经济学原理英文版第一章PPT
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西方经济学曼昆 PPt 经济学十大原理
看不见的手通常会使市场有效配置资源，但 由于各种原因，看不见的手会不起作用，出现 “市场失灵”，即市场本身不能有效配置资源。 市 场 失 灵 (market failure) 的 原 因 ： 外 部 性 (externality) （ 一 个 人 的 行 为 对 旁 观 者 福 利 的 影 响）；市场势力(market power)（一个人或一小群 人影响市场价格的能力）；公共产品。 政府为了促进效率和平等，在市场失灵的时 候有时可以改善市场结果。但有时因为政治程序、 利益偏向、能力等原因会出现“政府失灵”
二、经济学的研究内容 1.人们如何做出决策？ 2.个人决策如何影响他人？人们 怎样交易？ 3.所有决策和相互交易共同组成 “经济”，影响整个经济的力量 和趋势如何。
三、经济学十大原理 1、人们面临权衡取舍
资源稀缺性要求人们做出选择。“鱼和 熊掌不可兼得”人们将在稀缺资源的多种用 途中进行权衡比较，根据自己的各种需要的 强弱缓急做出选择，找出对自己最有利的配 置方法。如个人的选择：安排时间、金钱 社会的选择：“大炮与黄油”、效率 (efficiency)与平等(equity)、保护环境与 增加收入
5、贸易能使每个人状况更好
竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、 竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、每个国家可 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易，人 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易， 们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳 务。
6、市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
社会不同的选择和资源配置方式决定了不同的 经济制度。市场经济(market economy)和计划经 济差别： *决策机制不同：前者由市场参与者分散、自 主决策。后者由至高无上的中央计划机关决策 *协调机制不同：前者用价格协调千千万万的决 策，后者有金字塔形的等级体系，用自上而下的 命令方式贯彻决策，保证决策协调 *激励机制不同：前者以个人利益为中心，后者 以集体主义为中心
二、经济学的研究内容 1.人们如何做出决策？ 2.个人决策如何影响他人？人们 怎样交易？ 3.所有决策和相互交易共同组成 “经济”，影响整个经济的力量 和趋势如何。
三、经济学十大原理 1、人们面临权衡取舍
资源稀缺性要求人们做出选择。“鱼和 熊掌不可兼得”人们将在稀缺资源的多种用 途中进行权衡比较，根据自己的各种需要的 强弱缓急做出选择，找出对自己最有利的配 置方法。如个人的选择：安排时间、金钱 社会的选择：“大炮与黄油”、效率 (efficiency)与平等(equity)、保护环境与 增加收入
5、贸易能使每个人状况更好
竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、 竞争各方相互贸易，每个人、每个国家可 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易，人 以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过交易， 们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳 务。
6、市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
社会不同的选择和资源配置方式决定了不同的 经济制度。市场经济(market economy)和计划经 济差别： *决策机制不同：前者由市场参与者分散、自 主决策。后者由至高无上的中央计划机关决策 *协调机制不同：前者用价格协调千千万万的决 策，后者有金字塔形的等级体系，用自上而下的 命令方式贯彻决策，保证决策协调 *激励机制不同：前者以个人利益为中心，后者 以集体主义为中心
曼昆经济学原理 第一章ppt
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
2
The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
can to achieve their objectives.
make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits
of marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What kinds of questions does economics address?
What are the principles of how people make
When a manager considers whether to increase
output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Equality: when prosperity is distributed uniformly
among society’s members
2
The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
can to achieve their objectives.
make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits
of marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What kinds of questions does economics address?
What are the principles of how people make
When a manager considers whether to increase
output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Equality: when prosperity is distributed uniformly
among society’s members
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆英文版《经济学原理》01-经济学十大原理
Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.
经济学原理英文课件 (1)
Equilibrium in Both the Goods and Money Markets: The IS-LM Model
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects Contractionary Policy Effects The Macroeconomic Policy Mix
An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent lowers planned aggregate expenditure and thus reduces equilibrium income from Y0 to Y1.
7 of 39
Looking Ahead: Determining the Price Level
Appendix: The IS-LM Model
1 of 39
goods market The market in which goods and services are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of aggregate output is determined.
Aggregate Markets
CHAPTER OUTLINE Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Other Determinants of Planned Investment Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Policy Effects in the Goods and Money Markets
Expansionary Policy Effects Contractionary Policy Effects The Macroeconomic Policy Mix
An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent lowers planned aggregate expenditure and thus reduces equilibrium income from Y0 to Y1.
7 of 39
Looking Ahead: Determining the Price Level
Appendix: The IS-LM Model
1 of 39
goods market The market in which goods and services are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of aggregate output is determined.
Aggregate Markets
CHAPTER OUTLINE Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
Other Determinants of Planned Investment Planned Aggregate Expenditure and the Interest Rate
Planned Investment and the Interest Rate
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
经济学原理英文版课件-国民经济核算
▪ includes spending on ▪ capital equipment (e.g., machines, tools) ▪ structures (factories, office buildings, houses) ▪ inventories (goods produced but not yet sold)
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP)
G&S bought
Firms
Households
Factors of production
Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
use.
