考研必看之Paraphrase综合
研究生英语课文翻译paraphrase
Unit 1●翻译：（黑体的汉字表示与教师用书不同，斜体的汉字表示重点翻译不要遗漏）pass ion, wisdom, altruis m, insight, creativ ity—sometim es only the trialsof adversitycan fosterthese qualities, because sometim es only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. (Para.6)慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力——有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。
2.In that moment, our sense of invulne rabili ty is pierced, and the self-protect ive mentalarmorthat normall y standsbetween us and our percept ions of the world is torn away. (Para.12) 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。
3.They say that materia l ambitio ns suddenly seem silly and the pleasur es of friends and familyparamou nt—and that the crisisallowed them to recognize in line with their new priorit ies.(Para.14)他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。
新世纪商务英语综合三课后paraphrase
PARAPHRASEUNIT11.For twenty minutes,the terminal area was aswarm with activity as cars and lorries poured forth,customs people did their duties,and everyone made for the London road(有二十分钟光景，多佛港站头上沸反盈天，这头轿车卡车势如潮涌，那厢海关差役恪尽职守，人人都忙着赶路去伦敦).-The ferry port was busy with activities for twenty minutes. A lot of cars and lorries went in continuous stream out of the port, customs officers were busy doing their duties, and everybody was moving towards the London road.2.I was socially and sartorially ill-suited for such an establishment and anyway it was clearly beyond my meager budget(就我这阶层，就我这身打扮，跟这么一栋楼是格格不入的，而且，不管怎么说吧，我口袋里那几个寒碜的子儿，显然付不起这笔开销).-The Churchill is such a luxurious hotel that it is only suitable for those rich people who are socially respectable and well dressed. For me, a poor man not well dressed, it is definitely not suitable. Besides I did not have much money to spend and could not afford it any way.3.Further along Marine Parade stood a shelter,open to the elements but roofed,and I decided that this was as good as I was going to get(沿着海滨大道再往前一段，矗立着一座棚屋，四壁洞开，但好歹有个屋顶，于是我认定能栖身此地对我已是能有的最好选择).-In the distance on the Marine Parade I found a structure with a roof although it was exposed to natural forces. I decided that it could serve my purpose and would be as good as a room in a guesthouse.4.The bench was slatted and hard and studded with big roundheaded bolts that made reclining in comfort an impossibility—doubtless their intention(长凳上覆了层板条，硬邦邦的，还敲着圆头大螺钉，想舒舒服服地躺着根本不可能——毫无疑问，他们这是存心的). -The bench was made of thin pieces of wood and thus very hard to sleep on. Besides it was decorated with big roundheaded bolts. Therefore it was impossible to lie on it in a comfortable way. There is no doubt that the bench was designed in this way on purpose.5.Afterwards,feeling a new man,I emerges with a toothpick and a burp,and sauntered happily through the streets,watching Dover come to life.It must be said that Dover was not vastly improved by daylight,but I like it(饭一吃完，顿感自己焕然一新，我叼着牙签，打着饱嗝，在大街小巷上闲逛，看着多佛港醒过来。
考研英语一研究之2000年—2003年真题长难句研究
考研英语（一）真题研究系列之长难句（2000～2003）要求：1.背诵下列每个句子；2.掌握每个句子的用法；3.本次长难句研究包含较难翻译的句子，需要仔细体会。
1.2002 Text1 (para.3)With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.→you mustn’t attempt to cut in with other audiences with humor as they will resent an outsider (making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman).(1)resent (vt.) 憎恨，愤恨(2)cut in with sb. = talk about sth. with sb.(3)disparage (vt.) 蔑视，诽谤2.2002 Text2 (para.4)Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year of 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.(1)a spell of (a + n. +of = some; many)(2)initial = primitive(3)transistor circuits and microprocessors (晶体管电路和微处理器)= devices; machine; robot(4)by decades if not centuries 数十年甚至数百年(if not = even; and)3.2002 Text3 (para.3)In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifth of the retail prices, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(1)account for 占据(2)muted (adj.) 轻微的，悄无声息的4.2002 Text4 (para.4)Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principal of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principal holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen —is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.(1)constitutional right 宪法权利(2)in effect 实际上(3)moral (道德的) mortal (致命的)(4)permissible 可允许的，容许的pessimistic 悲观的(5)effect效果Translation：尽管最高法院(it代表上文的The Supreme Court)裁定没有医生协助自杀的宪法权利，但是实际上法院支持“双重效果”的医疗准则，这一古老的道德准则认为一个行为产生两种效果——一个是想要取得的好的效果，另一个是可以预见的坏的效果——如果实施者仅仅是想取得好的效果的话，那么则是可以允许的。
精华资料考研必看之paraphrase综合（收费）
Text,B,,Family-unfriendly,Policies01.…,,even,after,a,significant,reform,of,the,welfare,system,,the,single,welfare,mother,has,become,the,public,symbol,of,much,of,what,is,wrong,with,America’s,social,service,programs.,(para,8)0即使福利制度发生重大变革后，领取福利金的单身母亲成了美国福利政策的主要问题。
0Paraphrase:a.,Though,a,major,reform,of,the,welfare,system,has,been,carried,out,,the,policies,of,aiding,the,single,mother,is,still,a,demonstration(a, good,example),to,show,that,the,American,social,service,programs,have,fundamental,problems.0b.,Even,after,a,major,reform,in,welfare,system,,the,single,mother,still,enjoy,too,much,benefits,,which,is,always,regarded,as,the,main,pr oblem,in,America’s,social,service,programs.02.Federal,aid,should,give,incentives,for,couples,to,form,and,sustain,healthy,marriages,,not,encouragement,for,single,parenthood,and,nonmarital,birth.,(para,8)0联邦援助应该鼓励夫妻双方建立并维系健康的婚姻，而不是鼓励单亲家庭和未婚生育。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2003年part2
