attributable to the logistics functions, but rather to financing and production activities. The core competence of customizing LSPs can thus be seen on the conceptual and coordination side, themselves outsourcing singular logistics activities to standardizing LSPs[1]. The customizing LSP takes over responsibility for the effectiveness and efficiency of the logistics system of its customer. Examples are the German WM Group and Ryder System in the USA. Illustrates the clustering of LSPs according to the customization criteria.The combination of both dimensions reveals certain basic configurations of LSPs, as the nature of the product determines its potential for customization. Standardizing LSPs offer mainly the core logistics processes, as depicted above. These processes are subject to economies of scale and therefore favour specialized providers of these services.Bundling LSPs offer ex definitione more than one standardized product. The bundle they offer will most probably consist of certain core processes and/or value added services with regard to their customers’ needs. Standardiz ed financial services, such as insurance or payment services, may as well be part of their product portfolio. However, bundling LSPs will not offer management support services or tools, as these products have to be configured with regard to one special customer. These tools are therefore the domain of customizing LSPs. This group of LSPs will mostly refrain from producing the core processes themselves, as they will be sourced from specialized (standardizing) LSPs.E-commerceTo understand the importance of logistics in many e-commerce business models, we will first propose a definition of electronic commerce. Subsequently, we will point out the relative importance of logistics for each generic e-commerce business model and describe how supply chains are affected by e-commerce.“Broadly speaking, electronic commerce includes any form of economic activity conducted via electronic connections” (Wigand, 1997). Although this is a very broad definition of e-commerce, it highlights the two crucial elements:(1) economic activity; and(2) electronic connections.An economic activity or, more precisely, an economic transaction can generally be divided into five phases:(1) initiation;(2) agreement;(3) exchange;(4) inspection/control; and(5) adjustment/service.It is clear that the term electronic commerce combines economic transactions with electronical means. The question to be raised is: which of the five phases have to be carried out electronically to allow the term e-commerce to be applied?We will include the most fundamental transaction phase, that of agreement, at the core of the definition. Furthermore, the electronic initiation of the transaction will be considered an essential component of the term e-commerce. The initiation phase is the phase where electronic means are perceived to offer the most radical changes and improvements (Evans and Wurster, 1997, 1999; Bakos, 1997, 1998) over the physical world. The inclusion of both phases excludes the mere online search for product information followed by a visit in a traditional shop as e-commerce. By the same token, the mere advertising on the Internet without the possibility for closing the deal online will not be treated as e-commerce.We do not include the electronic exchange of goods or services as a necessary condition for e-commerce. This very narrow approach (Choi et al., 1997) would only comprise digital products, therefore reducing logistics to solely information logistics and render a further discussion of the implications of e-commerce for logistics useless. The electronic conduct of the exchange phase will thus be treated as a non-necessary condition for e-commerce. By the same token, the electronic control and adjustment/service phase are non-necessary conditions as well.The second essential element of e-commerce is the electronic connection. Electronic connections range from phone lines and telegraphic wires to fibre-optic cables and satellite communication. A definition of e-commerce using the term electronic connection would encompass simple phone ordering. However, this is usually not interpreted as e-commerce. For our purposes, we will focus on computer-to-computer connections via electronic data interchange (EDI) or Internet technology, encompassing the World Wide Web as well as classic EDI/VANs connected to the Internet and using the transfer protocols of Internet technology (Unitt and Jones, 1999). The reason for the concentration on Internet technology is simple: as a two-way communication network overcoming the trade-off between reach and richness of information (Evans and Wurster, 1999) and offering significant potential for lowering transaction costs (Bakos, 1997; Wigand, 1997) the Internet appears to be the currently most promising back-bone for conducting economic transactions. We will concentrate on the Internet, as we expect it to become the only medium for electronic transactions within the next decade. We define e-commerce as the electronic conduct of at least the initiation and agreement phase of aneconomic transaction via electronic networks that allow the automated processing of transaction data.E-commerce following this definition can be identified in nearly every possible economic relationship.By referring to three basic groups of actors (business, administration, and consumer), five general types of e-commerce can be identified:(1) business-to-business (b2b);(2) business-to-consumer (b2c);(3) consumer-to-consumer (c2c);(4) business-to-administration (b2a); and(5) consumer-to-administration (c2a).To simplify the examination we will treat governments and other public organizations like businesses where they act as buyers. Furthermore, we will ignore transactions between consumers, thus concentrating on b2b and b2c exchanges.Within these types of transactions, three basic classes of business models can be identified:(1) portal;(2) market maker; and(3) service provider (Mahadevan, 2000).Portals offer information and search services for their customers. They serve as the entrance into the online marketspace and are among the most recognized. Their revenue streams mainly come from advertisements and provision fees for channelling Web traffic to Web sites of product/service providers.Market makers not only build a community for customers like portals, they also enable economic transactions between them by offering mechanisms for the secure and trustworthy conduct of such transactions. Their source of income can be provision fees for every transaction on the marketplaces enabled by them or one-time charges for developing and establishing electronic marketplaces.Product/service providers, finally, are companies that sell directly via the Internet. According to our definition of e-commerce they present, market (e.g. at portals) and sell their products/service on the Web. Depending on the type of good/service, the result will be the physical or digital delivery of goods or the performance of some kind of service.Obviously, some companies span more than one of the generic business models and cover more than one segment, trying to leverage their brand name and customer base (Arthur, 1996). For the scope of our