Psycholinguistic-心理语言学
Psycholinguistics
The “process” question
“ordinary use of language”: e.g. understanding a lecture, reading a book, writing a letter, etc. Cognitive processes: processes like perception, memorizing and thinking Although we do few things as often or as easily as listening and speaking, we will find that considerable cognitive processes is going on during those activities.
The scope of psycholinguistics
• The common aim of psycholinguists is to find out the structures and processes which underline a human's ability to speak and understand language. • Psycholinguists are not necessarily interested in language interaction between people. They are trying above all to probe into what is happening within the individual.
Thanks for listening!
The main topics of psycholinguistics
psycholiguistics 心理语言学
TG grammar
Dissolution: language loss
Stuttering Autism Neurolinguistics, an offspring of psycholinguistics, investigates how the human brain creates and processes speech and language.
Crying: no language but a cry Cooing(2-6m):making soft gurgling sounds, seemingly to express satisfaction Babbling: play with all sorts of segments
First words: they tend to be those which which refer to prominent, everyday objects, and usually things that can be manipulated by the child. (mama dada doggie kitty milk cookie) egocentric speech: A term used by Piaget and others to characterize the way the language of young children appears both to reflect and shape their early thinking.
People don’t process information in a neat, linear fashion; they don’t move smoothly from one linguistic level to another as if they were riding a lift that began on a ground floor of phonology and finally stopped at the top floor of meaning.
自考英语语言学Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics
Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics心理语言学一、本章纲要二、本章重点(2005，单选；2007，名词解释) Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the term suggests, it is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend, and the mind or brain in which our linguistic and cognitive faculties are localized and organized, and interact with each other in particular ways. Our linguistic capability depends largely on the structure and dynamics of the human brain. 心理语言学主要从心理的角度对语言进行研究，目的在于揭示人类是如何掌握语言，说出语言和理解语的，语言与思维的关系等一系列问题。
1.The biological foundations of language语言的生理基础（2005，判断）Our linguistic ability is a biological gift of the species’ gene program. 人类不需要课堂教学就可以自然习得自己的母语。
人类有语言能力的主要原因不可能是人有声带，因为其它动物也有声带。
人类的语言能力主要依赖人脑结构和人脑的机制。
人类大脑的左半球的某些区域比右大脑相应的区域要大，这是人类大脑所特有的特征。
心理英语言学英语
心理英语言学英语全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：心理英语言学是研究语言和心理相互关系的学科，它对人类语言的认知、产生和理解过程进行深入探讨。
在这个领域中，心理学与语言学的知识融合在一起，帮助人们更好地理解和使用语言。
心理英语言学的研究对象主要包括语言的组织、语音、词汇、语法、语义等方面。
通过对这些方面的探索，我们可以更好地了解人类是如何产生和理解语言的。
在心理英语言学的研究中，人们探讨了很多有趣的问题，比如语言的习得过程、语言辨识的机制、语言的表征和加工等。
语言的习得过程是心理英语言学研究中的一个重要课题。
研究表明，人类在语言习得过程中会受到很多因素的影响，比如环境因素、社会因素、认知因素等。
在学习语言的过程中，人们需要不断地接收输入信息，并通过大脑的加工和分析，逐渐掌握语言的规则和结构。
在这个过程中，人们的语言能力会逐渐提升，从而实现对语言的流利运用。
另一个重要的研究领域是语言辨识的机制。
在心理英语言学的研究中，人们关注的是人类在听、说、读、写等活动中是如何识别和理解语言的。
通过对这些机制的探讨，我们可以更好地了解人类是如何进行语言表征和加工的。
在这个过程中，人们需要通过大脑对语言输入进行加工和分析，然后产生相应的语言输出。
通过对这些机制的研究，我们可以更好地理解人类的语言产生和理解能力。
心理英语言学还涉及到语言的表征和加工的问题。
在这个领域中，人们探讨了语言的词汇、语法和语义的结构和功能，并通过实验和调查等方式对这些问题进行深入分析。
通过这些研究，我们可以更好地了解语言的结构和功能，并推动语言学理论的进一步发展。
心理英语言学是一个充满挑战和机遇的领域。
通过对语言和心理相互关系的深入研究，我们可以更好地理解人类是如何产生和理解语言的。
在未来的研究中，我们期待能够进一步探讨语言的认知机制、语言的发展轨迹以及语言的文化影响等问题，为我们更好地理解和使用语言提供更多的启示和帮助。
【2000字】第二篇示例：心理英语学是一门探讨语言和心理之间关系的学科，通过研究个体的思维和情感对语言的影响，来揭示语言学习、语言认知和语言使用的规律。
心理语言学
2、命名(naming)/词汇检索(lexical access) 1）命名：向受试显示一系列真词和非词，要求他们尽快把听 到的“词”朗读出来。可以用来测定真词和非词的差异，因为 真词可以通过词汇提取来加快，而非词在心理词汇中不存在。 也可以用来测定常见词和罕见词的差异。命名中出现的错误也 可以用来检测词汇提取，例如英语单词的不规则发音“bough, cough, dough, rough”，如果不是从心理词汇中提取每个词，光 看形式就会读错。因此可以用来了解受试有没有到心理词汇去 提取信息。 实验发现，真词的命名比非词的要快，高频词的命名比罕见 词的要快，说明词汇提取可以促进字符串的辨认，而常见的 词比罕见的词更容易提取。