Part Two To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.6. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________. [A] call on scientists to take some actions. [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.7. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________. [A] cruel but natural. [B] inhuman and unacceptable [C] inevitable but vicious. [D] pointless and wasteful.8. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________. [A] discontent with animal research. [B] ignorance about medical science. [C] indifference to epidemics. [D] anxiety about animal rights.9. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should _____. [A] communicate more with the public. [B] employ hi-tech means in research. [C] feel no shame for their cause. [D] strive to develop new cures.10. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________. [A] a well-known humanist. [B] a medical practitioner. [C] an enthusiast in animal rights. [D] a supporter of animal research.Unit 10 （2003） Part 2重点词汇：1. paraphrase（n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；⽤短语表达”，故“⽤短语辅助表达”→释意。
综合英语2Paraphrase
综合英语2ParaphraseUnit 11. With the building in flames, one man needed help.on fire / burning2. For some, it was a matter of geography—not just which tower they worked in or on which floor, but in which corner of the building.a matter of where they were3. Mayblum had worked with Ramos off and on for 14 years.in an irregular way / in a intermittent way4. Ramos had stopped to help the heavyset man Mayblum had seen earlier. “I’ll give you a hand,” Hong said.help you / do you a favor5. So far, so good. He pressed “52,” went back up and collected Ramos and the heavyset man.Things were OK until that momentUnit 21. When young, you are apt to be obsessed with your appearance.are likely to / are prone to2. If our parents didn’t get them for u s, we felt our would fall apart.break up3. I often wonder how my parents, and parents in general, manage to tolerate their children during the adolescent years.as a whole4. And women, I’m embarrassed to admit, even more than men, have always seemed to be at the mercy of fashion.completely controlled by5. It’s no wonder that, despite their carefree fa?ade, they are often confused, uncertain, and troubled by all the unknowns in their future.not surprising / quite naturalUnit 31. We slipped away to Las Vegas to tie the knot.get married2. Anne has kept me going through…, given that I’m sometimes an actor wrapped up in his ego.considering3. He encouraged me to authorize him to remove Ann e’s breast then and there.at that time and place without any delay4. In the midst of writing my latest book, My Stroke of Luck,I had an epiphany, inspired by my wife.When5. What sets the survivors apart from the others is the willingness to move on, and to help others move on too.distinguishesUnit 41. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do so, need never be out of touch.as long as / ifcan always get in touch with sb. else2. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker.no matter3. Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one thatwe overlook at our peril.fail to notice sth. at great risks4. …a state of mind that is not despair, angst, sadness or regret, but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.explains by those words in different degrees5. The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on.came across the problem of translating in a direct wayUnit 51. I became afflicted with a slowly progressive disease of the motor nerves…a disease that gradually became more and more serious2. In spite of my disease I still drove to and from work each day, with the aid ofspecial equipment installed in my car.with the help of3. The door opened and a little girl stood there, peering at me.looking very carefully and hard at4. H e said, “This is a bad night for car trouble, but you’re al l set now.”are ready5. I realized that I was filled to overflowing with self-pity, selfishness, indifference to the needs of others and thoughtlessness.not caring aboutUnit 61. I passed a young girl of no more than twelve or thirteen.only2. A saying I once heard strikes a painful note in my head.makes me feel painful3. More blood has been shed and my body simply cannot take it.Further casualties have been caused4. Word has it that the Axis powers are sending troops to our location within the month.It is said that5. They all came here with an air of confidence and eagerness, ready to win.appearing full ofUnit 71. The essence of success is that there’s never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game wh ere one person’s winning must be offset by another’s losing.most important part2. To lose, to fail, to go under, to go broke—these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen as a sure sign of salvation in the future.mortal sins / sins leading to damnation3. I hope to show you that your grade, taken at face value, is apt to be dangerously misleading, both to you and to others.making you think or act wrongly4. The level of your proficiency has been determined by your performance of rather conventional tasks.traditional tasks5. But they are important; crucially so, because they are always in short supply.not enoughUnit 81. With the possible exception of another world war…globalwarming may be the single largest threat to our planet.Except2. In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car.Basically / Fundamentally3. To reduce the emission of heart-trapping gases…use technologies that reduce the amount of emissions wherever possible, and protect the forests in the world.wherever it is possible4. We are also advocating policies that will combat global warming over the long term…over a long period / in a long round5. …things like clean cars that run on alternativ e fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests.optional / replacement / substitutiveUnit 91. It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves.not typical of the American people’s idea, life2. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy.the activities or attitude of people who think that making profit is more important than anything else3. For that matter, our whole economy is based on a dedicated insatiability.It’s also true that4. Once past the vaguely uplifting fiction and feature articles,the reader finds the other face of the dream in the back matter.aspect5. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature world have been his idea of the high.essentiallyUnit 101. Word got around about “those pants of L evi’s” and Strauss was in business.2. They draw no distinctions and recognize no classes: they are merely American.3. For two years he was a lowly peddler, hauling some 180 pounds of sundries door-to-door to eke out a marginal living.4. When a married sister offered to pay his way West in 1850, he jumped at the opportunity, taking with him bolts of canvas he hoped to sell for tenting.5. …with sales largely confined to the working people of the West—cowboys, lumberjacks, railroad workers, and the like.Unit 111. We must acknowledge what has happened, face up to the other person and say: “You did me wrong.”2. Let go of the past.3. Some say that forgiveness is unjust because the wrongdoer should not be let off the hook.4. Gandhi was right: If we al l live by the “eye for an eye” brand of justice, the whole world will be blind.5. We must finally be reconciled with our foe, lest we both perish in the vicious circle of hatred.。
paraphrase and summary
A paraphrase is a restatement of a source in about the same number of words. Paraphrasing enables you to demonstrate that you have understood your reading; it also enables you to help your audience understand the results of your reading. The most common reason for paraphrasing is to restate difficult material more simply. Your restatement of someone else‘s words should honor two important principles: your version should be almost entirely in your own words, and your words should accurately convey the content of the original passage. If you simply change a few words in a passage, you have not adequately restated it. As you compare the source below with the paraphrase that follows, notice differences in sentence structure as well as word choice.Example:Source (from Walden by Henry David Thoreau, page 109)Most men, even in this comparatively free country, through mere ignorance and mistake, are so occupied with the factitious cares and superfluously coarse labors of life that its finer fruits cannot be plucked by them.ParaphraseThoreau argued that most people miss some of the best pleasures in life because they make the mistake of working unnecessarily hard and worrying about unimportant problems (109).How to ParaphraseIt is not true that only direct quotations need to be cited. Failure to acknowledge the source of an indirect quotation or paraphrase is also a form of plagiarism.Paraphrase means you restate the author‘s idea, meaning, and information in your own words.Methods of ParaphrasingLook away from the source and then write.Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you understand it and can use your own words to restate it. Then look away from the original and rewrite in your own words. Think of what your own words would be if you were telling someone unfamiliar with the topic.Take notes. Take abbreviated notes; set the notes aside then paraphrase from the notes a day or so later.While looking at the source, first change the sentence structure, then the words.But remember, no matter how much you change it, you still must CITE it!Further Reading Material on How to Paraphrase a sourceHow to paraphrase a sourceGeneral advice1. When reading a passage, try first to understand it as a whole, rather than pausing to write down specific ideas or phrases.2. Be selective. Unless your assignment is to do a formal or "literal" paraphrase, you usually don?t need to paraphrase an entire passage; instead, choose and summarize the material that helps you make a point in your paper.3. Think of what "your own words" would be if you were telling someone who's unfamiliar with your subject (your mother, your brother, a friend) what the original source said.4. Remember that you can use direct quotations of phrases from the original within your paraphrase, and that you don't need to change or put quotation marks around shared language.Methods of ParaphrasingA. Look away from the sourcethen write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.B. Take notes. Take abbreviated notes; set the notes aside; then paraphrase from the notes a day or so later, or when you draft.If you find that you can't do A or B, this may mean that you don't understand the passage completely or that you need to use a more structured process until you have more experience in paraphrasing.The method below is not only a way to create a paraphrase but also a way to understand a difficult text.C. While looking at the source, first change the structure, then the words. For example, consider the following passage from Love and Toil (a book on motherhood in London from 1870 to 1918), in which the author, Ellen Ross, puts forth one of her major arguments:Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother's main charge among the large majority of London?s population who were poor or working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence. (p. 9)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Change the structureBegin by starting at a different place in the passage and/or sentence(s), basing your choice on the focus of your paper. This will lead naturally to some changes in wording. Some places you might start in the passage above are "The mother's main charge," "Among the . . . poor or working class," "Working for and organizing household subsistence," or "The emotional and intellectual nurture." Or you could begin with one of the people the passage is about: "Mothers," "A mother," "Children," "A