江西师范大学考研真题828史学概论__2018学科教学(历史)硕士研究生专业课考试试题
考研真题：历史学试题及答案
2018年考研真题：历史学试卷及答案2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试历史学基础试卷一、单项选择题：第1～20小题，每小题2分，共40分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试卷要求。
1．春秋时期“救邢存卫”的国君是A．齐桓公 B．秦穆公 C．晋文公 D．楚庄王2．十六国时期建立政权最多的民族是A．氐 B．匈奴 C．羌 D．鲜卑3．下列君主中大力扶持佛教的是A．北魏太武帝 B．梁武帝 C．唐武宗 D．北周武帝4．中国古代大型天文仪器“水运仪象台”的研制者是A．张衡 B．一行 C．苏颂 D．沈括5．明清皇帝极少改动年号，但也有例外。
有两个年号的明朝皇帝是A．成祖 B．仁宗 C．宣宗 D．英宗6．中国近代早期科技刊物《格致汇编》的主编者是A．伟烈亚力 B．傅兰雅 C．合信 D．李提摩太7．1885年，清廷在台湾设省。
第一任台湾巡抚是A．姚莹 B．沈葆桢 C．刘铭传 D．唐景崧8．民国时期，提出划区实验与发展乡村教育的是黄炎培及其主持的A．《村治月刊》 B．中华职业教育社C．中华平民教育促进会 D．中华教育促进社9．最早由中国人主持的重大科学考古是A．北京人遗址的发掘 B．敦煌文书的发现C．殷墟的发掘 D．半坡遗址的发掘10．毛泽东首次提出中国共产党处理与各民主党派关系的“长期共存，互相监督”原则的文献是A．《论十大关系》 B．《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》C．《论人民民主专政》D．《论联合政府》11．下列各组古代民族，其语言都属于印欧语系的是A．雅利安人、赫梯人、波斯人 B．雅利安人、赫梯人、以色列人C．苏美尔人、雅利安人、以色列人 D．苏美尔人、以色列人、波斯人12．下列哲学学派中，不属于希腊化时期的是A．斯多噶学派 B．伊壁鸠鲁学派 C．犬儒学派 D．毕达哥拉斯学派13．罗马帝国时期，在不列颠北部修建长城的皇帝是A．图拉真 B．哈德良 C．奥列略 D．涅尔瓦14．中国僧人玄奘和义净西行求法时到过的大乘佛教中心是A．飞行寺 B．超岩寺 C．那烂陀寺 D．大寺15．下列蒙古四大汗国中，被欧洲人称为“金帐汗国”的是A．窝阔台汗国 B．察合台汗国 C．伊儿汗国 D．钦察汗国16．下列人物中，参与起草美国1787年宪法的是A．麦迪逊 B．富兰克林 C．杰斐逊 D．潘恩17．18世纪从事大西洋HA奴隶贸易规模最大的国家是A．西班牙 B．法国 C．荷兰 D．英国18．签订1807年《提尔西特和约》的两个国家是A．法国和俄国 B．俄国和奥地利 C．法国和西班牙 D．俄国和英国19．1918年，揭开协约国武装干涉苏维埃俄国序幕的事件是A．捷克军团叛乱 B．英军进入巴库C．英军登陆摩尔曼斯克 D．日军登陆海参崴20．1962年，美国女作家雷切尔·卡尔森出版《寂静的春天》，引起对A．热带雨林砍伐的关注 B．杀虫剂使用的关注C．大气环境圈污染的关注D．地质与土壤环境的关注二、名词解释：第21-28小题，每小题10分，共80分。
2018历史学统考真题及解析
2018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试历史学基础试题（科目代码：313）一、单项选择题：1-20 小题，每小题2 分，共40 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1.下列考古发现的古人类中，与今中国人渊源最为直接的是A．元谋人 B. 北京人C. 丁村人D. 山顶洞人2.西周前期，曾先后向东、南和西三个方向扩张，其中向南扩张主要发生在A．成王时期 B. 穆王时期C. 昭王时期D. 宣王时期3.韩愈学说的核心是“道统论”，其“道”是指A．正宗的儒家学说 B. 道家的本体论C. 事物运行的规律D. 阴阳变化的根本4.宋代至清代我国书籍印刷的主要方式是A．泥活字印刷 B. 木活字印刷C. 雕版印刷D. 铜活字印刷5.刺绣是中国的传统工艺，清代有“四大名绣”之说。
四大名绣是A．苏绣、粤绣、湘绣、蜀绣 B. 汴绣、越绣、苏绣、闽绣C. 汴绣、粤绣、湘绣、闽绣D. 苏绣、鲁绣、湘绣、蜀绣6.林则徐主持编译的《四洲志》，介绍了世界各国的史地。
鸦片战争后，主要以《四洲志》为基础成书的重要著作是A．《海国图志》 B. 《瀛寰志略》C. 《中西纪事》D. 《各国史略》7.在晚清，数以百万计的中国人被欺骗、拐卖至海外，从事奴隶般的劳动。
使西方国家“招募”华工出国合法化的不平等条约是A．中英《南京条约》 B. 中英、中法《天津条约》C. 中英《通商章程善后条约》D. 中英、中法《北京条约》8.中国近代对甲骨学研究作出卓越贡献，被学界为“甲骨四堂”的四位学者是A.孙诒让、罗振玉、陈垣、顾颉刚B.罗振玉、王国维、董作宾、郭沫若C.王懿荣、陈寅恪、王国维、郭沫若D.吴其昌、董作宾、陈寅恪、陈垣9.五四运动后，马克思主义在中国广泛传播。
1920 年在上海出版了最早的《共产党宣言》中文全译本，译者是A．陈独秀 B. 木活字印刷C. 杨匏安D. 铜活字印刷10.中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民解放军不断加强革命化、现代化、正规化建设，兵役制度改革是其中一项重要内容。
④827英语综合__2018 英语综合学科教学试卷 江西师大
江西师范大学 2018 年全日制硕士研究生入学考试试题（ A 卷）专业：学科教学（英语）科目：英语综合注：考生答题时，请写在考点下发的答题纸上，写在本试题纸或其他答题纸上的一律无效。
（本试题共11 页）I Grammar and Vocabulary (20×1’)There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence on ANSWER SHEET.1.It is very hard to him to give up smoking and drinking alcohol.A．endeavor B. refresh C. assert D. induce2.The man that his car was the fastest in the world and nobody could compete with him in the race.A.reproachedB. braggedC. inferredD. converted3.The space capsule is with all the materials necessary for a ten-day flight.A.preservedB. probedC. furnishedD. profiled4.The modern child finds it difficult to of a time when there was no radio or TV.A. concealB. conceiveC. consoleD. fancy5.The woman standing in the doorway the sleeping baby in her arms.A. claspingB. soothingC. rollingD. quenching6.Ninety percent of the inhabitants are in productive work of some kind.A. engagedB. involvedC. concernedD. related7.To get my travelers’ cheques I had to a special cheque to the bank for the total amount.A. make forB. make offC. make outD. make over8.The information is not given in Chapter one or Chapter five; it must be one of thechapter.A. interveningB. interferingC. integralD. interacting9.All foreign merchants were made to put heavy on the goods they sold and bought.A.feesB. pricesC. revenuesD. duties10.The broad aim of the meeting was that experts working in the same technical area should meet to exchange .A. experimentB. expositionC. expertiseD. emotion11.The landscape will have a(n) change after a rainstorm in the desert.A. mysteriousB. incisiveC. ambiguousD. abrupt12.Mary has bought a carpet, which she will