2、 “缺乏不变式”的问题
语音没有不变式（invariant）或标准的形式。 P79
情况1：同一音段的产生往往视其出现的语境而有所不同。一 个音段的前、后的发音往往会影响该音段的实际发音动作。 该现象叫做音位变体（allophonic variation）
情况2：语音，特别是元音往往视说话人的性别、年龄而有所 不同，因为他们的声带大小和配置不一样。 情况3：我们自己所产生的语音在不同的场合也不是完全一样 的。 情况4：言语信号的差异来自言语速度很快的口语。在流利的 口语中，言语音段的声音特征被削弱，变化很大。
2. 语音阶段（phonetic stage）。人们把声学提示集中起来， 从而辨认一个个音素。然后再把它们放在语音记忆里，在语音 记忆里再不保存声学提示。
3. 音位阶段（phonological stage）。听话人参照一种语言对 音段系列的制约，对语音阶段的辨认进行调整。以英语为例， 听到的可能是/fpin/，但在英语里不存在这种系列，于是就改 为/spin/。 名词：范畴听辩/感知（categorical perception） P79
心理语言学要点14
⼼理语⾔学要点14《⼼理语⾔学》复习要点Chapter 1 An introduction to psycholinguistics1了解⼼理语⾔学、语⾔学的研究对象、学科分⽀、⼼理语⾔学的发展历史Introductory DefinitionsLinguistics: The academic discipline that studies language.Psycholinguistics: The study of language as it is used and learned by people.Language: A shared, symbolic system for communication.BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS1. STUDY OF SOUNDSPhonetics(语⾳学）What sounds do languages use?What sounds “make a difference”?Phonology（⾳韵学）How do sounds fit together in particular languages2. STUDY OF MEANINGSemantics（语义学）What do words mean?What do sentences/passages literally mean?Pragmatics（语⽤学）What messages are actually conveyed?3. RULES FOR RELATING SOUNDS AND MEANINGSMorphology（形态学）Principles for constructing complex words (inflexional and derivational)Syntax（句法）How do words get put together into larger groups?What is psycholinguistics?Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language.Psycholinguistics studies the relationship between linguistic structure and cognitive processing.Psycholinguistics is concerned with the cognitive processes during language processing (perception and production) study of mental processes and structures that underlie our ability to produce and comprehend language Psycholinguistics is a branch of linguistics (and psychology) concerned with the study of the cognitive or psychological processes involved in using language.Psycholinguists borrow aspects of linguistic theory and apply it to the representation and processing of language in the brain The study of the representations, mechanisms, and processes that underlie our ability to acquire and use language.What is Human Language?Human Language is a structured system for combining words that makes it possible for us to communicate to others ,to think about our immediate environment ,or to imagine.语⾔是以词为基本结构单位，以语法为构造规则的符号系统。
_心理语言学
篇章理解 篇章是由句子以及句子间的关系构成的更大的语言单位。 篇章理解是在字词、句子理解的基础上，运用推理、整合 等方式获得话语意义的过程，是言语理解的最高级水平。 篇章由一个个句子组成，句子之间有着内在的联系，通过 前后回指、照应、修辞等语言学手段将句子联结成有意义 的语篇。 篇章阅读研究探讨读者在阅读文章时所从事的信息加工活 动。
Friederici(2003)对传统的句法优先理论和交互作用理论进行了修改， 在整合前两种理论的基础上提出了句子理解的三阶段模型。 在句子理解的最初阶段，主要是基于词汇类别信息的句法建构，这一 过程独立于语义加工，具体表现为ELAN成分的出现； 句子理解的第二阶段主要是语义层面的加工，表现为N400成分的出 现； 第三个阶段的加工主要包括对句法的再分析以及对整个句子信息的分 析和整合，以P600成分的出现为标志。
视觉词汇识别 直通理论(direct-access hypothesis)：词的意义可直接由 词形信息获得，语音的提取是词义通达后的附加过程(Taft, 1998)。 语音中介理论(phonology mediation hypothesis)：词义的 获得需要先把词形信息转换成语音，由语音激活词的意义， 因此语音信息起到一种重要的中介作用(Berent & Perfetti, 1995)。 双通道理论(dual-access hypothesis)：词形通达词义和由 词形通达语音再通达词义的两条通路同时存在，哪条通路 起作用取决于词的频率和类型等因素(Coltheart, 1978, 1980)。
•
•
•
•
汉字识别的情况 陈宝国，彭聃龄(2001，2003) 采用基于语义的启动范畴判断作业(要求被试判断目标字是否表示动物名 称)和采用基于语音的启动范畴作业(要求被试判断目标字的读音是否为 “yi”)进行研究。 实验分别考察了高频、低频汉字的形、音、义激活的相对时间进程。实 验项目包括四种类型：形似字对、音同字对、义近字对、无关字对。各 种字对中，第一个字为启动字，第二个字为目标字。 实验中，在计算机屏幕中央首先呈现“ + ”号注视点300ms，然后呈现启 动字，呈现时间有四种：43ms、57ms、85ms、145ms。启动字呈现后， 立即呈现目标字。此时，要求被试仔细、认真地看目标字，并完成实验 任务。 实验结果表明，高频汉字形音义激活的时序为字形—字义—字音，高频 汉字的语音是自动激活的，但语音的激活可能发生在字义通达之后，符 合直通理论的预期。而低频汉字字形的激活在先，字音和字义的激活同 时进行。低频汉字形、音、义激活的这种顺序不受基于语义还是基于语 音的实验任务的影响。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第5-6章
Chapter 5 Meaning1. Semantics(语义学)Semantics is the study of meaning of the linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. (语义学是对语言单位，尤其是词和句子的意义的研究。
)2. Meanings of “meaning”1). Meaning:Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.（意义是指语言所表达的关于现实世界或者想象中的世界的想法。
）2). Connotation: （内涵）Connotation means the properties of the entity a word denotes.(内涵指的是一个词所指称的实体的特征。
)3). Denotation: （外延）Denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity to which it refers. Thus it is equivalent to referential meaning. (外延涉及语言单位与非语言实体之间的关系。
在这个意义上，它跟指称意义是一样的。
)3. The difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotationMeaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meaning according to different approaches.Concept is the impression of objects in people’s mind.Connotation is the implied meaning, similar to implication.Denotation, like sense, is not directly related with objects, but makes the abstract assumption ofthe real world.4. The referential theory1). DefinitionThe theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.(把词语意义跟它所指称或代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论)2). The semantic triangle （语义三角）Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”as manifested in the following diagram。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
linguists are “psychologically real” in that
they seem to shape the formulation of
Comprehension of speech
Bottom-up: phoneme
5
identification
Comprehension of speech
Top-down
1.Contextual clues
-eel was on the shoe.
Heel
-eel was on the orange. Peel
1.How do people comprehend language? 2.How do they produce it? 3.How do they acquire it? 4.How do they lose it? 5.How does a particular language affect cognition, if at all?
The swimmer rescued the lifeguard. The swimmer was rescued by the lifeguard.
4. Discourse level
Difficult to understand or remember: Short, vaguely written paragraphs without titles, pictures and other contextual clues
• How are the corresponding first language(L1) and second language(L2) words related and why does code switching occur relatively frequently?
• In what ways does our mother tongue interfere with the production of L2 speech?
• Practice • Conclusion • Reference
2
Introduction
• Psycholinguistics • The psychology of language • Cognitive science
Diversity &breadth
3
Definition :… any inquiry that attempts to use cognitive processing of linguistic data as a window to how the human mind operates.
• Why do we usually speak more slowly and hesitantly in a foreign language than in our mother tongue?
• How do speakers try to compensate for the gaps in their incomplete L2 system?
4
Research
Comprehension
• Common theme: how the linguistic activities most people perceive as simple and commonplace turn out, after scientific scrutiny, to be exceedingly complex processes.
They almost never violate phonotactic rules of a language.
Brake fluid to Blake fruid You noble ton ofs soil
பைடு நூலகம்
Briefly, slips of the tongue suggest that
many structures and rules posited by
PL finding: heavy reliance on bottom-up details does not significantly facilitate comprehensio7n.
Production
• Conceptualization • Formulation • Articulation • Self-monitoring
De Bot1992; Dornyei and Kormos 1998;Poulisse and Bongaerts 1994;
Chapter 13
9
Formulation:
slips of the tongue
Spoonerism:
“You noble tons of soil ” to “you noble sons of toil”
8
A special area of interest: how the production of a foreign language differs from speaking in one’s mother tongue.
• At which production stage is the language of the message decided?
2.Syntax : active easier than passive
The lifeguard rescued the swimmer. The swimmer was rescued by the lifeguard.
6
Comprehension of speech
Top-down
3.Semantic factors
Chapter 11
Psycholinguistic
25th Oct. 20114
Structure
• Introduction and Background • Research comprehension /production
/acquisition/dissolution/linguistic relativity