examination, portals are of minor interest, because the only logistics flows they generate are information flows. Of greater relevance are the market makers and of course the product providers, because they generate logistics challenges. As we will see in the following section, some of these challenges caused by e-commerce do not differ from logistics operations and management in traditional businesses. But there are consequences of some business models in e-commerce that lead to completely new supply chain structures and therefore cause yet unknown challenges for logistics operations. Changes in supply chain configurations and the role of logistics service providers In traditional supply chains logistics service providers take a prominent role, as goods are to beshipped between suppliers and OEM producers as well as downstream through the distribution chain. The extent to which these activities are outsourced to LSPs differs among industries as well as among individual companies. The grey-shaded boxes in Figure 5 are the new elements added to a generic supply chain by e-commerce applications. They can either complement or substitute traditional supply chain structures. While the e-stores would represent the product/service provider business model described earlier, the e-marketplace could represent a market maker business model.Changes in the downstream segmentThe first and most obvious point of interference is the stage between consumer and retailer. Traditionally the products were pushed down the chain with the last mile logistics being performed by the consumer himself. In e-commerce the consumer chooses his products on his personal computer via an online store with the fulfilment being handled by the e-commerce provider. This shift has major implications, as decentralized and uncoordinated logistics activities (from individual customers) are transformed into potentially bundled goods flows, which are at least to a certain extent controlled by the supplier side, leaving room for sophisticated planning and design of effective logistics systems (as, for example, traditional home-order companies operate). The opposite is true when the retailer stage is skipped, as if producers offer their goods directly to consumers. In this case highly bundled shipments to retailers are substituted with far less bundled shipments to end consumers. Therefore, both the retailer and the producer will have to reconfigure their established logistics systems from consolidated shipments to small packages. Both effects are the result of the disintermediation phenomenon incurred by e-commerce (Hawkins et al., 1999). In the classical supply chain the retailer was the only interface with the consumer.The reasons for disintermediation are derived from the following logic. Every stage in the chain adds costs in the form of handling, shipping, profits and transaction costs (Benjamin and Wigand, 1995). A producer offering direct home delivery has to answer the question whether the additional costs related to direct home delivery are more than compensated for by the savings incurred from skipping the additional stages of the distribution chain. However, the retail stages not only add costs, they also add value.Wholesalers and retailers not only are an additional handling stage, they fulfil a vast array of functions (Müller-Hagedorn, 1993). The most important function is to offer an assortment of goods, enabling the consumer to choose between products from different producers (e.g. the consumer can choose between personal computers of at least three or four producers at a computer shop compared with only Dell’s pcs at ). However, the Internet is a medium well suited to offer this assortment function (Evans and Wurster, 1997). The most popular Internet retailer, , offers a product selection of nearly five million items, including more than four million books. This compares with 200,000 books at the largest offline book-stores. But this vast selection is not, as many analysts and shareholders may have believed, a virtual selection. Amazon has to manage inventory, pick and pack, and ship items as well as every other offline mail order company –on a larger scale. As Jeff Bezos, founder and C EO of , remarks: “ is most of all a logistics company”.Changes in the upstream segmentThe supplier in the generic supply chain (see Figure 5) does not offer goods of interest to the consumer or the retailer, thus isolating him from the downstream part of the supply chain. E-commerce for him becomes visible through electronic marketplaces, where a fraction of his products will be procured from his customers. In the classic supply chain the supplier-producer or producer-retailer relationships were characterized as stable networks of a limited number of partners interconnected via dedicated electronic data interchange (EDI) connections. The use of spot market transactions for procurement was limited to a few commodities like crude oil due to the high transaction costs for the establishment and then operation of market-based procurement platforms. Modern information technology in the form of the Internet and related protocols can reduce this transaction costs in two ways. The costs of establishing electronic market systems are reduced drastically by the high connectivity of the Internet. Furthermore, the Internet offers the potential for lowering search costs as an important part of overall transaction costs (Bakos, 1997). For the structure of the supply chain this implies more potential partners in a less stable network.These new open marketplaces create a challenge for supply chain planning, since they could introduce a change from stable, long-term relationships with suppliers towards unstable spot-market relationships with changing partners in certain industries. But these traded goods will still have to be transported to the customer; therefore the role of LSPs is –in general –not disputed. However, e-marketplaces are considering closer ties to preselected LSPs, aiming at providing their customers with higher service levels when trading in their market. In this case a selection among LSPs becomes probable. Even in those cases where the use of modern IT does not lead to the introduction of electronic marketplaces it will allow for a much higher integration of supply chain partners, which could lead to different order patterns and therefore to new challenges for LSPs.To summarize, e-commerce business models are distinct from offline business models not only because of higher interactivity and 24/7 availability. They promote the importance of logistics (Gurau et al., 2001) and, in many cases, create different logistical tasks. The logistical systems of many companies, especially in the retail sector, are not sufficient to manage the new challenges. In order to participate in e-commerce, companies will have to seek new logistical solutions. Pure e-commerce players will, in the worst case, have to focus on logistics as well as on marketing; offline players will have to build a second logistical structure when participating in e-commerce. This offers great opportunities for logistics service providers.译文电子商务对物流服务商的影响Werner Delfmann，Sascha Albers， Martin Gehring商务政策和物流，科隆大学，德国摘要：在商业环境,电子商务的影响经常受到赞美但很少受到分析审查。