心理语言学Memory for Sentences
心理学专业英语memory
• Definition:
memory systems have large capacity but very short duration.
• Two main types: 1. iconic memory（映像记忆）:momentarily pres 5 : sensory memory
• Questions:1.what is sensory memory?
• 2.The duration of iconic memory and echoic memory.
sensory memory refers to the initial, momentary recording of information in our sensory systems. Sensory
• Questions:what is long-term memory? • Definition:
• Long-term memroy can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span) . Long-term memory encodes information semantically.
2.echoic memory（回声记忆）:holds auditory stimuli
• • • •
Paragraph 6:short-term memory
Questions: 1.what is short-term memory? 2.how can we increase the memory capacity? Definition: Short-term memory (STM) has a limited capacity and lasts only briefly without rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal can extend the presence of material in STM indefinitely. 短时记忆容量有限，在不复述的情况下，保存时间很短。保持复 述可以在一定程度上延长短时记忆材料的保留。 STM capacity can be increased by chunking unrelated items into meaningful groups. 可以通过把无意义的项目加以组块，构成有意义的族群，从而增 加短时记忆的容量。
语言学名词解释
自己整理的，供参考。
↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗1Duality(二元性): each human language is organized into two basic seystems: a system of sounds and a system of meaning. This is called the duality of language.2.connotative meaning（内涵意义）: the additional meanings that a word or a phrase has beyond its central meaning.3. minimal pair（最小对立体）: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are called minimal pairs.4. Affix（词缀）: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem).(词缀是一个构词成分的集合,它们只能附加于另一个语素词根或词干上.)5. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）studies the interaction between language and the structure and functioning of society.6. lingua franca（通用语)the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers.7. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）studies how humans learn language and the relationship of linguistic behavoir and the psychological processes in producing and understanding language.8. diachronic linguistics（历时语言学）: The description of the historical development of a language is a diachronic study.9. immidiate constituent analysis（直接成分分析）is the technique of breaking up sentences into word groups by making successive binary cuttings until the level of single words is reached.(when constituents(i.e. Structural units) are considered as part of the successive unraveling of a sentence, they are known as its immidiate constituents.)10. Euphemism（委婉语）：a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or subjects,e.g. powder room for toilet.11. Taboo（禁忌语）：words that are offensive or embarrassing, considered inappropriate for “polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.12. structural linguistics（结构语言学）it is based on the assumption that grammatical categories, should be definede not in terms of meaning, but in terms of distribution and that the structure of each language should be focused on description.13. Semantic triangle（语义三角）One best known example to illustrate this view is the Semantic Triangle .Thought or Reference( concept)Symbol Referent(Linguistic elements) ( object in the world)14. Morphology（形态学）refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.15. Presupposition（预设）refers to the conditions that must be met in order for the intended meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable.16. Overgeneralization（过分概括）the process of extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm.17. Fossilization（僵化现象）It is a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.18. Register（语域）It is a technical term used to describe a language variety that is associated with a particular topic, the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and the speech channel.(It refers to the functional variety of language that is defined according to its use in context.)19. utterance meaning （话语意义）----refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. It becomes an utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used.话语意义是指在句子意义的基础上，是句子意义在特定语境中的具体化，它体现了说话人的意图和目的，它是动态的。
语言学名词解释
一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
心理语言学名词解释_注释版
名词解释1. Mutual exclusivity bias相互排斥倾向A cognitive constraint in which children assume that an object is ordinarily not given two different names.2. Motherese 母式语言A form of adult-to-child speech characterized by relatively simple utterances,concrete referents指示物, exaggerated intonation patterns夸张的语调模式, and a high proportion of directive utterances指示话语.3. Critical period hypothesis临界期假设The view that there is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language.4. Language bioprogram hypothesis语言生物程序假设The hypothesis that children whose environmental exposure to language is limited use a backup linguistic system.5. Pidgin混杂语An auxiliary辅助的language that is created when speakers of mutually unintelligible 无法理解的languages are in close contact.6. Language transfer 语言迁移In second-language acquisition, the process in which the first language influences the acquisition of a subsequent后来的language.7. Overregularization规则泛化When a child a pplies a linguisitic rule to cases that ar e exceptions to the rule--for example, saying goed instead of went.8. Holophrase 表句词单词句A one-word utterance used by a child to express more than the meaning attributed to the word by adults.9. Idiomorph ？