child." Focusing on specific people rather than abstractions will make your paraphrase more readable.At this stage, you might also break up long sentences, combine short ones, expand phrases for clarity, or shorten them for conciseness, or you might do this in an additional step. In this process, you'll naturally eliminate some words and change others.Here's one of the many ways you might get started with a paraphrase of the passage above by changing its structure. In this case, the focus of the paper is the effect of economic status on children at the turn of the century, so the writer begins with children:Children of the poor at the turn of the century received little if any emotional or intellectual nurturing from their mothers, whose main charge was family survival. Working for and organizing household subsistence were what defined mothering. Next to this, even the children's basic comfort was forced into the background (Ross, 1995).Now you've succeeded in changing the structure, but the passage still contains many direct quotations, so you need to go on to the second step.Change the wordsUse synonyms or a phrase that expresses the same meaning. Leave shared language unchanged.It's important to start by changing the structure, not the words, but you might find that as you change the words, you see ways to change the structure further. The final paraphrase might look like this:According to Ross (1993), poor children at the turn of the century received little mothering in our sense of the term. Mothering was defined by economic status, and among the poor, a mother's foremost responsibility was not to stimulate her children's minds or foster their emotional growth but to provide food and shelter to meet the basic requirements for physical survival. Given the magnitude of this task, children were deprived of even the "actual comfort" (p. 9) we expect mothers to provide today. You may need to go through this process several times to create a satisfactory paraphrase.Process for Writing a SummaryA summary is a concise restatement (shorter than the original source). An essential skill for writing research papers, summarizing enables writers to report the work of others without getting bogged down in unnecessary detail. Summarize whenever you can save space by condensing a passage (or, in some cases, an entire work).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Read with the Writer's Purpose in MindRead the article carefully, making no notes or marks and looking only for what the writer is saying.After you've finished reading, write down in one sentence the point that is made about the subject. Then look for the writer's thesis and underline it.Does this thesis correspond with the sentence you wrote down? If not, adjust your sentence or reconsider the thesis you selected.Look at the article again and ask yourself if your view is slanted toward one of the essay's minor points. If it is, adjust your sentence so that it is slanted toward the writer's major point.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Underline with Summarizing in MindOnce you clearly understand the writer's major point (or purpose) for writing, read the article again. This time underline the major points supporting the thesis; these should be words or phrases here and there rather than complete sentences.In addition, underline key transitional elements which show how parts are connected. Omit specific details, examples, description, and unnecessary explanations. Note: you may need to go through the article twice in order to pick up everything you need.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Write, Revise, and Edit to Ensure the Accuracy and Correctness of Your Summary Writing Your SummaryNow begin writing your summary.Start with a sentence naming the writer and article title and stating the essay's main idea.Then write your summary, omitting nothing important and striving for overall coherence through appropriate transitions.OPTION 1The article "Gold and Silver," by Joe Lawrence, found in the September 3, 2002 issue of Newsweek on pages 29-32, states that gold and silver are still the precious metals to invest in because their value never goes down.OPTION 2Joe Lawrence states in "Gold and Silver," Newsweek; September 3, 2002; pgs. 29-3.), that gold and silver are still the precious metals to invest in because their value never goes down.OPTION 3In the article "Gold and Silver," (Newsweek; September 3, 2002; pgs. 29-3.)) Joe Lawrence states that gold and silver are still the precious metals to invest in because their value never goes down.OPTION 4The article "Gold and Silver," by Joe Lawrence, found in Newsweek, September 3, 2002, pages 29-32, states that gold and silver are still the precious metals to invest in because their value never goes down.Be concise, using coordination and subordination to compress ideas.Conclude with a final statement reflecting the significance of the article -- not from your own point of view but from the writer's.bhThroughout the summary, do not insert your own opinions or thoughts; instead summarize what the writer has to say about the subject.Revising Your SummaryAfter you've completed a draft, read your summary and check for accuracy.Does your summary make the same point as the article?Have you omitted anything important?Does your summary read smoothly with all parts clearly related?Keep in mind that a summary should generally be no more than one-fourth the length of the original. If your summary is too long, cut out words rather than ideas. Then look for non-essential information and delete it.Write another draft -- still a draft for revision -- and ask someone to read it critically. Can that person understand the sense of the article by reading your summary?Ask for criticism; then weigh these criticisms and make valid changes.Editing Your SummaryCorrect grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, looking particularly for those common in your writing.Write a clean draft and proofread for copying errors.Summary Samples:Weak (the author describes the article rather than summarizes):1) Chepesiuk, R. (2005, January). Decibel hell. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113. A35-A41.This article focuses on the growing problem and cause of noise pollution. It explores the effects of population growth, urban sprawl, and the increase of traffic and aircraft prevalence on noise levels. This article offers specific information regarding decibel measurements and risks of prolonged exposure. The author provides specific decibel levels for a variety of machines and situations.Better: (the author summarizes by providing key details):2) Chepesiuk, R. (2005, January). Decibel hell. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113. A35-A41.This article provides information on the growing problem and causes of noise pollution. Population growth, urban sprawl, and increases in traffic and aircraft transportation are having a marked effect on noise levels. Escalating decibel levels and prolonged exposure increase the risks to hearing and health. In the United States, 30 million employees are vulnerable to the possibility of hearing loss because of hazardous noise levels on the job. Children and animals are also at risk to the physical effects of noise, such as stress, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Various decibel measuring machines are available for various situations. In conclusion, the article show that health and hearing risks due to combined decibel levels and extended exposures occur in everyday life.Furthering Reading on How to Write a Summary (I)Notes on how to write a summary(adapted from Sixty Steps to Précis by L.G. Alexander)1. Read the passage carefully twice.2. Read the instructions carefully to find out what you are required to do, marking in on the original passage the point at which you should begin to write yoursummary and where you should end it.3. Read the passage a third time, making a list of all the points you have to use. These notes should be very brief.4. Using this list of points, write a rough draft of the summary, referring to the original passage only when you want to make sure of some point. This will helpyou to reproduce the main substance of the passage in your own words.5. The number of words should be counted when you have finished the rough draft and not after each sentence.6. After having counted the number of words in the draft and after you have made any alterations that you think are necessary, then write out a neat copy of your summary in a single paragraph, not forgetting to mention the exact number ofwords you have used at the end.Points to rememberYour summary must be accurate – you must get all you information from the passage and never change or add extra information to the original.Your summary should be written in such a way that it may be read as a continuous paragraph. In order for you to be able to do this, you should use linkwords like ‗but‘, ‗and‘, ‗however‘, ‗also‘ etc. in order to connect your points.When you become more confident, you may also use link words such as ‗since‘‗though‘, ‗even if‘, ‗when‘, ‗after‘, ‗before‘.PrécisWe reached a point where the path crossed a motor road under construction, and we could see that it ran through a cutting made in the side of the steep hill. Men were working in the cutting, and there were more men far up the hillside above it. The bed of the cutting was full of huge boulders which were to form the foundation of the road.Over these boulders we picked our way with difficulty, jumping from one to the other like so many goats. In the middle of them I stopped to take a photograph, while the others went on ahead. Suddenly I heard shouts, followed by a dull sound of an explosion from the hillside above me. Looking up, I found I was now alone in the cutting. The smoke of a blasting charge floated out against the blue sky, and an enormous rock was bounding savagely down the hill.I had no doubt where it was going to land. It was going to land on me. This opinion was clearly shared by the men who had released the boulder, as they were gesticulating wildly two hundred yards above me. I made a prodigious leap from my rock to the next. The galloping boulder bumped against the hillside, kicked up a cloud of dust and slightly changed direction. It was still coming straight for me. There was nothing to be done but to take cover if I could find any; otherwise the prospect beforeme was one of almost certain death. I glanced hastily around. Just as I was resigning myself to inevitable disaster, I noticed a narrow opening between two rocks quite near me. I reached this in time, wedged myself in and shut my eyes. With a tremendous thud the mass of rock struck the ground and came to rest a few feet away from me. It hardly splintered at all and none of the splinters came my way. It was indeed a miraculous escape.Describe in no more than 80 words what happened from the moment the writer heard the sound of the explosion until the mass of rock came to rest, Use your own words as far as possible, Do not include anything that is not in the passage. (Cambridge Lower Certificate in English Examination)MODELPoints – (What happened)1. Explosion – smoke- sky2. Rock bounded savagely.3. Men above gesticulated.4. Writer jumped- next rock.5. Boulder hit hillside – dust.6. Came towards him.7. Glanced round.8. Noticed opening – 2 rocks.9. Wedged himself in.10. Rock struck ground, thud.11. Stopped near him.Rough draft (Linking of points)After the explosion, the writer saw smoke drifting across the sky and a big rock rolling wildly down the hill. The men above waved to him to warn him of the danger and the writer jumped on to the next rock. Then the boulder struck the side of the hill and raised a cloud of duct. It then came towards the writer who quickly looked around for cover. The boulder struck the ground with a thud and stopped quite near him.