Markets for Factors of Production
▪ For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.
14
use.
Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.
economy’s g&s. ▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad. ▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:
Y =C + I + G + NX
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP)
G&S bought
Firms
Households
Factors of production
Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
use.
Markets for Factors of Production
▪ For homeowners, consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house, but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.
14
use.
Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.
economy’s g&s. ▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad. ▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:
Y =C + I + G + NX
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件精编版
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR
Labor, land, and capital
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell •Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
= Flow of dollars
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS பைடு நூலகம்OMESTIC PRODUCT
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.
• What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.
• “ . . . Within a Country . . .”
– It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
• “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”
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purposefully does the best she can to achieve her objectives.
Many decisions are not “all or nothing,”
but involve marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
13
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
Rather than being self-sufficient, people can
specialize in producing one good or service and exchange it for other goods.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
14
CHAPTER 1
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually A Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
whole works?
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
2
What Economics Is All About
Scarcity refers to the limited nature of society’s
resources.
Economics is the study of how society manages
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
8
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin
A person is rational if she systematically and
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
7
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
Examples: The opportunity cost of…
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
3
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Decision making is
at the heart of economics.
The first four
principles deal with how people make decisions.
anThe opportunity cost of any item is whatever
must be given up to obtain it.
It is the relevant cost for decision making.
An “economy” is just
a group of people interacting with each other.
The next
three principles deal with how people interact.
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
What kinds of questions does economics
address?
What are the principles of how people make
decisions?
What are the principles of how people interact? What are the principles of how the economy as a
Society faces an important tradeoff:
efficiency vs. equity
efficiency: getting the most out of scarce
resources
equity: distributing prosperity fairly among
A. Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesn’t
B. Blue book value is $6000 if transmission works, $5500 if it doesn’t
12
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
11
ACTIVE LEARNING
Exercise
1:
You are selling your 1996 Mustang. You have already spent $1000 on repairs. At the last minute, the transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” In each of the following scenarios, should you have the transmission repaired?
1
Ten Principles of Economics
PRINCIPLES OF
MICROECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
6
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
Making decisions requires comparing the costs
…going to college for a year is not just the tuition, books, and fees, but also the foregone wages. …seeing a movie is not just the price of the ticket, but the value of the time you spend in the theater.
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
4
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
Going to a party the night before your midterm
Rational people respond to incentives because
they make decisions by comparing costs and benefits. Examples: • In response to higher gas prices, sales of “hybrid” cars (e.g., Toyota Prius) rise. • In response to higher cigarette taxes, teen smoking falls.
leaves less time for studying.
Having more money to buy stuff requires working
longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure.
Protecting the environment requires resources
10
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives
incentive: something that induces a person to
act, i.e. the prospect of a reward or punishment.
A firm considers whether to increase output,
comparing the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
its scarce resources, including • how people decide how much to work, save, and spend, and what to buy • how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire • how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs
Many decisions are not “all or nothing,”
but involve marginal changes – incremental adjustments to an existing plan.
13
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
Rather than being self-sufficient, people can
specialize in producing one good or service and exchange it for other goods.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
14
CHAPTER 1
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually A Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
whole works?
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
2
What Economics Is All About
Scarcity refers to the limited nature of society’s
resources.
Economics is the study of how society manages
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
8
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin
A person is rational if she systematically and
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
7
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
Examples: The opportunity cost of…
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
3
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Decision making is
at the heart of economics.
The first four
principles deal with how people make decisions.
anThe opportunity cost of any item is whatever
must be given up to obtain it.
It is the relevant cost for decision making.
An “economy” is just
a group of people interacting with each other.
The next
three principles deal with how people interact.
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
What kinds of questions does economics
address?
What are the principles of how people make
decisions?
What are the principles of how people interact? What are the principles of how the economy as a
Society faces an important tradeoff:
efficiency vs. equity
efficiency: getting the most out of scarce
resources
equity: distributing prosperity fairly among
A. Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesn’t
B. Blue book value is $6000 if transmission works, $5500 if it doesn’t
12
HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
11
ACTIVE LEARNING
Exercise
1:
You are selling your 1996 Mustang. You have already spent $1000 on repairs. At the last minute, the transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” In each of the following scenarios, should you have the transmission repaired?
1
Ten Principles of Economics
PRINCIPLES OF
MICROECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
6
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
Making decisions requires comparing the costs
…going to college for a year is not just the tuition, books, and fees, but also the foregone wages. …seeing a movie is not just the price of the ticket, but the value of the time you spend in the theater.
CHAPTER 1
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
4
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs
All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:
Going to a party the night before your midterm
Rational people respond to incentives because
they make decisions by comparing costs and benefits. Examples: • In response to higher gas prices, sales of “hybrid” cars (e.g., Toyota Prius) rise. • In response to higher cigarette taxes, teen smoking falls.
leaves less time for studying.
Having more money to buy stuff requires working
longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure.
Protecting the environment requires resources
10
HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives
incentive: something that induces a person to
act, i.e. the prospect of a reward or punishment.
A firm considers whether to increase output,
comparing the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue.
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
its scarce resources, including • how people decide how much to work, save, and spend, and what to buy • how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire • how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs