托福作文经验-what to follow
TOEFLiBT 高分作文 思路+范文 完美重排版

TOEFL.iBT 高分作文思路+范文完美重排版 (3)本部分填补了目前网络iBT 备考资料的空白。
根据李笑来老师提供的作文思路与《iBT 高分作文》原书范文重排。
本部分对iBT 考试的独立写作部分与口语部分均具有重要的参考作用。
范文中加粗部分均依为原书所有。
附录一185 题库按关键词分类 (184)照录原书附录附录二李笑来作文笔记(独立部分) (185)根据本人新东方听课详尽笔记整理而成附录三句法多样性专题 (193)附录四例证表达法 (199)时间匆忙,欢迎指出错误,将在后面的版本中修正。
感谢笑来老师给我们提供了如此之好的备考材料,一切版权归笑来老师所有。
仅供广大iBT 考生备考参考,建议购买原版以更好使用。
Lost Lawyer2006 年11 月10 日Page 2 of 201TOEFL.iBT 高分作文思路+范文完美重排版1. Why people attend college?People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.『分析』说明人们选择上大学的具体原因(一个或者多个):增加经验、拓展知识、开阔视野为了实现理想(ideal; idealistic)(如,周恩来就是为中华之崛起而读书)为了保证将来的就业机会父母要求子女上大学别人都上大学了,所以自己也选择读书找不到工作("无知",总是一部分人做出某个选择的理由。
上大学如是[1],去博物馆如是[12],从事危险运动亦如是[43]。
O’level英语作文记叙文(narratives)经验总结

O’level英语作文记叙文(narratives)经验总结博主按:儿子回国一周了,在忙忙碌碌中,见缝插针的写下了这篇o’level 英语作文记叙文(narratives)经验总结.儿子是善于总结、乐于分享的孩子.用他的话说:“自己总结的一些经验,要造福学弟学妹们,让他们节省时间,少走点弯路”.我很鼓励孩子这样做,独乐乐不如众乐乐,总结就是让自己再提高的过程,也是对别人有意义的一件事.更重要的是,我欣喜地看到,孩子走出国门,海外求学这两年,有别于国内填鸭式的教育体制已经在孩子身上有了折射.那就是:学习是自己的事,孩子学会了独立自主的总结与思考.o’level英语作文记叙文(narratives)经验总结学长我老了,考完o’level之后就很少再有机会narratives了.在海星的两年里虽然不敢自称narrative的大神,不过有很多这方面的经验了.在渐渐忘掉它之前,还是把经验传给众学弟学妹们,希望对大家有用.以下所说代表个人经验,仅供参考.绪论按照2021年及以前英语作文题目来看,5道题里有1道 one word和1道personal recount.我认识的大多数人写的是one word.但是我一直写personal recount,因为one word容易跑题,并太 recount把场景,大体故事什么的都设定好了,所以容易将类似的经验套入.无论是pure narrative还是personal recount大体遵循如下结构:strategies usedgradeother strategies(show not tell details etc.)vocabularysentence structureb3-c5plot and grammarc6 and below任何时候grammar是最重要的,如果连句子都写不对,卷子被画成“满江红”那就绝对fail.在词汇量还相对贫乏的时侯可以用sentence structure来帮自己拿到18分左右,有一定好词佳句时可以到20+,但要拿distinction就要在句式变化的基础上引入“大词”和别的策略了.按种类,narratives可分为pure narrative和personal narrative以第三人称叙述,不一定是生活中发生过的事,不一定真实,只要贴近题目即可.personal recount用第一人称,最好是自己的经历,也可以根据已有经历改编,但要贴近生活,要有可信度,在结构上必须按时间顺序来写.(. no flashback)推荐写personal recount,因为可以加入个人独特的经历.两个题目都可以用.更多选择,更多欢乐.一.故事1.选材: cambridge examiner 喜欢贴近生活的小故事(据说他们想了解新加坡人一天到晚都在干什么),不喜欢超越现实,脱离生活的故事.所以不要写什么凶杀、科幻、魔幻、悬疑、血腥、暴力的内容.情节不需要一波三折,陡出波澜, 但必须紧扣题目.(如果跑题,无论语言多好,也就是15,16的分)我personal recount的选材都是自己作为一个scholar或是中国人独特的经历,因为这样写就能set you aside from other candidates.像宿舍集体生活,学长和学弟,在华文学会的生活都是常用的题材.自己的独特经历是一般人没有的,也就使文章与众不同.比如,有题目出:write about a time when you had a heated argument with your friend. 我就写宿舍里有人打游戏打到很晚,吵得我睡不着觉,在各种方法试过后行不通就吵了,反映的是集体宿舍的生活.再如,有题目出:write about a time when you had a sleepless night.就可以写精彩的中华文学之夜.总之,素材要从生活积累,多回想一下发生过的事.此外,narratives的故事最好是短时间内发生的事,不要有很长的time gap.比如在文中经常出现几个月后,几年后这样的话,既不容易加入descriptive details又给人感到记流水账.因为每段时间先要创设一个setting,老是换setting总让人不断适应新的setting,还占字数.写narratives要找机会加入descriptive details来拿分,所以写的事最好是短时间内,能详细描写的事,比如一场比赛,一个晚上的宴会,一次面试等.2.时间:在考试时,最多用五分钟来选材、构思.第六分钟必须开始写了.每面花15分钟左右.总共用时控制在一小时之内.有时间检查更好,没时间也没关系,写的多了出错的几率也就少了.3.长度:有的老师特别讨厌长文章.建议长度控制在450到600之间,换算成foolscap的长度是3版到4版.4.结构:narratives的结构跟人体的比例结构差不多.开头不能太长,第一段最多三分之二版.先构思一下结构再写.注意详略得当,详写主要情节,人物心理、神态、动作等,略写无关紧要的次情节.如果有time gap就缩短描绘setting的文字.比如:half a year elapsed quickly and the winter holiday would e ina few weeks.一句话就概括了.5.关于“套”故事:一般写narrative的人爱把自己写过的作文往里面套.可以这么做,但必须进行适当的修改来扣住题目.(. gear to answer the question)这个过程中要做到自然,不要套不进还硬往里挤.如果让marker感觉到这是一篇reproduced essay (. 跑题),你的麻烦就大了.考试之前,读读自己写过的作文,脑子里多回想一下发生过的事,准备几个plot就行了.个人认为与其练如何套故事,不如多训练如何在5分钟之内构思故事.因为题目有可能是关于自己从没准备过的故事,能套中则好,套不中难道就 die, die吗?所以“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”,多练在5分钟内回想,采用个人经验,即使是自己以前没写过的也没关系.因为在文章中具体套用的是好词佳句,不一定是故事.现场发挥写的速度也是很快的.二.语法1.时态:narratives是在记叙过去发生过的事,所以通篇应该用过去式.但是在对话(dialogue)里的时态应是现在时,除非对话里的内容也是过去发生的事.在这里,尤其应该注意完成时的使用,表现事件发生的顺序性.比如,当运用before, after一类表示先后发生的词语时,应注意先发生的事件要用完成时.看以下两个例句就明白了:a. after had slapped him, he burst into tears.b. had already slapped him before he could explain himself.2.主谓一致:几个最致命的错误之一.但在narrative里用过去时,所以不容易出错.3.run-on sentences:也称ma splice,最常见的错误之一,中文称“连写句”.一个句子如果有不止一个主句,可以用and一类的连接词连起来,但如果用逗号连接主句就叫run-on sentences.比如:the door creaked open noisily, a small room came into view.这里,两个句子有不同的意思,没有关联,都是主句,所以就有ma splice.要么把逗号换成句号,要么用and一类的关联词来代替.在检查句子是否有语法错误的时候,最常见的方法就是看一句话中到底有几个主句,是否用了连接词.in a nutshell: grammar很重要,但是几个语法错误并不影响拿高分.因为时间很紧,不可能一点错都没有.但只要通篇给人的印象是你懂英语语法,偶尔几个错误也没关系,他们会认为是你写快了不小心写错的.三.句法1.句子类型:英语句子分三类,“simple sentence”,“pound sentence”,“plex sentence”.simple sentence就是最简单的主谓宾结构pound sentence就是把两个simple sentence用“and”,“but”,“so”一类的conjunctions连起来plex sentence就加入各种从句了.上面表中的“sentence structure”意思是要有variety.三种类型中cambridge讨厌pound sentence.所以一篇文章里出现几个就够了.