(92 words)Neat copy (Corrected version) – Model AnswerAfter the explosion, smoke appeared in the sky and a great boulder came rolling wildly downhill. Above, the workmen waved to the writer warning him of the danger and he jumped on to a nearby rock. After striking the hillside and raising a cloud of dust, the boulder moved towards the man. Quickly glancing around for shelter, he noticed a gap between two rocks and wedged himself in it as the boulder thudded against the ground and then stopped still.Print out the following and work on the following text:Précis No. 1Early next morning the man left the village where he had spent the night. He took the narrow, winding, country road which he knew led to a small town some twelve miles away. After walking for two hours, he came to a path which cut across country and led directly to the town.Leaving the road, the man passed through a gate and was soon walking along the path. The fields were deserted. To the left and right of the path corn sheaves were arranged in neat rows. The only sign of human habitation was a small farmhouse across the fields away car travelling along the road he had recently left. He expected the noise to fade away in the distance.Instead it grew louder and louder and seemed to be coming from above. He looked up quickly and saw an aeroplane cutting a crazy zig-zag path across the sky. It disappeared for an instant behind some clouds, then emerged and plunged towards the field.The aeroplane was coming towards him. He gazed at it terrified and immediately took cover in a small hollow in the field, his eyes following the course of the aeroplane the whole time. As he watched it, he felt sure it would crash and burst into flames before his eyes. Then as if by a miracle, it pulled out of the dive and touched down on the field. The aeroplane bounced wildly across the uneven ground carrying away anything that lay in its path.In a matter of seconds, it crashed through a hedge only a few yards away from where the man was crouching. After that, all was still. The man stood up dazed. For a moment he thought of running to the farmhouse and asking for help; but he changed his mind and rushed towards the gap in the hedge.In not more than 80 words describe what the man saw and did from the time he heard the engine to the moment he ran towards the hedge.Furthering Reading on How to Write a Summary (II)How to Write a Summary(by Sandra Lynn, Associate Professor of English)What is a summary?It is a brief statement, in your own words, of the key points of a piece of writing, which we can call the original source. The writing you are summarizing, or original source, may be as long as a book or as short as a few paragraphs. Your summary of it may be as short as a single sentence or as long as a paragraph, but it will always be brief. Your summary will present in condensed form the main points of the original, so the summary will always be true to the main idea and primary supporting points of the writing being summarized. Your summary will also be objective and so will not include your personal ideas and opinions. It will reflect only the ideas of the original. How is it used?Summaries are used in all fields and in many ways. A business report will include what is called an executive summary that provides a condensation of the main points of the report. It can be read by an executive in too much of a hurry to read the entire report. Summaries are also called abstracts and appear at the beginning of articles in journals or in online listings of articles so that readers can decide if they want to read the full articles or not. Lawyers use a form of summary called a legal brief that presents the main facts about cases. Writers use summaries when they want to refer to an article or book that their readers may not be familiar with. Students use summaries in research papers so that they can sum up the main points of their sources. Teachers sometimes also assign summaries as a way of checking that students are carefully reading and understanding written materials or as an exercise in skillful writing. Summaries are brief and because of that are a challenge to write.How do I go about it?Writing a summary is like packing a single, small suitcase for a trip. Everything essential must be included, and all the non-essentials must be left out because the suitcase has very limited capacity. In a summary all the main points must be included, and all the non-essential points must be left out because the summary can be no longer than a paragraph.Steps:1. Read the original (book, chapter, article, essay, passage) carefully. Here are some basic tips for doing that:Be sure to note the title, any subtitle, and information about the author(s). Not only is this important to understanding what you read, but a stand-alone summary will include the t itle and author‘s name at the beginning in this format:“Time and the Mythic Present,‖ Chapter One of Thunder Rides a Black Horse by Claire Farrer.Identify the thesis or main point of the original.Identify the supporting points and note their order. Your summary must follow this order.Identify the sections of the original. Sometimes these sections will be identified for you with headings, but if not, you must do this for yourself. Sometimes the easiest way is to review just the topic sentences of the paragraphs to see how the writer develops his or her subject.Notice transitions from one paragraph to another and