send to her mother as a birthday present.A. Chinese beautiful greenB. beautiful green ChineseC. green beautiful ChineseD. Chinese green beautiful13.A person’s calorie requirements vary his life.A. acrossB. throughoutC. overD. within14.It seems oil from his pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A. had leakedB. is leakingC. leakedD. has been leaking15., but it also filters out harmful sun rays.A.The atmosphere gives us air to breatheB.Not only the atmosphere gives us air to breatheC.Not only does the atmosphere give us air to breatheD.The atmosphere which gives us air to breathe16.If you are a , determined person you stand a better chance of surviving in difficult circumstances.A. respectfulB. reflectiveC. resoluteD. resourceful17.She nurtured dreams of opening ceremony night, being onstage in a mink coat to share a bow of her successful husband.A. purgedB. strodeC. ponderedD. coaxed18.The club members voted to the ban on smoking.A. repealB. repelC. refrainD. reside19.With price so much, it’s hard to plan a budget.A. fluctuatingB. tiltingC. tumblingD. flapping20.I don’t know if the story is true, but I’ll try to it.A. reinforceB. verifyC. identifyD. conformII Cloze text (20×1’)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEETResearchers have found more evidence that hostility can 21 to heart disease, according to a report in the current issue of the journal Psychosomatic Medicine. They found that hostility may be linked to the metabolic 22 , a set of risk factors23 with heart disease, including obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Isulin resistance occurs when the body become less 24 to the hormone insulin, and may be a precursor of diabetes. “It has not really been clear how hostility plays itself out in terms of physiological risk,” said Dr Raymond Niaura. “We’re seeing how all these things 25 for the first time.”The researchers studied over 1,000 men aged 44 to 92 who 26 in the Normative Aging Study between 1987 and 1991. When 27 on the Cook-Hedley Hostility Scale, the participants 28 higher hostility scores were also more likely to be overweight, have abdominal and upper body obesity, and have insulin resistance all risk factors for heart d isease.“I’m not sure you could say that if you scored a certain number on the hostility 29 , you’d be two or three times more likely to 30 heart disease,” said Niaura.“Finally,we’ll look at how it all plays out in 31 of disease.” Since 98%of the initial 32 were older white men, the researchers suggest that it is not known 33 its findings are applicable to women, young men or men of different races. “If people have the metabolic risk factors, they really need to see their doctor,”34 Niaura.Their study also found more evidence that men 35 fewer years of education were more 36 to be hostile. The finding suggests “that hostility may be part of the cognitive/ emotional / behavioral response to the 37 stress of low socioeconomic 38 ”, said Niaura in a statement. More research is needed to take socioeconomic factors into 39 , and to look for the biological connection40 hostility, obesity and heart risk, he said.21.A. contribute B. lead C. attribute D. link22.A. disorder B. condition C. epidemic D. syndrome23.A. coincided B. connected C. related D. associated24.A. reactionary B. responsive C. conducive D. acute25.A. behave B. function C. interconnect D. involved26.A. participated B. entered C. displayed D. enforeced27.A. measuring B. measured C. counting D. counted28.A. had B. possessed C. with D. on29.A. balance B. scale C. hierarchy D. rank30.A form B. infect C. contact D. develop31.A. relations B. terms C. place D. behalf32.A. sample B. subject C. group D. team33.A. that B. how C. why D. if34.A. advised B. argued C. declared D. proclaimed35.A. had B. for C. with D. who36.A. likely B. likeable C. lovable D. liable37.A. pervasive B. chronic C. persuasive D. prevalent38.A. state B. class C. status D. classification39.A. considerations B. concern C. thoughts D. account40.A. with B. to