A sound or sound sequence音序used consistently by a child to refer to someone or something even though it is not the sound sequence conventionally used in the language for that purpose.10. Coalescence合并A phonological音位学的，音韵学的process in which phonemes音位，音素（the smallest unit of significant sound in a language）from different syllables音节are combined into a single syllable.11. Reduction减少cluster reduction音群删略A phonological process in child language in which one or more phonemes are deleted. Also called cluster reduction音群删略because consonant clusters辅音群，两个或两个以上的辅音连在一起are often reduced, such as saying take for steak.12. Assimilation 同化A phonological process in which one speech sound replaced by another that is similar sounds elsewhere in the utterance.13. Common ground共识The shared understanding of those involved in the conversation.14.Semantic bootstrapping语义引导She spent years bootstrapping herself through university.她靠自己多年奋斗念完大学The process of using semantics to acquire syntax.15. Accommodation顺应A phonological process in which elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to their error-induced environments.20. Psycholinguistics心理语言学The study of the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.21. Aphasia失语症A language or speech disorder caused by brain damage.A mental condition in which people are unable to remember simple words or communicate.22. Behaviorism行为主义The doctrine that states that the proper concern of psychology should be the objective study of behavior rather than the study of the mind.23. Distinctive features显著特征The specification详述of the differences between speech sounds in terms of individual contrasts.24. Observational adequacy观察充分性The extent to which a grammar can distinguish betw een acceptable and unacceptable strings of words.The grammar must specify what is and what is not acceptable sequence in the language.语法能对原始的语言材料做出正确的选择25.Descriptive adequacy描写充分性The grammar must specify the relationships between various sequences in the language. The extent to which a grammar can provide a structural description of a sentence.语法不仅应该能解释原始的语言材料，而且要正确解释说话人和听话人内在的语言能力。
现代语言学自考题-5
现代语言学自考题-5(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.______ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.∙ A. Psycholinguistics∙ B. Applied linguistics∙ C. Sociolinguistics∙ D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。
它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。
2.In linguistics, ______ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.∙ A. acoustic phonetics∙ B. articulatory phonetics∙ C. auditory phonetics∙ D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。
其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。
3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.∙ A. speeches∙ B. utterances∙ C. events∙ D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。
心理语言学：CH5 Sentence Processing 2
Deriving Propositions
• Children who are slow eat bread that is cold
– Slow children – Children eat bread – Bread is cold
Evidence for Propositions
• Memory better for sentences with fewer propositions
• Comprehending a sentence involves attention to syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors.
• What part does each factor play? – Do we use our syntactic semantic, and pragmatic knowledge simultaneously when we comprehend a sentence?
Structural/ lexical ambiguity
• Find at least 5 meanings of this sentence:
–I made duck.
• I cooked waterfowl for her benefit (to eat) • I cooked waterfowl belonging to her • I created the (plaster?) duck she owns • I caused her to quickly lower her head or
• Traditional theories assume that sentence processing is algorithmic and that meaning is derived compositionally
心理语言学
How to comprehend
概念模型The conceptual model Argument is war: Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticism were right on target.
daily conversations people do not usually say
things directly but tend to imply them.
conventions
语言交际是在对交际做出共享的假定的语境中发生的. 这些隐含的假定可 以成为约定（conventions）(Bach & Harnish, 1979; Grice, 1975)，Grice 归 纳了四条，他称之为准则（maxims）， 合起来就是“合作原则”（the cooperative principle）。
language by considering the literal meaning , then rejecting it. Searle (1975) claims that we use several stages, of which three are most relevant here.
What is conceptual metaphor?
Lakoff 提出了概念隐喻，概念隐喻包含两个认知域：一个始源 域(source domain)和一个目标域(target domain). 始源域使我们熟 悉、能直接体验的认知域；目标域，是抽象的、难以理解和感 知的认知域。隐喻的本质---用一种事物理解和经历另一种事情， 隐喻使我们能用熟悉的具体的概念去表达、理解、感知那些抽 象的事物的概念。 当一个认知域的事件、过程，被系统的用另外一个认知域的词 汇、句法去表达，即一个认知域的概念被另外一个认知域的概 念隐喻化，这就是概念隐喻。隐喻不仅出现在我们使用的句子 中，我们的思维也具有隐喻化得特征。
教师资格认证《心理学》文本教案Chapter 5 Memory
教师资格认证《心理学》文本教案（第5章）Chapter 5 Memory (记忆)Main Contents（主要内容）Section 1 Memory Summarization（概述）Section 2 Memorization （识记）Section 3 Keeping and Forgetting(保持和遗忘)Section 4 Recognition and Recollection（再认和回忆）Section 5 Class Exercise（课堂练习）Section 1 Memory Summarization(概述)5.1.1. What is Memory (什么是记忆)?记忆(Memory)是过去经验在人脑中的反映。
