Classification_ppt
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classification英文写作分类实用PPT课件
Extremely upset
Agape
Remembering Barbara as an idea rather than a * person
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Reading
On Matters of Love
1. Do you think the feeling of being in love can be researched and studied? Based on the content of the text, the more appropriate answer would be “no”. Love belongs to the sphere of sensibility, while “research” and “study” are obviously tools of the sense. They are mutually exclusive. 2. Have you heard or experienced a relationship in which one prefers to move faster while the other feels the opposite? Why do they have the difference? What can we do to solve the problem? Love, to some extent, means the opening of your heart and taking another person in. This is in fact a process of identity reconstruction. For the cooler party in a romantic relationship, his/her reason still prevails and his/her identity remains comparatively intact. Therefore, the other party’s “fast” love can be considered a violation of his/her personal space.
2-2 Classification of English vowels 英语语言学ppt
that cup /..k k.. that girl /..k g../ good cup /gug k../
Word-final /n/ becomes bilabial before bilabial consonants;
ten pens ten boys ten men
Word-final /n/ becomes velar before velar plosives/k, g/:
and [:].
3) the shape of the lips
rounded vowels: All the back vowels in English are rounded except [ɑ:].
unrounded vowels: All the front vowels and central vowels in English are unrounded.
Ten cups
ten girls
Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar before palato-alveolar fricatives and the palatal frictionless continuant/;
This ship This year has she those young men
Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal;
Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal;
Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before an initial fortis consonant;
Word-final /n/ becomes bilabial before bilabial consonants;
ten pens ten boys ten men
Word-final /n/ becomes velar before velar plosives/k, g/:
and [:].
3) the shape of the lips
rounded vowels: All the back vowels in English are rounded except [ɑ:].
unrounded vowels: All the front vowels and central vowels in English are unrounded.
Ten cups
ten girls
Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar before palato-alveolar fricatives and the palatal frictionless continuant/;
This ship This year has she those young men
Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal;
Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal;
Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before an initial fortis consonant;
数据挖掘课件-分类分析Classification
predicting
Unknown Objects （Without Class Labels）
2
Example: Learning (Training)
3
Example: Testing & Predicting
4
评价指标
预测准确度 计算效率: 建立分类器及预测 对噪音的敏感度 可解读性
5
数据准备
A decision tree is a flowchart-like tree structure, where each internal node (non-leaf node) denotes a test on an attribute, each branch represents an outcome of the test, and each leaf node (or terminal node) holds a class label.
True False
True False
[21+, 5-]
[8+, 30-]
[18+, 33-] [11+, 2-]
16
Entropy
S is a sample of training examples p+ is the proportion of positive examples p- is the proportion of negative examples Entropy measures the impurity of S
分类分析 Classification
1
监督式学习:预测对象的类标签
Training/building
Known Objects （With Class Labels）
TextileFibresClassification.ppt
2
“fiber” or “textile fiber”
▪ A unit of matter which is capable of being spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by bonding or by interlacing in a variety of methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, twisting, or webbing, and which is the basic structural element of textile products.
9
Vegetable fibres
▪ Bast fibres
Low Lignin content – Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content – Jute, Hemp
(1)
Cotton
▪ Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant .cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant . each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen).
3
For the standardisation, classification and easier identification of fibres, Federal Trade Commission (FTC) assigned generic groups of manufactured fibres according to their chemical composition like Poly ester, Poly Amide. Acetate etc.
“fiber” or “textile fiber”
▪ A unit of matter which is capable of being spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by bonding or by interlacing in a variety of methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, twisting, or webbing, and which is the basic structural element of textile products.
9
Vegetable fibres
▪ Bast fibres
Low Lignin content – Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content – Jute, Hemp
(1)
Cotton
▪ Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant .cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant . each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen).
3
For the standardisation, classification and easier identification of fibres, Federal Trade Commission (FTC) assigned generic groups of manufactured fibres according to their chemical composition like Poly ester, Poly Amide. Acetate etc.
Unit-2-Classification(ppt文档)
subgroups are based on the same principle. 2) Classification should be exclusive (排他性), so that resulting subgroups
do not overlap. 3) Classification should be complete (完整性), so that no important
organize the information in the pattern of classification.
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
New Words: (P36) 1) renewable energy source
e.g. Cats, dogs and birds all belong to the class of animal.
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
2. Applying Classification (应用归类)
* Classification is a strategy of explaining or examining a subject by organizing its components or various parts into categories, and it is a very useful way to organize complex information.
subgroups are omitted.
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
do not overlap. 3) Classification should be complete (完整性), so that no important
organize the information in the pattern of classification.
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
New Words: (P36) 1) renewable energy source
e.g. Cats, dogs and birds all belong to the class of animal.
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
2. Applying Classification (应用归类)
* Classification is a strategy of explaining or examining a subject by organizing its components or various parts into categories, and it is a very useful way to organize complex information.
subgroups are omitted.
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Classification
动物分类英文版..ppt
Reptiles
Reptile Characteristics
• Reptiles can move at various speeds. • They lay their eggs on land. • They have dry scaly skin. • They can include animals as large as a crocodile. • Their body temperature varies with their
have more hair than we do. • The hair keeps the animals warm. • They feed milk to their young.
Invertebrates
Invertebrate Classification
• What is an Invertebrate? • Invertebrates are animals that do not have
exoskeletons.
An Exoskeleton is a hard outer covering that protects an animal’s body and gives it support.
There are six groups of invertebrates. They are:
backbones. 97 % of the animal kingdom is made up of
invertebrates. • Some can be found in ponds, oceans, and other
water environments. • Insects and some other invertebrates have
Classification
Relevance analysis (feature selection)
Remove
Data transformation
Generalize and/or
normalize data
Issues regarding classification and prediction (2): Evaluating classification methods
III.
Decision Tree Induction: Training Dataset
age <=30 <=30 31…40 >40 >40 >40 31…40 <=30 <=30 >40 <=30 31…40 31…40 >40 income student credit_rating high no fair high no excellent high no fair medium no fair low yes fair low yes excellent low yes excellent medium no fair low yes fair medium yes fair medium yes excellent medium no excellent high yes fair medium no excellent buys_computer no no yes yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes yes no
New
Unsupervised learning (clustering)
The
class labels of training data is unknown
classification
?
Robin
Turdus migratorus
Ursus americanus
美洲黑熊
Ursus maritimus
北极熊
Taxon(分类阶元)
•Kingdom •Phylum •Class •Order •Family •Genus •Species
(界) (门) (纲) (目) (科) (属) (种)
produce viable offsprings
产生可育后代
•Number of Species?
• •Only about 2.5 million species have been described & named so far •Scientists estimate that 5-10 million more may live in the tropics
有成形的真正的细 胞核，有核膜、核 仁和染色体
细胞质 生物类群
有核糖体、线粒体 有核糖体 等，植物细胞还有 （唯一的细胞器） 叶绿体和液泡等 （有多种细胞器）
细菌、蓝藻、放线菌 植物、动物、真菌
原核细胞与真核细胞的区别
mitochondria线粒体 ribosome核糖体 chloroplasts叶绿体
Heterotrophic Kingdom Fungi 真菌界
6 Kingdom system
Eukaryotes
Uni-cellular Kingdom Protista Multi-cellular
All cells
Prokaryotes
Cell wall
No cell wall Kingdom Animalia
–Plantae: multicellular, eukaryote, photosynthesis
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Bacteria
• 3 basic shapes: spheres, rods and spirals
• Very, very small (10-50 m)
– (1 m = 0.001 mm)
• All have a similar structure
• All have a cell wall (different to plants and fungi) and a cell membrane • May have a capsule or slime layer, for protection from drying out and from other invading bacteria or viruses • No nucleus • DNA is a single, circular chromosome, loose in the cytoplasm • Some can swim with their flagellum • Some have plasmids
Features of different groups of animals
Plants
• Includes flowering plants, mosses and ferns
• Muticelluar • Cells contain chloroplasts • Make their own nutrition (through photosynthesis) • Cells have cell walls made of cellulose (a carbohydrate) • They store energy as starch • They transport energy as sucrose
• Natural systems classify organisms according to what characteristics they have in common
– This method gives information about evolution – organisms that are classified together probably evolved from the same type of ancestor
Fungi
• Mushrooms, toadstools, moulds, yeasts
• Mushrooms, toadstools and moulds are multicellular, yeasts are unicellular • No chloroplasts • Cell walls are made of chitin
Methods of classification
• Artificial systems use a single characteristic
– Eg plants that are medicines and plants that are poisonous – Eg can fly, cant fly
Classification
• There are many different habitats on earth • Mutations have produced variety in organisms leading to the evolution of approximately 5 million different species
• In order to be able to identify and compare different species we have developed a way of classifying them into groups • this process is called taxonomy
• This process began at the time of Aristotle in Ancient Greece and has developed to the system that we use today
– This type of system was first developed in the 17th century by John Ray and was improved soon after by Carl Linnaeus – who also came up with the binomial system for naming organisms
Viruses
• Many types (not species – they are not classified this way)
• All are parasites • Can only reproduce inside living cells (called the host) • Much smaller than bacteria (0.01 – 0.1 m) • Not made of cells • No nucleus or cytoplasm • Only made of genetic material (DNA or simpler RNA) surrounded by a protein coat • Sometimes there is an envelope around this, which is taken from the membrane of the host cell
– Small, circular rings of DNA – Very useful in genetic engineering
• • • •
Some have chlorophyll Most feed of other organisms Many are decomposers Some are useful, eg Lactobacillus bulgaricus is used to make yoghurt from milk • Some are pathogens (disease causing)
– This is called saprotrophic nutrition
Yeasts
• Tiny • Single celled
• They absorb soluble substances over their whole surface • There are many different species • Useful for making bread and wine
Multicelluaຫໍສະໝຸດ fungi• Reproduction is by fruiting bodies which release spores
• Cells join up to make hypae (hi-fee) • These make a network called a mycelium • Digestion is extracellular – they secrete enzymes onto material (often dead matter) and once the enzymes have digested it into soluble substances they absorb the products
– (sucrose is also stored in fruits)
Animals
• Very wide variety • Includes vertebrates and invertebrates • 60% are insects
• Multicellular • No chloroplasts • Feed on other animals or plants to get nutrition • No cell walls, so cells can change shape • Body often coordinated by a nervous system • Carbohydrate stored as glycogen
• Viruses affect plant, animal, fungi and bacterial cells • In humans, the body’s immune system usually destroys the virus • In the case of HIV this particular virus destroys the immune system, so another virus can invade and will not be killed
• Do not feed, respire, excrete, move, grow or respond to surroundings • Only reproduce • They enter and take over the genetic machinery of the host cell, using it to make more viruses • When many viruses are made, the cell bursts open, releasing the viruses (and killing the cell)