from section to section. These will allow you to follow the logic and flow of the reading.Note the emphasis given to certain points. Your summary must emphasize these same points.2. Write out in your own words one or two sentences that express the main point or thesis of the original. It may be helpful to ask yourself, as a good reporter would, What‘s the point?Who‘s saying what?Why?When?Where?How?It may also be helpful to decide if the original is informing or persuading. If it is informative, what is the main point the author wants the readers to understand? If it is persuasive, what does the author want the readers to believe or to do?TIP: If the original has a clear thesis statement, you may use it, but you must put the exact words in quotation marks in your summary.3. Write a statement that sums up each of the main supporting points or sections. It may be helpful to go back to the topic sentences of each paragraph and try to build your statements from those.4. Combine the results of Step 2 and Step 3 into a rough approximation of a summary.5. Turn the rough draft of Step 4 into a paragraph. It should include the main point (Step 2) at the beginning, followed by the supporting points as development. Eliminate any unnecessary details, examples, repetitions, or words (note the word ―unnecessary”; occasionally, details or examples may be necessary to make the summary clear). In general, you want to be general! Omit everything except the primary ideas. The resulting paragraph should be concise and coherent.6. Try this exercise:read the sample essay entitled ―the disenfranchised poor‖ and follow the above 5 steps. Then check your work to see how close you come to this summary.―The Disenfranchised Poor‖by Sandra D. LynnI used to faithfully watch the program ―Nature‖ on public television. Every Sunday evening I would sit down in front of the TV and learn about the private lives and mating habits of squids or parakeets or lions. It was fascinating, and I enjoyed it, but something was missing. Finally, one evening ―Nature‖ was to present a programentitled ―Aspens.‖ Aspens are so lovely with their shimmering leave s and greenish white trunks against a cobalt sky, and they are intriguing, too. I was all set to learn about a different sort of secret life, about why aspens in a grove are clones, or why they are often the first trees to reappear after a fire, or how it is that they have photosynthesizing trunks.I was disappointed. The program was not really about aspens at all but about the animals that inhabit their groves, as if the trees themselves were a mere backdrop. I can understand that deer and hawks are exciting to photograph, but it did seem to me that the show could have done better by the trees whose golden autumn glory is a perennial photographic favorite. If I had been scripting the show, I would have included not only shots of mountainsides where gold is struck every fall but also of young aspens springing up like phoenixes from the ashes of wildfire or close-ups showing why the aspen leaves ―tremble,‖ which is the source of the trees‘ scientific name, Populus tremuloides, which means ―quaking‖ or ―trembling‖ poplar. When I thought about why that program didn‘t do justice to its subject, I realized that it wasn‘t because trees are not as photogenic as animals. The real problem was that when most people think about ―nature,‖ they think about animals, not plants. This is a problem not only in television programming but also, far more significantly, in public funding for conservation.Talk about taken for granted. Plants provide the foundation for terrestrial life, yet they are afforded little protection under U. S. environmental laws. In an article entitled ―Conservation‘s Disenfranchised Urban Poor‖ published in BioScience, the authors point out that plants are the poorest, most ―underprivileged‖ group with respect to funding for recovery under the Endangered Species Act. Each plant species listed as endangered received less than half the amount provided per species for the next two most impoverished groups, amphibians and invertebrates. In other words, the animals at the bottom of the priority heap, such as rare salamanders and beetles, would get more than twice as many of our tax dollars as the rare plants that may form the basis of their habitats. The authors write, ―No other group simultaneously receives so much attention with respect to listing action (approximately 50 percent of all listed species are plants) and so few resources in support of recovery efforts.‖The bias in favor of animals is striking. Three times as many plants in the U. S. are considered ―endangered‖ as animals, and one third o f our national flora is thought to be at risk. Yet, plants are only half as likely to receive listing protection as animals. In 1998 the Fish and Wildlife Service reported that in fiscal 1995 all endangered plants, approximately 800 species, received only 12 percent of recovery funds. In addition, while it is illegal to kill any animal listed under the ESA without a permit, listed plants can be deliberately destroyed without a permit and without mitigation of the damage to the plant population or their habitat. This apparently comes from historic legal precedent, in which animals are considered to be the property of the monarch or society, while plants are seen as the property of the landowner.Now, what does all this mean to conservationists? It doesn‘t mean that we should do less to save endangered animals or that animals should receive less attention in television programming or other forms of public education. It just means we must。
精读英译汉,paraphrase