C. between D. amongIII Reading （20×2’）TEXT AScientists say they may have solved a far-out mystery: how Uranus and Neptune came to exist at the very edges of the solar system. A new study says the two icy planets may have been born much closer to the sun than previously thought, and ended up in their current orbits after gravitational forces from Jupiter violently hurled them away. That would explain how the two planetary giants--- each more than 10 times the mass of the Earth--- could exist at the far edge of the solar system, where there was not enough gas and dust to make a planet eons ago.The study is based on computer simulations conducted by Martin Duncan ofQueen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, and colleagues. It was published in Thursday’s issue of the journal Nature. All of the planets in the solar system are believed to have evolved through the accumulation of a large number of small bodies that circulated in a huge disk around the sun. The researchers theorize that Uranus and Neptune formed their cores near the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, within a ring of about 5 to 10 astronomical units from the sun. One astronomical unit equals the distance from the sun to the Earth. (Earth, however, is thought to have formed much later than the big planets.Previous estimates of 10 to 20 AU have been given for the birthplaces of Uranus and Neptune, which now orbit at 19 and 30 AU, respectively. Duncan said Jupiter grew fastest because it was closest to the sun, where the planet-forming disk was the most dense, and then exerted gravitational forces on its smaller planetary siblings. Saturn may have helped eject Uranus and Neptune.Renu Malhotra, a scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, said the study does not explain why Uranus and Neptune did not accumulate gas like Jupiter and Saturn, since the four planets formed at roughly the same time and in roughly the same place.Malhotra said the evidence shows that Uranus and Neptune were formed perhaps 30% closer to the sun than their present locations--- but not as close as Duncan proposes. The planets then may have gently migrated out to their current locations, she said. He also said that gravity and friction from gas that surrounded Uranus and Neptune could have prevented them from being hurled out. Alan Boss, an astrophysicist at the Caregie Institution in Washington, said more research is needed on Duncan’s theory. “It’s a radical idea.” He said, “but since we’re in a stalemate on Neptune and Uranus, maybe we need a radical idea.”41.Which of the following is NOT true?A.Uranus and Neptune may have been born close to the sun.B.Uranus and Neptune may have been hurled away by Jupiter.C.Both Uranus and Neptune are larger than the earth.D.There was not enough gas and dust to make a giant planet at the far end of the solar system.42.Duncan’s study indicates .A.that all the planets evolve from many small bodies around the sunB.that Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar systemC.that Uranus and Neptune may have been born closer to the sun.D.why Uranus and Jeptune did not accumulate gas43.Malhotra’s view differs from that of Duncan’s in that .A.she argues Uranus and Neptune have greatly migrated to their present locationsB.she thinks Uranus and Neptune were 70% further away from the sunC.She believes Uranus and Jeptune were 10 to 20 AU around the sunD.She proposes Uranus and Neptune were 30% closer to the sun44.According to the passage, the reason why Uranus and Neptune were not hurled far out as a result of .A. gravityB. frictionC. gasD. sun45.The author’s attitude toward the proposed solutions to the mystery is .A. radicalB. impartialC. uncertainD. funnyTEXT BPublic relations is management function that creates, develops, and carries out policies and programs to influence public opinion or reaction about an idea, a product or an organization. The field of public relations has become an important part of the economic, social and political pattern of life in many nations. That field includes advertising, promotional activities, and press contact. Public relations also exists at the same time in business with marketing and merchandising to create the climate in which all selling functions occur.Public relations activities in the modern world help institutions to cope successfully with many problems, to build prestige for an individual or a group, to promote products, and to win elections. The majority of public relations workers are staff employers working within a corporate or institutional framework. Other operate in public relations counseling firms.In industry, public relations personnel keep management informed of changes in the opinions of various publics (that is, the groups of people whose support is needed): employee, stockholders, customers and so on. These professionals counsel management as to the impact of any action---- or lack of action on the behavior of the target audiences. Once an organizational decision has been made, the public relations person has the task of communicating this information to the public using methods that promote understanding, consent, and desired behavior. For example, a hospital merger, an industrial plant closing, or the introduction of a new product all require public relations planning and skill.Public relations activities are a major part of the political process in many nations. Politicians seeking office, government agencies seeking acceptance and cooperation, officials seeking support of their policies, and foreign governments seeking aid and allies abroad all make extensive use of counseling services provided by public relations specialists.Public relations also plays an important role in the entertainment industry. The theater, motion pictures, sports, restaurants, and individuals all use public relations services to increase their business or add to their image. Other public relations clients are educational, social service, and charitable institutions, trade unions, religious groups, and professional societies.The successful public relations practitioner is a specialist in communication arts and persuasion. Specialized skills are required to handle opinion research, media relations, direct mail activities, institutional advertising, publications, film and video production, and special events. Public relations services are so far virtually unused in many developing nations, but they are likely to be a future government concern.46.The first paragraph focuses on .A. the definitions of public relationsB. the procedures of public relationsC. the classification of public relationsD. the increasing role of public relations47.Which of the following is true about public relations personnel in industry?A.They spend considerable time conducting opinion rolls.B.They offer advice to management in decision making.C.They are employed to serve the interests of management.D.They seem primarily concerned with building prestige for companies.48.Which of the following might have little to do with public relations?A. ClimateB. ChurchC. CorporationD. sports49.Which of the following is not correct about public relations operations?A.Quite a number of them are operated by self-employed individuals.B.The work involved is often complicated and challenging.C.They are developing rapidly in nearly every country.D.The practitioners are often artists and good at persuasion.50.Which can NOT be inferred from the passage?A.Movie stars may use public relations activities to build up their image.B.Eager politicians often resort to public relations for personal advancement.C.Public relations sometimes extend beyond the boundaries of a nation.D.Public relations is a promising subject to study in developing nationsTEXT CYears of watching and comparing bright children and those not bright, or less bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people. The bright child is curious about life and reality, eager to get in touch with it, embrace it, unite himself with it. There is no wall, no barrier between him and life. The dull child is far less curious, far less interested in what goes on and what is real, more inclined to live in worlds of fantasy. The bright child likes to experiment, to try things out. He lives by the maxim that there is more than one way to skin a cat. If he can’t do something one way, he’ll try another. The dull child is usually afraid to try at all. It takes a good deal of urging to get him to try even once; if that try fails he is through.The bright child is patient. He can tolerate uncertainty and failure, and will keep trying until he gets an answer. When all his experiments fail, he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer. This may annoy him, but he can wait. Very often, he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with, because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure it out for himself in the future. Not so the dull child. He cannot stand uncertainty or failure. To him, an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity, but a threat. If he can’t find the answer quickly, it must be given to him, and quickly; and he must have answers for everything. Such are the children of whom a second grade teacher once said, “but my children like to have questions for which there is only one answer.” They did; and by a mysterious coincidence, so did she.The bright child is willing to go ahead on the basis of incomplete understanding and information. He will take risks, sail uncharted seas, explore when the landscape is dim, the land marks few, the light poor. To give only one example, he will often readbooks he does not understand in the hope that after a while enough understanding will emerge to make it worthwhile to go on. In this spirit some of my fifth graders tried to read Moby Dick. But the dull child will go ahead only when he thinks he knows exactly where he stands and exactly what is ahead of him. If he does not feel he knows exactly what an experience will be like, and if it will not be exactly like other experience he already knows, he wants no part of it. For while the bright child feels that the universe is on the whole a sensible, reasonable, and trustworthy place, the dull child feels that it is senseless, unpredictable, and treacherous. He feels that he can never tell what may happen, particularly in a new situation, except that it will probably be bad.51.If the dull child fails in the first attempt, he will .A try again B. be encouraged to go onC. get advice from othersD. lose confidence52.What does the rod “maxim” in the first paragraph most probably mean?A. ExampleB. PrincipleC. ToleranceD. Understanding53.Why does the bright child refuse to get help from others even when he fails?A.Because he is confident of his own ability.B.Because he looks down upon other people.C.Because he wants to have another chance to try by himself.D.Because he is willing to have difficulties all his life.54.According to the author, the reason why some fifth grade students want to read “Moby Dick” is probably that .A.they enjoy reading a difficult book and understanding it bit by bitB.they think the book is well-written and worth readingC.they want to show off their ability to their teachersD.they are fond of taking risks and trying everything by themselves55.It is implied but not stated in the text that .A.when the dull child doesn’t know what will happen, he is sure that the situation will be a bad one.B.some teachers like to provide answers to their students, thus the students will always depend on their teachers for help.C.the dull child is afraid of difficulties and does not want to try anything unpredictable or challenging.D.the bright child is always confident of himself and enjoys finding answers to difficult questions.TEXD DFor parents who send their kids off to college saying, “These will be the best years of your life,” it would be very appropriate to add, “If you can handle the stress of college life.” Freshmen are showing up already stressed out, according to the latest research study that reported students’ emotional health levels at their lowest since the survey started in 1985. While in school, more students are working part-time and near-full-time jobs. At graduation, only 29 percent of seniors have jobs lined up.Pressure to excel often creates stress, and many students are not learning how to effectively handle this stress. Let me show five facts that I believe every college student should know about stress.First, stress can make smart people do stupid things. Stress causes what brain researchers call “cortical inhibition.” In simple terms, stress inhibits a part of the brain responsible for decision-making and reaction time and can adversely affect other mental abilities as well.Second, the human body doesn’t discriminate between a big stressful event and a little one. Any stressful experience will create about 1,400 biochemical events in your body. If any amount of stress is left unchecked, many things can occur within the body, including premature aging, impaired cognitive function and energy drain.Third, stress can become your new pattern. When you regularly experience negative feelings and high amounts of stress, your brain recognizes this as your normal state. This then becomes the new norm, or baseline for your emotional state.Fourth, stress can be controlled. Countless studies demonstrate that people can restructure their emotional state using emotion-refocusing techniques. These techniques help you recognize how you are feeling and shift to a more positive emotional, mental and physical state.One technique involves slowing your thoughts and focusing on your heartbeat, breathing slowly and deeply, and focusing on the positive feeling that you receive.Finally, stress can be lessened by loving what you study. Barbara Frederickson, a leading international authority on the importance of positive emotions, says humans are genetically programmed to seek positive emotions such as love and joy. It's suggested to choose a major or career path you love and enjoy. Otherwise, you could end up fighting against your own biology.56.The author cites the latest research study in order to show that .A.students are studying harder in collegeB.most students have part-time job nowC.stress continues to the time of graduationD.students only feel stressed while in school57.According to the passage, stress might cause all the following negative effects EXCEPT .A. socialB. mentalC. emotionalD. physical58.In the author’s opinion, stress can be controlled by_ .A. doing what you preferB. identifying your present emotional state firstC. finding a more positive feeling firstD. focusing on your emotional state59.According to the context, what does "your own biology” mean in the last paragraph?A. Your current major.B. Your future job.C. Your future research.D. Your preference.60.Which of the following is the best as the title of the passage?A. Causes of Stress.B. Type of Stress.C. Life and Stress.D. Stress and Control Methods.IV Translation (2×20’)Section A Chinese to EnglishTranslate the following text into English。
江西师范大学考研真题071400统计学-860高等数学(统计学方向)2018年硕士研究生专业课考试试题
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
江西师范大学学科教学(英语)827英语综合2018到2015四套考研真题
D. The atmosphere which gives us air to breathe
16. If you are a ______, determined person you stand a better chance of surviving in
9. All foreign merchants were made to put heavy ______ on the goods they sold and
bought.
A. fees B. prices
C. revenues D. duties
10. The broad aim of the meeting was that experts working in the same technical area
C. green beautiful Chinese D. Chinese green beautiful
13. A person’s calorie requirements vary _____ his life.
A. across
B. throughout C. over D. within
14. It seems oil ____ from his pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine
apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking
A. mysterious B. incisive
C. ambiguous D. abrupt
12. Mary has bought a ______ carpet, which she will send to her mother as a birthday