刚来的时候老师嫌我们水平太差,写长句子会出错,所以就让我们写short simple sentences.但是一篇好文章里必须要有sentence variety.如果只有短句子,虽然没有语法错误,但表现不出你对语言的掌握.所以好的文章应该还是以长句,中句为主,加入从句,状语跟别的信息.在这样的基础上加入一些简短有力的短句(5个词以内)来表现出effect.比如“my heart sank”,“my jaws dropped”一类的短句,扔在一堆长句子中就很有效果.2.倒装句(inverted structures):为了进一步增添sentence variety,强烈建议大家用上一两次倒装.一般是把句子中介词以后的部分挪到句首.比如:three gigantic balloons lay there before us. 倒过来就是:there before us lay three gigantic balloons. 此外还有将句子的否定成分放到句首的.比如:i had never realised that he was such an altruistic person. 倒过来就是:never had i realised that he was such an altruistic person. 另外so…that…句型也经常用于倒装,比如:the substance was so powerful that it could cure all the diseases. 倒过来就是:so powerful was the substance that it could cure all the diseases,形式完美. 倒装句着重强调了放到句首的部分,使整齐的句式富有变化,为文章增色添彩.3.sentence fragment:一个句子里至少必须有一个主语和一个谓语,少了其中之一就叫sentence fragment.有些人故意放sentence fragment以达到一些效果.有的老师喜欢,有的就会圈出来.见过最牛逼的sentence fragment就是在文章最末一段只有一个词:“silence——”具有非常好的效果.但严格来说,sentence fragment属于语法错误,所以总体上为保险起见不建议写.4.用连词开头:有人爱用“and”,“but”,“so”一类的连词来开头,还是为了达到一些效果.如果一定要用的话,用一两次“but”就行了,而且不要多用.至于“and”和“so”一类的连词很说不过去,建议不要用.5.伴随状语(acpanying adverbial):在记叙文中,为了在一句话中加入更多的信息经常使用伴随状语.伴随状语的内容与主句的内容往往是同时发生的,这与在句中放置一系列并列的动词很不一样.比如:screaming hysterically, the man ran out of the haunted house.这句话就是说那个男人在跑出鬼屋的同时惊声尖叫.但如果换成如下的句子,意思就不一样了:the man screamed hysterically and ran out of the haunted house.这个句子中两个动词出现的顺序不同,表达的意思就是那个男人先尖叫,然后再跑出了鬼屋.另外,伴随状语的使用原则往往是直接以adjectives, present或past participle开头,省略了句子成分中的be动词,不然就会出现两个主句(run-on sentence的问题).比如,原本应该是“is screaming hysterically”变成状语加在句中就是“screaming hysterically”.伴随状语中的主语可以和主句中的主语相同,也可以不同.当相同时,伴随状语中的主语就会省略,以非谓语动词开头.如果不同,则需要保留(独立主格结构).比如:her head spinning and her body reeling, madam lim felt her world begin to swim in front of her.这里,“her head”、“her body”和“madam lim”是三个不同的主语,所以各自在句中保留,而伴随状语中的be动词都被省略了.当使用不同主语的伴随状语的时候往往省略了介词with,这些with都是可以还原的.使用伴随状语是最容易达到sentence variety的.因为状语可以用逗号放到句子的很多部分中.比如下面这组句子:screaming hysterically, the man ran out of the haunted house.the man, screaming hysterically, ran out of the haunted house.the man ran out of the haunted house, screaming hysterically.伴随状语可以放到句首,句中和句末.反复使用,表现得十分传神,使句子参差错落极富变化,超凡脱俗,令人拍案叫绝.四.标点1.对话中的标点:英语中标点的运用主要是逗号和句号,用的时候注意上面所说的ma splice的问题.此外还常用问号和叹号(但是叹号用的太多,以至于cambridge经常抱怨新加坡人太爱发感慨).标点常见错误出现在对话中.英语的对话永远不会出现冒号,所有在中文中用冒号的地方用逗号代替.对话中一句话的开始第一个字母要大写.具体可看下面三组不同形式的对话:a. he sat down and consoled her, “don’t worry. you can try harder next time.”b. “where is your homework? e to my office!” madam lim cried.c. “you will never succeed in life,” madam lim asserted. “your arrogance is simply too annoying!”不多讲,注意以上标点的用法,特别是标红的部分就可以了.2.分号(semicolon):在这里向大家隆重推荐使用分号.分号就是“;”,深深地为examiner所喜爱,因为会准确使用它的人太少.分号的作用是连接两个紧密关联的句子.它左右两边的必须是有紧密关联的,完整的句子.也就是说,分号可用来替换像“because”“as”一类的关联词.通常分号右边的句子用来解释左边的句子,如:i noticed a genuine smile on madam lee’s face; she seemed to be elated by the performance that was beyond her expectation.在这里,分号右面的部分用于解释为什么她会微笑,两个句子有紧密的关联.另外要注意,第二个句子的首字母一定要小写.3.波折号(dash):与分号相比,波折号的运用更加广泛.波折号的用处是在句子中展现一些别的内容.可以是解释原因(这时它的用法与分号相同,可以替换分号),如上边的例句中,分号就可以换为波折号.再如:he will not tell you anything about how to study well——that is his own secret.也可以表示列举,如:the reward was handsome——a plaque of gold award and a pile of brightly-coloured, crispy notes.还可以用于未说完的,被打断的对话中,如:“what if we——”“no, i have a better idea.”波折号可以用于句中,也可以用于句末.波折号后面的内容不一定是完整的句子.cambridge很喜欢分号和波折号,保证在文中用上两三次就行了.4.连字符(hyphen):这里再向大家介绍一下连字符,在summary里很管用.连字符用来连接两个词语,使结合的新词同时有两个词语的意思.联结起来的词只算作一个词.比如: noun+ adjectivenoun + participleadjective + participleaccident-proneputer-aidedgood-lookingsugar-freequality-drivenquick-thinkingcarbon-neutralstraw-filledill-temperedpower-madawe-inspiringfair-hairedjelly-likemind-bogglingcrimson-varnished此外还有adverb+participle一类的连接词.这类词应该用在所修饰的名词前.如: a well-known person.但是如果用在名词之后,就不能用连字符.如:the actor is well known for his great dramatic prowess.连字符不如分号和波折号吃香,但为了显示你懂多种标点符号,也建议使用.五.词汇和其他策略1.词汇的准确性:如果说议论文是content-based,记叙文就是language-based,在文中仅有sentence variety是不够的.所以词汇的使用很重要.在这里不一定非要用生僻的,别人没见过的大词,而要把词用准(appropriateness),用得恰到好处,产生点铁成金的效果.比如下面几个句子中画bold+ underline 的词语.a. heplunged (rather than stabbed) the knifeunerringly into the master’s throat, again and again. (“plunged”一词描绘了刀的速度之快和力量之大,而“unerringly”描绘了用刀的准确性) b. wehumbly stood up and greeted madam limwith our heads bowed, whereupon madam limswaggered (rather than walked) her way across the stage and took her seat in the first row. (“humbly”和“with our heads bowed”体现出我们的恭顺,反衬出madam. lim的骄傲,而“swaggered”一词意思是“walked in an arrogant way”用来描绘一个人骄傲的步伐就很合适)c. he sat down andhowled (rather than cried) when he was informed that his father had already passed away. (“howled”指痛苦、大声的哭,这里就比“cried”更有力量)d. decisively, hewhipped out (rather than took out) his knife andslashed at (rather than cut) the rope connecting him and the chaotic camels. (“whipped out” 反映出了拔刀之突然,速度之快而“slashed at”表现出砍绳子的动作之猛,这些都反映出他很decisive)由以上可以看出,选择合适的词语能够传递一些别的信息,使表达显得更准确,更生动,会使文章加不少的分数,令examiner爱不释手.但这些都需要有深厚的词汇积累和写作经验做基础,不然就会出现用错词的现象.当大家在把学到的“大词”运用到作文里时,一定要事先知道词的connotation,和词跟词之间的不同.如果你用“大词”用得文不从字不顺,那还不如不用.因为这给examiner 表现出你不知道这个词还乱用,扣的分比用一个普通的词还要多.下面有几个用错词的例子 (画bold+ underline的词语):a. thank you for yoursuperfluous english lessons. i have learned a lot of knowledge through them. (这里明显是想传达对英语老师给他上extra lessons的谢意,但“superfluous”一词在表示额外的同时还有一层unnecessary的意思,所以是错误的使用,可以换为“supplementary”)b. after hours of waiting, madam lim finallymaterialized at the front door of the classroom. (materialized 一词是个好词,形容突然出现.但一般是形容虚无的事物,如鬼魂,突然显现,用在这里也是不合适的)c. his trophyshimmered brightly under the stage light. (shimmered 也是个好词,用来形容反光,但一般指柔和的光,比如大海在月光的照耀下滢滢泛光.应该改为“glittered”)所以,大家在学到一个新词时,一定要查它的英文意思和例句,知道词与词之间微妙的不同,这样才能准确地用词.2.词汇的积累:词汇量的扩充是一个不断积累的过程,有的来自于读书,有的来自于日常生活.但无论怎样都必须经过一道程序——查词典.在这里向大家推荐使用电子辞典.有些老师特别讨厌电子辞典,说它们在误导中国学生.但我觉得电子辞典只要使用恰当,就对学英语有很大的帮助.首先在选字典时要选既有汉语又有英语解释的辞典,而且英文解释要是信得过的.我两年用的是名人i530号词典(据说现在已绝版了),里面的英文解释和例句与苹果电脑里配置的词典完全相同,所以是绝对信得过的.在查词的时侯,中文意思可不看,但英文意思一定要看(中文有时没法准确概括出词的意思,所以只看中文会产生误导).再看完英语解释仍不理解时可用中文解释加强理解.此外,还要看例句以知道这个词语(词组)应该怎么用.电子词典中还带有一个叫thesaurus的同义词词典,也非常好用.它能通过查近义词的方式,从一个词介绍出很多新词.比如由grumpy,就能查到一些其它的近义词,如sulky, morose, sullen等.再如由determined,就能查到关于它的近义词,如resolute, insistent, staunch, adamant, persistent等.之后,在英英词典中查每个词的具体意思,了解他们的不同之处.由这种方法学习的新词,可以按组来分,称之为lexical sets.每一个set里面都是意思相近的词语.通过一组一组来学习,效果是很快的.在每一组中,具体去查每一个词的意思以了解词跟词的不同,在不同的context中用不同的词,这样就能确保不用错词,文从字顺.比如下面三组lexical sets:a. 表示“觊觎,渴求”一类的词语,由desire延伸到:yearn for, crave for, covet, long for, thirst for等不同词语.b. 表示“怪”一类的词语,由strange延伸到:weird, odd, awkward, peculiar, bizarre, eccentric, queer等一组词语.c. 表示“骄傲”一类的词语,由proud延伸到:arrogant, conceited, supercilious, pompous, haughty, snobbish一类词语.这样的方法就是通过一个词来学习多个词语,以扩大词汇量.由于这些词都是近义词,所以在写文章意思重复出现时可以互相替换(只要context正确),在词汇方面拿分.除了介绍同义词外,thesaurus还能将一个很general的词延伸扩展,介绍出很多新词.比如输入walk时,跳出来的就有各种各样的walk,如:strut, march, stride, stagger, scamper, scramble, tiptoe, swagger, sneak, storm等不同情况下的走.再如输入say时,跳出来各种各样的say,如:cry, roar, scream, moan, stutter, groan, stammer, mutter, snap, bellow, murmur, whisper, console等不同的说.这时就需要在具体的context中用具体的、恰当的词语,就增强了用词的准确性.比如形容结巴时用stammer, stutter.形容呻吟时用moan, groan.形容恶狠狠地说时可以用bellow.形容小声说可以用murmur, whisper, mutter.形容安慰地说则可以用console等.thesaurus还经常介绍有关某一学科的术语,比如当输入astronomy时出现各种天文学术语.(cosmos, nova, meteor, et, nebula, galaxy, asteroid什么的)再如像输入colour, 就跳出来具体的颜色.(crimson, maroon, lavender, khaki, azure, mauve, turquoise等)将这些颜色准确地运用到所描摹的事物中,显示出词汇量的高深.除了thesaurus之外,还有phrasal verb dictionary (短语动词词典), idiom dictionary(成语/习语词典)和 collocation dictionary(搭配辞典)都是学写作文常用必备词典,尤其是搭配词典,就是讲正确的词语搭配,如何正确使用学到的词,都应经常使用.总而言之,词典是每个学英语者必备的宝物也是最好的朋友.无论电子词典还是书本词典都应善加利用,没事就翻着看.语言的匠心独运才能达到表情达意的目的.3.成语(idioms):写作文使用的词不一定是越生僻越好.有些很熟悉的词,使用时往往能使人眼前一亮,最好的例子就是成语的使用.成语中的词都是非常常见的,就像是中国成语一样.新加坡的华文老师都喜欢看见本地学生使用成语,同样的道理,如果能在英语作文中也使用两个成语,就能产生妙不可言的效果.比如用“shaking like a leaf”来描述恐惧,用“like a drowning man clutching like straws”来描述绝望,用“in one’s element”来表现一个人如鱼得水等.成语的积累来自于多读、多查.查一个单词时,跟它有关的成语都可以查出来.但值得注意的是,大多数的成语是informal的.所以使用时不要滥用,一般两三个就够了.除了对话外,只能用formal的和proverb.积累成语对oral特别有好处,因为不管formal 还是informal都可以说.所以建议大家多多积累成语.4.show not tell:我们老师介绍的一种很有力的策略.与其直接说出来,不如通过人物的语言、动作、神态等间接地表现出来.比如,当你要表现一个人拿着很重的东西时,与其说“the man carried a heavy item.”你可以说“the man staggered dangerously lopsidedly towards us.”通过人物走路的姿态,读者可以猜出他拿着一个很沉的物品,这样就比直接写要含蓄的多.再如,与其说“i was very nervous.”倒不如说“my heart palpitated wildly as if it was about toexplode.”通过描写心脏的跳跃来表现紧张.寥寥几笔,意在言外,show not tell 就是如此精彩!5.simile:总而言之就是比喻,拟人一类手法.这类手法有时打破了词语本身的意思,所以要慎用.一篇好文章里应该出现几处比喻拟人什么的.曾有一位narrative大师同学写过“her face was colonized by the moles.”大为老师激赏,把moles 拟人化了,笔墨精练,洋溢着诗的意境.再比如有一次我写一篇关于人生第一次演讲的作文,文中写道类似“i made my way to the microphone stand——my guillotine, and bowed before the judges.”将麦克风比作断头台来暗示心中的恐惧,同样为老师所称赞.再常见些的比拟有什么“the glory of the championship was beckoning to us.”“the dining table was waiting there for the hungry guests.”等等.6.descriptive details:这是拿分的秘宝.想要挣分的话就找进任何机会加入descriptive details(as long as they are relevant).这种details可以是环境描写(渲染气氛),可以是人物内心描写,也可以是动作、神态等描写.descriptive details最能显示出考生的语言功底,也能最方便地表情达意.比如在描绘一个盛气凌人的形象时可以加入如下文字,“there was something about her big bulging eyes i found dreadfully disturbing——a glint of malevolence and a heightened sense of superiority.”通过对人物眼神的细节描写,表现出她的恶意和蛮横,细致入微.再如,描写离别什么的时候,可以先用一段细致地描写环境,烘托离别感伤的气氛等.想拿高分就要综合使用上面介绍的几种strategies,此外还有一些别的有效的策略,地方有限就不一一介绍了.7.关于练习:写好作文还是需要多练,多apply各种strategies.这也是一个多学习使用新词,准备故事的过程.在不确定一种表达是否正确时,可以先在练习文章中试着使用,如果被圈出来了就不要再用了.写好一篇作文后可给老师看,也可给信得过的学长看(建议多给改得快的老师看).老师改作文速度不等,有的上午给,下午还;有的学期开始给,学期结束还;有的送上去就再也还不下来了(因为被他弄丢了).如果遇到那种改作文特慢的老师,建议把一篇作文复印后给多个老师送去.老师们改的perspective都不同,一篇作文多听听不同老师的意见也是有好处的.这也同时可以避免弄丢或者不还的问题.六.常见表达在读书时,凡是看到的好词,成语,比喻等各种好的表达都要随时记在脑中,并试着在自己的文章中运用,做到学以致用.刚开始写narrative的同学们对描绘常见的feelings和scenario都要寻找alternatives.不要翻来覆去一直用afraid, nervous, excited什么的.要多加入一些积累的好表达.下列是这两年来本人积累的各种描绘常见feelings和场景的表达(能想起来的).大家使用之前一定要先查一下意思,把词用到合适的context中去.1. describe happiness: elated, ecstatic, contented, delighted, jubilant, euphoric/ in euphoria, ebullient, delirious, enraptured, pleased, exhilarated, exuberant,a whoop of joy escaped from his lips2. describe excitement: thrilled, fervent, frenzied, delirious, euphoric/ in euphoria, ebullient, exuberant, animated3. describe eagerness: keen, enthusiastic, avid, ardent, fervent, passionate, zealous, earnest, devoted, zest, energized4. describe fear: shaking like a leaf, scared stiff, send shivers up and down one’s spine, scared out of one’s wits, afraid, frightened, petrified, horrified, terrified, paralyzed, his face, ashen-white, was frozen into a visage of terror5. describe nervousness: anxious, worried, consternation, apprehensive, agitated, overwrought, jittery (informal), trepidation,dismayed, disturbed, disconcerted, perturbed, all my nerves were jangling like overstretched violin strings, my heart palpitated wildly as if it was about to explode, with a thumping heart, my heart pounded furiously 6. describe anger: furious, enraged, infuriated, incensed, fuming, seething in anger, wrath, annoyed, irked, vexed, exasperated, irritated, piqued, resentful, outraged, rage, tantrum, grumpy, she unleashed yet another volley of angry questions like an erupting volcano7. describe sadness: upset, dejected, downcast, gloomy, despondent, crestfallen, disheartened, melancholy, despair, depressed, desperate, dispirited, demoralized, disappointed, disillusioned, my heart sank, her words were like thousands of knives plunging into my heart,inside, i was thrown into the deepest abyss of sorrow8. describe attractiveness: indulged, engaged, fascinated, mesmerized, intrigued, interested, transfixed, riveted one’s eyes upon something, hypnotized, spellbound, beguiled, charmed, enchanted, captivated, enthralled, engrossed, bewitched9. describe surprise (“n” means negative and “p” means positive. otherwise, it means neutral): astonished, shocked (n), amazed (p), jaws dropped (n), stunned (n), dumbfounded, taken aback, flabbergasted (informal), dumbstruck (n), startled (n), rendered speechless, the realization of the true fact struck him like a thunderbolt (n), dazzled (p), staggered10. describe embarrassment: abashed, sheepish, ashamed, blushing, humiliated, disfort, a sense of uneasiness ran down my spine, i shuffled unfortably, inside, i hoped the ground would immediately swallow me up to bail me out of such an embarrassing situation11. describe tiredness: exhausted, haggard, listless, weary, fatigued, drained of every ounce of energy, devitalized, lethargic, my legs were encased in iron, limp, lifeless, jaded。
托福作文:what lead to success 和 zoo 的作用

What lead to success?When a person is said to be successful, it means that he or she has done something well, achieved something significant, or reached some level of power or responsibility. All of the verbs used in these acknowledgements suggest work, probably hard work.In order to do something well, one must pay close attention to details and make as few mistakes as possible. One cannot do well by just waiting for lady luck to come along and help. In order to make a good dinner for instance, one must prepare the food carefully, and cook it to perfection. It is not enough to place a pot in the door hoping that a chicken jump in and cook itself. That would be very lucky.Achieving something significant usually requires a degree of persistence in the face of barriers and potential failures. Something significant usually takes time. We frequently hear the term “overnight success”, but the term often refers to those who have toiled in obscurity for a considerable time while honing their skills to the point of achieving some greatness in what they do. It is true that people win lotteries and become wealthy over night, but what have they to show after one, five or ten years? Statistics suggest that they are often worse off before their windfall. Luck did not help them because luck is no a great teacher. Failure and hard work are better teachers of success.In order to achieve a position of power and responsibility, one usually has to show that one can handle duties and responsibilities over time. In other words, one must demonstrate consistency. Being consistent means dong things in the same way time and time again. It means being dependable and always delivering high quality work. One might point to the past to show how the luck of birth led to one becoming a queen or king; however, the luck of birth never made a good queen or king. That was usually the result of hard work.Although I have argued above that success is essentially the result of hard work, I think it is important to point out that sometimes luck does play a role. Sometimes we are lucky to hear about an opportunity, or sometimes we are in the right position at the right time. Sometimes it appears that luck has been a guide or an opportunity provider, but the opportunity is only the first step. To be successful, one must do something with the opportunity, and that usually be hard work.ZooZoos, they are smelly, they are expensive to maintain, they are just a form of entertainment aren’t they? The average people only visit the zoo once a year----if that much. One might even bu so inclined to make the argument that “zoo, serve no practical purpose”, so who needs them? However, a closer look at the role zoos play would reveal why such an argument is not only premature, but ultimately quite wrong-headed.First of all, for most of us, an understanding and appreciation of the natural world around us began with the first trip to the zoo. Who does not remember going to the zoo as a child? Who does not remember having his favorite animals and begging his parents, ”can we please pleaseplease see them today”? Whether you idolized the tigers, the monkeys or the snakes and lizards, a trip to the zoo was the quintessential childhood experience.But other than providing us with pleasant memories of childhood past, we cannot ignore the environmental contributions zoos have made. Not only have they instilled in us a sense of the importance of protecting wildlife, zoos have saved many species from disappearing form the planet completely. Many animals have become endangered due to illegal hunting or habitatdestruction. But zoos and conservation centers have played a key role in breeding and reintroducing these animals into the wild for future generations to enjoy. The California condor, wild horses of Mongolia and panda of China, have all benefited from the captive breeding and reintroduction programs.So, while one might initially be inclined at first to dismiss going to the zoo just as a form of leisure on par with an afternoon at the park or a night at the KTV, I hope this essay can convince the reader that zoos are much more than that. They protect our national living treasures for extinction and from as early as childhood they can enrich our understanding of the natural world. Given these facts, it seems that it is not enough to say that zoos do serve a practical purpose, they are in fact, indispensable.Work in a large company。
托福长难句120句解析

托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析:这个句子中,convoluted意为“复杂的”,表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂,以至于学生很难理解和跟随。
2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析:这个句子中,despite意为“尽管”,表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作,但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。
3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析:这个句子中,rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”,表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。
4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析:这个句子中,met with意为“遭遇”,表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。
5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析:这个句子中,has the potential to意为“有潜力”,表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。
6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析:这个句子中,plummeted意为“暴跌”,表示由于经济衰退,公司的利润暴跌。
托福作文经验--what to follow

托福作文经验--what to follow写作是测试语言能力的重要方式,TOEFL考试自1987年起增加了写作测试,原因是美国的大专院校普遍反应单纯的客观题测试不能全面综合地反映考生的英语语言能力。
目前大多数美国院校要求申请入学的学生提供TWE(Test of Written English)即写作考试的成绩,一般要求是在5分以上,而一些名校的要求会高达满分6分,由此可见,托福作文的成绩会在极大程度上影响申请者最后进入的学校和取得奖学金的数额。
据有关资料统计,我国考生的托福写作成绩平均在3.5分左右,作文已成为广大考生在留学路途中一个难以突破的瓶颈。
有没有可能在短期内提高写作成绩呢?答案是肯定的。
本文不仅要帮助考生在短期内突破写作瓶颈,而且要提高考生的写作技巧和写作质量,从而为有志赴海外留学的莘莘学子助一臂之力。
TOEFL高分作文的奥秘何在?笔者认为,考生务必从以下四点入手,即:内容简单化、结构模式化、语言要包装、考前要强化。
一、内容简单化内容简单化是考生在构思托福作文时应遵循的原则。
考生不论是在练习时还是在考场上都应当牢记这一点。
许多考生在作文上败下阵来就是因为花费了大量的时间和精力追求内容的新颖别致。
ETS出托福作文试题时特别注意选择一些弹性不是很大的题目,因为托福考试作为一种语言测试方式,其重点在于测试考生英语语言水平,它不像GMAT和GRE这类智商型考试那样测试考生逻辑思辩的能力;如果设置弹性较大的题目,评卷人在评分时就不容易把握。
事实上,托福作文考试的内容并不会给评卷人留下太深的影响,参阅任何一本托福指南书的考生都可以发现书中范文的内容不会有太多新意,评卷人评判的是考生的文能力,考生在构思时只要保证自己的内容符合逻辑,能够言之有理、言之成理、切题即可,然后把更多的注意力放在如何追求语言的得体性上;有的考生在考场上绞尽脑汁,想要找出些绝妙的内容来吸引评卷人的特别关注,结果往往是花费了十分的心思只得到一分的回报,有时反而会弄巧成拙,使评卷人的注意力转移方向,影响得分。
TOEFLiBT高分作文思路+范文完美重排版

TOEFL.iBT 高分作文思路+范文完美重排版 (3)本部分填补了目前网络iBT 备考资料的空白。
根据李笑来老师提供的作文思路与《iBT 高分作文》原书范文重排。
本部分对iBT 考试的独立写作部分与口语部分均具有重要的参考作用。
范文中加粗部分均依为原书所有。
附录一185 题库按关键词分类 (184)照录原书附录附录二李笑来作文笔记(独立部分) (185)根据本人新东方听课详尽笔记整理而成附录三句法多样性专题 (193)附录四例证表达法 (199)时间匆忙,欢迎指出错误,将在后面的版本中修正。
感谢笑来老师给我们提供了如此之好的备考材料,一切版权归笑来老师所有。
仅供广大iBT 考生备考参考,建议购买原版以更好使用。
Lost Lawyer2006 年11 月10 日Page 2 of 201TOEFL.iBT 高分作文思路+范文完美重排版1. Why people attend college?People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.『分析』说明人们选择上大学的具体原因(一个或者多个):增加经验、拓展知识、开阔视野为了实现理想(ideal; idealistic)(如,周恩来就是为中华之崛起而读书)为了保证将来的就业机会父母要求子女上大学别人都上大学了,所以自己也选择读书找不到工作("无知",总是一部分人做出某个选择的理由。
上大学如是[1],去博物馆如是[12],从事危险运动亦如是[43]。
牛人经验托福iBT写作完全攻略

考托者应记住的几条公理1,托福作文就是新八股文2,托福作文只要练好了人人可以拿27+3,托福作文得高分不意味着你英语水平有多高4,提高英语水平靠多听多读多背多说多写多练多译首先让我们全面剖析新托福作文:(以下要求均为我自己的理解,非官方版本,官方要求请参照OG)integrated writing/综合写作:要求考生在3分钟内读一篇文章,然后听一个lecture,在20分钟内根据文章和lecture内容写一篇250字左右文章比较两者的观点。
(注:文章内容和lecture内容注定是对立的,如果你考的不是对立的,那只有一种可能,你的RP次到了人神共愤的地步了。
)综合写作的八股在于:第一段指出reading passage和lecture内容是对立的;第二、三、四段从三个方面/点来说明他们的内容是怎样对立的;第五段总结一下他们之间确实是对立关系。
independent writing/独立写作:给定一个题目,要求考生在30分钟内写出400字左右的文章,要求逻辑清晰,论述有力,无明显的语法和词法错误。
独立写作八股在于:第一段陈述你的观点,支持哪一方;第二、三、四段从三个方面论述你的观点;最后一段总结一下,综上所述,某某观点是正确的。
综合写作:模板,套模板,一定要套模板!理由:1,模板让你的思路更加清晰,这是ETS要求的。
2,20分钟!开玩笑,怎么凑到300字?当然要用模板!3,阅读听力我都不怕,就怕作文,写三句话错两句,我怎么得26+?当然还是用模板,既然是模板就意味着是你精挑细选的句子,保证了写作的质量!提醒:1,模板要富于变化,一篇只能用5句那你就要准备10句!2,模板不能一味照搬别人的,避免重复!3,保证模板里的句子没有语法和用词错误!一般来说,大家把一下几个句子稍微变形,即完成了综合写作第一步1. The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that… (用于第一段)2. The professo r made the point that …The reading , in contrast, held a different view .(用于第一或第二三四段)3. Another important point showed in the listening material is that …but the reading presents a conflicting idea that…(用于第三四段)4. Finally, the professor stated that ...which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that...(用于第四段)5. In general, the professor discussed the problem of …that the reading viewed in a contrary\opposing\different angle.(最后总结段)6. According to the lecture… on the other hand \while the reading stated that …7. The professor made the point that… on the contrary\ in contrast\ however, the writer demonstrated an ideathat…8. The lecture supports\illustrates the idea that…9. The lecture contradicts\refutes\ is contrary to\ is the opposite of the idea that…10. Contrary to the belief in the passage that …the professor says that…11. The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that… by saying that…(6-11均用于第二三四段)大家可以把连接词变化一下,把动词变化一下或句式稍变,11句话灵活运用。
TOEFL托福写作范文附思路解析最新汇总

TOEFL托福写作范文附思路解析最新汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试,我给大家整理一些托福写作范文附思路解析,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。
托福写作范文附思路解析182. Should pets be treated as family members?Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.『分析』与宠物特别亲热,有好处,也有不好的地方。
好处:不孤独;每个人都有爱心;闲暇时间有心理寄予(spiritual/psychological sustenance);缺点:人会变得孤僻;脏;宠物可能传染病毒『范文』Throughout history, animals have always been great companions to man. In todays society, we frequently treat our pets as members of family, nursing them when they are sick, and playing with them when they are well. I believe that the relationships that people have with their pets are healthy for many reasons.Firstly, animals provide companionship for people who are too oldto maintain regular friendships. It is most common for one spouse to outlive the other. Frequently, the surviving spouse does not remarry, and eventually, all his or her friends die. When one is elderly, it is difficult to make new friends. In this type of situation, having a pet as a companion is greatly preferable to spending all of ones time alone. While a pet cannot speak, it can understand its masters emotions, and usually responds accordingly.Secondly, animals have been proven to reduce their masters stress. This is probably because an animal is always happy to see its master, and gives the master unconditional love. As long as the master is kind to his/her pet, the pet will be devoted and faithful. A pet also provides a friendly face after a stressful day. For example, I have a pet dog. After taking an exam, the only thing I want to do is go home and play with my dog. He always brings me much needed cheer and happiness.Lastly, having an animal can prepare a young couple for having children. A young animal is very difficult to take care of. Let us take the example of a puppy. One can never leave a puppy by itself. A puppy must be constantly taken care of; he must be toilet-trained and disciplined. Raising an animal to be happy and sociable is very much like raising a child to possess the same attributes. While a puppy is obviously easier to take care of than a child, it can show the prospective parents where some of the difficulties will lie when raising a baby.In conclusion, I think having a very close relationship with a pet is healthy. Having a pet can reduce loneliness, stress, and prepare one for the huge experience of having a child. Pets are often referred to as mans best friend, and for good reason.托福写作范文附思路解析183. What have you learned about a country from watching its movies?Films can tell us a lot about the country where they were made. What have you learned about a country from watching its movies? Use specific examples and details to support your response.『分析』通过电影可以了解一个国家的经济、科技风俗、习惯历史、文化价值观念……相关题目:[82]、[180]『范文』One of the favorite pastimes of people today is watching movies. Movies can teach us a great amount about the world, especially if we watch movies from another culture. When watching a foreign movie, we can learn about the landscape and scenery of the country, the countrysethics and customs, and its historical events.The world is a great and varied place, from the immense mountains of the Himalayas to the deserts of America. By watching movies, one can gain insight as to what these beautiful places are like. For example, I recently watched a number of movies filmed in America. I learned about the beautiful beaches of California, national parks such as Yellowstone and Niagara Falls, as well as man-made wonders such as the Statue of Liberty, Mount Rushmore, and the Golden Gate Bridge. Watching foreign movies is an excellent way to deduce where one wants to travel, if he/she has such an opportunity.Watching movies also teaches us about a countrys ethics and customs. For example, while watching American movies, I learned that children do not show as much respect to their parents as we do here in China. In some cases, children were very disrespectful of their elders, and ignored their wishes outright. I was shocked by this behavior. To give another example, I also learned about table manners in America, which are quite different from the rules we follow in China.Furthermore, one can learn about a countrys history by watching films. For instance, there are many movies that have been made about the wars in America, such as Gone With the Wind. Movies such as this show foreign viewers why America is the free and independent society that it is today. Hence, watching foreign movies is an excellent way tolearn about faraway lands. One can learn about the landscape of a place, about its culture, as well as its history. Perhaps schools should consider watching foreign movies in classes to provoke interest from the students about such lands.托福写作范文附思路解析184. Study alone or with a group of students?Some students prefer to study alone. Others prefer to study with a group of students. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.『分析』可以实行it depends的策略,要看学什么科目。
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托福作文经验-what to follow写作是测试语言能力的重要方式,TOEFL考试自1987年起增加了写作测试,原因是美国的大专院校普遍反应单纯的客观题测试不能全面综合地反映考生的英语语言能力。
目前大多数美国院校要求申请入学的学生提供TWE(Test of Written English)即写作考试的成绩,一般要求是在5分以上,而一些名校的要求会高达满分6分,由此可见,托福作文的成绩会在极大程度上影响申请者最后进入的学校和取得奖学金的数额。
据有关资料统计,我国考生的托福写作成绩平均在3.5分左右,作文已成为广大考生在留学路途中一个难以突破的瓶颈。
有没有可能在短期内提高写作成绩呢?答案是肯定的。
本文不仅要帮助考生在短期内突破写作瓶颈,而且要提高考生的写作技巧和写作质量,从而为有志赴海外留学的莘莘学子助一臂之力。
TOEFL高分作文的奥秘何在?笔者认为,考生务必从以下四点入手,即:内容简单化、结构模式化、语言要包装、考前要强化。
一、内容简单化内容简单化是考生在构思托福作文时应遵循的原则。
考生不论是在练习时还是在考场上都应当牢记这一点。
许多考生在作文上败下阵来就是因为花费了大量的时间和精力追求内容的新颖别致。
ETS出托福作文试题时特别注意选择一些弹性不是很大的题目,因为托福考试作为一种语言测试方式,其重点在于测试考生英语语言水平,它不像GMAT和GRE这类智商型考试那样测试考生逻辑思辩的能力;如果设置弹性较大的题目,评卷人在评分时就不容易把握。
事实上,托福作文考试的内容并不会给评卷人留下太深的影响,参阅任何一本托福指南书的考生都可以发现书中范文的内容不会有太多新意,评卷人评判的是考生的文能力,考生在构思时只要保证自己的内容符合逻辑,能够言之有理、言之成理、切题即可,然后把更多的注意力放在如何追求语言的得体性上;有的考生在考场上绞尽脑汁,想要找出些绝妙的内容来吸引评卷人的特别关注,结果往往是花费了十分的心思只得到一分的回报,有时反而会弄巧成拙,使评卷人的注意力转移方向,影响得分。
在考场上,笔者认为考生在构思内容上所花的时间不应超过5分钟,在认真读题并将其理解透彻以后,考生可以在试卷题目下方的空白处列一个简短的提纲,用中文即可,以此作为写作过程中内容的提示,在提笔开始写作的过程中就可将重点放在保证语言的流畅得体上,不会因为内容而中断思路。
二、结构模式化TOEFL高分作文的第二大策略是结构模式化,这也是最核心的一条策略。
通览以往的TOEFL作文考题,细心的考生不难发现,托福作文考题不仅题目弹性很小,而且题型相结稳定,这就为考生在短期内提高作文分数创造了一个条件,使考生完全可以在考前针对考试中可能出现的题型按照固定的结构模式进行训练。
TOEFL作文考题从语言形式上可大致分为三个类型,第一种为二选一,即题目给出两种观点,问考生倾向于哪一种观点,但近两年这类题目转向隐蔽化,考生要学会“拨云见日”,将隐蔽的题目转化成熟悉的题型。
例如1998年5月的托福作文题目:你朋友有一笔钱,你认为是应该用这笔钱买车还是度假,这就是典型的隐蔽化的二选一题型,可以转化为:一些人认为,你朋友应该用这笔钱买车,而另一些人认为你朋友应用这笔钱度假,你同意哪一种观点。
第二种题型是提出一个观点,问考生同意与否。
1998年8月的考题就属这一类型,题目说向朋友借钱会影响朋友之间的友谊,问考生是否同意这一观点。
第三种题型是要考生在题目所给的若干事物中选出一种说明其某种特性。
观察近年的TOEFL作文考试可以看出,每年每种题型都会出现一次。
固定的题型自然有较为固定的模式与之相配,下面笔者将详细解释前两种题型的结构模式。
二选一的题型有三种结构模式,一是一边倒的结构模式,即考生完全倾向于一种观点。
这一模式又可分为两种,一边倒和修正型一边倒。
一边倒是说考生在文章中完全同意一种观点,这种写法的优点在于思维单一,只需要列举几个理由,并展开讨论,不会由于内容复杂而产生逻辑的混乱,而缺点在于相对单一的内容会使考生觉得没有太多话可写。
修正型一边倒的写法是指考生即可以写赞成这种观点的理由,也可以谈反对它的理由,但由于赞成的理由多于反对的理由,所以最终考生还是同意这一种观点。
这种写法显出考生的态度较为客观,不武断,而且从正反两方面谈,考生写起来会觉得可写的内容较多。
第二种二选一题型的结构模式是折衷的写法。
考生可以先写赞成一种观点的几点理由,接着写赞成另一种观点的理由,最后考生就自己的情况,明确表示最终赞成哪一种观点。
有人可能会提出质疑,说题目要考生明确表示自己倾向何种观点,这种既说甲好又说乙好的折衷写法是不是跑题。
事实是,这种写法不仅符合题意,而且是最符合实际情况的。
所以,在考试中完全可行。
如有这样一道题目,一些人认为公司应当雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员,而另一些人认为应当雇用有资历、有经验的老职员,你同意哪一种观点。
针对这一题目,有一个考生写道:在雇用职员时常常会发生争论,有人认为应雇用年轻、有朝气和创造力的职员,而另外一些人觉得要雇用年龄大、资历老且有经验的职员。
赞成雇用年轻职员的人通常会列举这样的理由:……,而赞成雇用年老职员的人会说:……,假如我是一个广告公司的经理,就我的实际情况而言,在雇用策划人员时,我会选择年轻职员,因为…,而在管理阶层,我会选择一些有经验的老职员……。
这篇作文在实际TOEFL考试中的得分是6分。
二选一的题目还可以这样写:先说赞成一种观点的理由,再说不赞成这种观点的理由,就个人而言,比较倾向另一种观点并陈述理由。
第二种题型的结构模式相对简单得多。
针对提出的一种观点问考生同意与否这种题型,考生应在第一段里明确表态是同意还是不同意题目所给观点,然后用二到三个自然段举例来支持自己的态度,最后一段做一小结,并再次表明自己的态度。
这种题型的诀窍在于凭例证和事实说话,但考生要学会提炼事实不要在文章中讲一个冗长的故事,因为考试有时间和字数的限制。
有考生也许会问,既然结构模式化是TOEFL高分作文的核心策略,那么有没有一种以不变应万变的固定模式来对付所有的作文题型呢?考生可以尝试这种模式:即先提出自己某观点或事物的看法,然后列举理由,最后得出结论,事实上就是在写议论文时常用的三大块结构,但考生要根据具体情况具体分析,绝不可以机械地生搬硬套,这样反而会影响成绩。
三、语言要包装做到内容简单化和结构模式化,考生就已经向TOEFL高分作文的目标迈进了一大步,如果考生还能在语言的细节上下一些功夫,TOEFL作文的分数就会更上一层楼,这也就是我们接下来要谈的第三大策略:语言要包装。
前面我们已经说过,TOEFL作文的测试重点是考生的语言能力,因而在语言细节上下一点功夫就可以让考生展示自己的语言修养。
作文中语言的包装主要应从以下六点入手。
首先是语法方面的包装。
考生要注意在作文中选取一个中心时态,通常选取一般现在时即可,但在陈述具体例证时要根据不同的情况变换时态。
TOEFL明确要求高分作文的句子要做到多样化,所以最好不要全盘使用简单句,这样会降低文章的层次、复杂句和简单句应在文章中交叉出现,而对一些描述性的例证以及临时想起的内容可以使用简单句。
词汇的包装是个较为艰巨的过程,但单从TOEFL应试的角度而言,考生可以精选一些TOEFL高分作文学习,吸取其中的语言营养,对其中的用词进行细致的研究和模仿,在练习时尽量使用范文中一些常用的优秀词汇。
语言包装的第三点是注意文化移入,TOEFL作文的评卷人与考生来自完全不同的文化背景,许多考生认为正常的习惯表达法也许是评卷人根本无法理解的,所以这种跨文化的交际行为具有危险性,考生如果把握不好会起到反作用。
应当尽量避免使用带有比喻色彩的修辞手法,因为喻体的不同会带来文化理解的问题,举一个最简单的例子,中国人在形容非常着急时常常比喻说就像“热锅上的蚂蚁”,但如果在和文中出现“ants on a hot stove”,TOEFL 的评卷人不会明白是什么意思,西方对应的说法是“a cat on hot bricks”(滚烫的砖块上的猫)。
在文化移入方面也有一些成功的例子可供借鉴,考生在文章中可以使用一些中国历史或典故,但前提条件是考生可以用英文将其解释清楚,这样不仅可以向评卷人展示自己的语言解释能力,还可以通过这种文化移入为博得评卷人的好感。
同样在引用名人名言时考生也要特别注意:中国人习惯用别人说的话来证明自己的观点,而西方人引用名人名言通常都是为了进行批判性分析,这也是东西方文化上的一大差异,建议考生心意一不要使用名人名言,而应当用自己的逻辑去说服对方。
说到这里自然就引出五一个语言包装的问题:应不应当在作文中作用谚语,大多数考生会觉得这些语言对评卷人而言已是陈词滥调,不应该在他们面前卖弄,事实恰恰相反,非英语国家的考生使用谚语常常会给英语国家的评卷人留下良好的印象,他们认为只有英语功底很扎实的考生才能正确地使用谚语。
因此,在对所用表达法把握很大的情况下,考生不妨在作文中写一些地道的英语习语。
语言包装的最后一点是文体意识。
普林斯顿所提供的评分标准中非常明确地指出考生所写的文章应当是academic(学术性)的,考生在提笔之前应当清楚地认识到现在这篇文章应当是学术性的正式文体,在遣词造句时要抛弃口语体的非正式的词汇和句型。
四、考前要强化前面所讲的三大策略都是针对托福作文具体写作过程而言,接下来要说的第四大策略主要针对考前准备,即:考前要强化。
任何事物都是要在实践中得到证明的,想要写出真正的TOEFL高分作文,除了要学习领会前面的三大策略外,考前准备时还有三点需要注意,一是考生一定要提起笔来写,只有拿起笔真正写过文章的人在考场上才有可能将种种策略运用开来,赢得高分。
应该写什么,又该怎样写呢?建议考生每个题型写两篇文章,对照范文找差距,不断修改,不断完善,这个过程不仅会帮助考。