Unit 1Paraphrase1. Ours is an era of conspicuous technological upheaval. But the purported gains of new technology----rising incomes, greater productivity----seem to elude us. (P6)1. It is obvious that technology in modern age has brought about great changes. Nevertheless, we have not yet benefited from the supposed gains of new technolo gy—rising income and greater productivity.2. Genuine thought is discouraged. The same thought-deadening process afflicts American managers. (P7)2. Creative thought is not appreciated. American managers have been troubled b y the fact that independent and active thinking gives way to dumb numbers. Translation1.这项计划为智力迟钝者提供长期的照顾。
（retarded）1. The program offers long-term care for the mentally retarded.2.他有一台又粗笨又庞大的旧电脑，速度慢，使用麻烦。
（cumbersome, bulky）2. He’s got a cumbersome, bulky, old computer—it’s slow and complicated to use.3.他沿着房间后部慢慢移动，尽量不引起别人的注意。
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Unit 1Text B Family-unfriendly Policies1.…, even after a significant reform of the welfare system, the single welfaremother has become the public symbol of much of what is wrong with America’s social service programs. (para 8)即使福利制度发生重大变革后，领取福利金的单身母亲成了美国福利政策的主要问题。
Paraphrase:a. Though a major reform of the welfare system has been carried out, the policies of aiding the single mother is still a demonstration(a good example) to show that the American social service programs have fundamental problems.b. Even after a major reform in welfare system, the single mother still enjoy too much benefits, which is always regarded as the main problem in America’s social service programs.2.Federal aid should give incentives for couples to form and sustain healthymarriages, not encouragement for single parenthood and nonmarital birth.(para 8)联邦援助应该鼓励夫妻双方建立并维系健康的婚姻，而不是鼓励单亲家庭和未婚生育。
Paraphrase:a. The government should encourage couples to set up and keep healthy marriages, not encourage households with one parent and give birth to children out of wedlock.b. Federal government should encourage couples to marry and keep healthy marriage and discourage giving birth to kids by single parents and unmarried parents.3.Public policy should not contribute to an a la carte menu of sex, love, andchildbearing. It should emphasize the benefits for all from the package deal of marriage. (para 9)国家政策不应该只制定有关性、爱和生育方面的政策，而应该想所有人强调从一揽子婚姻中所获得的好处。
Paraphrase:a. The policy for the public should not promote individually(separately) sex, love and childbearing, but should focus on the interests of the whole of marriage for all the people.b. Public policy should not be helpful to the separation between sex, love and childbearing. It should stress the benefits of all the married couples.Unit 2Text B Deep water Drilling1.Deep waters that were once off limits to oil explores are suddenly accessible,partly because of advances in floating rigs. ( para 19)以前开发不了的深海海域现在也能够涉足，部分原因是由于浮式钻机技术的进步。
Paraphrase:a. Deep water exploring oil had once been impossible before, but now it becomes practicable in part because the floating rigs have developed much.b. Oil explorers are now suddenly able to operate in deep waters where they couldn’t get to, in part because there are developments in floating rigs.2.Everywhere, the quest is for speed and lightness. The last hurrah for the oldguard may be the 4.2 billion Hibernian oil projects on Canada’s Grand Banks. (para 22)无论在哪，更快、更轻便都是永恒追求的目标。
我们似乎还听得见为庆祝在加拿大海岸发现42亿储量的爱尔兰石油工程发出的欢呼声。
Paraphrase:a. Anywhere in deep water drill field, high Speed and light weight is pursued forever. The last acclamation for the completion of the old typed fixed production platform may be the 4.2 billion Hibernian oil projects on Canada’s Grand Banks.3.Now, oil-rich countries that once spurned Western oil companies asimperialists realize that they’re missing out on a good thing. (para26)如今，那些一度排挤西方石油公司的富油国意识到他们错失了发展良机。
Paraphrase:a. Oil rich countries, which regarded the western oil companies as imperialists and rejected them, now get to know (realize) that they are failing to make use of their investment.4.Add all that up and you have the recipe for a possible explosion in oilproduction. (para 27)想想以上这些，你就会明白，石油开采仍有很大的发展空间。
Paraphrase:a. If we gather all the factors above, we have reasons to believe it is possible to have a explosion in oil production.b. Taking all these factors of technology and foreign capital into consideration, you may get the idea why there is a large oil production(why a large oil production is possible).Unit 3Text A The New Frontier of Biomedicine1. A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and proteins to match. (para 3)肝细胞与血液细胞分工不同，而且与之匹配的蛋白质也不同。
Paraphrase:A liver cell plays a different role compared with a blood cell and the proteins inside a liver cell are different from those inside a blood cell.2. But as the plasma proteome project shows, there will be a pay-off even at thestage of cataloguing proteins. (para 8)然而，正如血浆蛋白质组项目所展现的那样，即使是在蛋白质分类的初始阶段，我们也将受益匪浅。
Paraphrase:But as the plasma proteome projects indicates, people will benefit even during the period of making a list of proteins.3.And if the unexpected technological leaps made in fiercely competitive race for the human genome are anything to go by, they will arrive faster than we might think.(para 8)而且根据竞争极其激烈的人类基因组研究所取得的出人意料的技术飞跃，蛋白质组的分类图谱等研究会比我们预想的更快一些完成。
Paraphrase:a. Because there is much competition in the human genome research and technology develops so fast, mapping the millions of proteins in our bodies will be completed more quickly than we can imagine.b. If we judge by the unexpected technological advances achieved in human genome which involves fierce competition, the achievements in the field of proteomics will be accomplished more quickly than we might think.Text B Clones Makes a Man?1. A controversial area of science that has hardly been out of the spotlight since the birth of its leading lady, Dolly, the sheep, is cloning. (para 1)自从首只克隆羊多利诞生以来，克隆这项备受争议的科学技术就成为人们关注的焦点。