人脑感知过的事物，思考过的问题和理论，体验过的情感和情绪，练习过的动作，都可以成为记忆的内容。
记忆是一个复杂的心理过程，从“记”到“忆”包括识记（）、保持（）、再认（）或回忆（）三个基本环节。
识记是识别和记住事物，从而积累知识经验的过程。
保持是巩固已获得的知识经验的过程。
回忆和再认就是在不同的情况下恢复过去经验的过程。
经验过的事物不在面前，能把它重新回想起来称回忆（再现）。
经验过的事物再度出现时，能把它认出来称再认。
记忆过程中的三个环节是相互联系和相互制约的。
从信息加工观点来看，记忆就是对输入信息的编码、贮存和提取的过程。
记忆的重要性是十分清楚的。
人类具有惊人的记忆力。
人脑可以贮存1015比特(bit)的信息，因此记忆的容量是十分巨大的，保持的时间也很长，有些记忆能保持七、八十年或更长的时间。
5.1.2. Memory Image （记忆表象）记忆表象：感知过的事物不在面前，头脑中再现出来的形象。
表象具有直观性。
表象是感知留下的形象，所以具有直观性的特征。
但是，由于客观事物不在面前，而是通过记忆回忆起来的，所以它所反映的通常仅仅是事物的大体轮廓和一些主要特征，没有感知时所得到的形象那样鲜明、完整和稳定。
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Role of Inferences in Advertising
Harris (1977) let students listen to commercials about various products and later to determine whether statements about the products were true, false, or of indeterminate truth value (Carroll 150). Findings – People were generally not very good at distinguishing between claims directly asserted and those implied.
Fillenbaum's(1966) 966)
◆ 1 The ▲2The
window is not closed.
window is closed. Closer in form ▲3The window is not open. ▲4 The window is open. Closer in meaning The study found that most people correctly remember 1 as what they heard, but if they made an error, they were much more likely to choose 4 than either 2 or 3.
Greater elaboration of processing leads to better retention.
Inferences and False Recognition Errors
Experimental procedure: Present people with long lists of sentences and later probe their tendency to make FRE (Bransford 1972). FRE – errors people make by believing that they saw or heard something that was actually not presented. Long list – to encourage participants to attend to meaning, not just the form of the sentences.
Wanner’s study (1974) Participants hear: When you score the results, do nothing to your correct answer but mark carefully those which are wrong. Your correct or correct your ? (meaning-significant)
Sachs’s study (1967)
Time course of retention
Experimenal Procedure:Students were asked to listen to taperecorded passage and were interrupted at various intervals. She varied two factors: types of sentences and the retention interval (time between presentation and test).
Keenan, Mac Whinney, Mayhew's study (1977) Pragmatic Factors
They recorded lunch e o n discussion (natural conversation) and constructed recognition memory tests from the recordings. Findings – It is not the syntactic or semantic aspects that make the statements memorable but rather the pragmatic functions they play.
Mark carefully or carefully mark? (form-significant)
Findings – 100% correct for your correct , 50% for mark carefully. People primarily retain the meaning, not the surface form.
Role of Inferences in Advertising
Studies have shown that we are often unable to distinguish easily between linguistic messages and the inferences we draw from them. Psychologists have explored the question of whether our tendency to draw inferences might influence our beliefs about commercial products.
Inferences and Sentence Memory
Elaboration is thought of as a process by which incoming information is related to information already stored in permanent memory, thereby enriching the memory representation of the new material.
Inferences and False Recognition Errors
Explanation:
Why people believe they have heard the second sentence?
The result suggests that an inference about the instrument used in fixing the birdhouse was drawn during comprehension.
Propositional Model of Sentence Representation
In comprehension, we first encounter a sentence. We extract its meaning and construct a proposition that represents this meaning. Meanwhile, the surface form of the sentence is being recessing resources are devoted to the meaning than to the surface form. With a long interval, only the propositional representation along with any inferences that were drawn will be stored.
Memory for Sentences
Introduction: In this section, we will examine what we remrember and what we do not from sentences and the way sentences are ultimately stored in permanent memory.
Basic Idea: Whether we retain the exact or verbatim wording of a sentence or simply its meaning? Fillenbaum(1966) 9 Wanner’s study (1974) Sachs’s study (1967) Keenan, Mac Whinney, Mayhew's study (1977)
Inferences and False Recognition Errors
Example:
Original sentence – John was trying to fix the birdhouse. He was looking for the nail when his father came out to watch and to help him do the work. Test sentence – John was using the hammer to fix the birdhouse when his father…
Findings – Immediate presentation of the test sentence after the study sentence, retention of both form and meaning was excellent, but memory for form declined substantially with 40 syllables of retention interval (about 12.5 seconds).
Propositional Model of Sentence Representation
Anderson (1976): A sentence can be represented as a proposition consisting of two or more concepts and some form of relation between them. Examples: George hit Harry. Hit (George, Harry)