英文论文写作常用句子
BeginningIn this paper, we focus on the need forThis paper proceeds as follow.The structure of the paper is as follows.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related conceptsTo begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroductionThis will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non‑fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.ReviewThis review is followed by an introduction.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision‑making logic. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time‑windowSection 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mSection 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rulesThe main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set‑based approach to cost variance investigation. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mIn Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM systemIn Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order‑dense.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This SectionIn this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next SectionThe next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarizedThe basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mA basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms. The usefulness of xx is also considered.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.This paper analyses problems inThis paper outlines the functions carried out by ...This paper includes an illustration of the ...This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mEmphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xxOur proposed model is verified through experimental study.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xxThe compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the The development of ... is exploredDuring the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a varietyof directions, The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent yearsThere has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mAt the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xxAlthough a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / PurposeThe purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non‑experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer‑aided instruction for xxx. The paper concerns the development of a xx The scope of this research lies in The main theme of the paper is the application of rule‑based decision making.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:The primary purpose/consideration/objective ofThe ultimate goal of this concept is to provideThe main objective of such a ... system is to生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mThe aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:In order to take advantage of their similaritymore research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed In this trial, the objective is to generate...for the sake of concentrating on ... research issuesA major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.For an illustrative purpose, four well‑known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods This illustration points out the need to specify The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.Chapter 2. Literature ReviewA wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xxA considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decadeA great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.There is considerable amount of literature on planning生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mHowever, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development ofMany complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. The central issue in all these studies is to The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. Applied ... techniques to Characterized the ... system asDeveloped an algorithm toDeveloped a system called ... whichUses an iterative algorithm to deduceEmphasized the need toIdentifies six key issues surrounding high technologyA comprehensive study of the .. has been undertakenMuch work has been reported recently in these filedProposed生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mPresentedState thatPoint out that the problem ofDescribedIllustratedIndicatedHas shown / showedAddressHighlights A study on ...was done / developed by []Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with The approach taken by [] is The system developed by [] consists A paper relevant to this research was published by [] []'s model requires consideration of .. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development[]'s model focuses on...Little research has been conducted in applying ... toThe published information that is relevant to this research...This study further shows thatTheir work is based on the principle ofMore history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].Studies have been completed to established生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mThe ...studies indicated thatThough application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / QuestionUnfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolvedTwo major problems have yet to be addressed An unanswered question This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed The three prime issues can be summarized:The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...There have been many attempts toIt is expected to be serious barrier toIt offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem. There are several ways to get around this problem.As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mA xx problem can trace its roots to xx.xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.Several problems are associated with them.Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. Most problems in practice are complicatedMore problem surface here.Hamper effort toward a xx system In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xxknowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real‑world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mChapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumptionIn the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state‑dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the executionof the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. Main simplifying assumptions are: This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / ModuleAn outline of the researchInformation is incorporated within the schemeIs built into ... structureA nice modular structure.The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b bi o o .c o mClassificationA xx system comprises three main components:Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..Consists of the following steps:This is summarized in the following steps:Can be broadly classified into the following areas:Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing theCan allow further breadth of application of ...into moreThe following steps should be followed xx can be classified by a different ways. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. SystemUnlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal wit h problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.The system consists of both ... and ...The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.expert system domains are area of expertiseTo develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: The system has been developed / designed to determine生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mThe system has proven to be able toThe domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain The system comprises a ... withThe system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniqueThe system environment must be relatively stableThe system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. The most essential part of .. system is the ...The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development ofAn automated system was developed for In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. An interactive automatic ... system A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system Should be capable of being generated from a ... system xx is an important part of the integrated system.The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separateproblem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin‑like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mComputer SystemThe system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS‑DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C‑language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz,80386‑based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co‑processor. The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co‑processor. 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mLisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyShell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.This combination is being implemented in an objected‑oriented programming environment (Smalltalk‑80 system) to solve problemsencountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of theAlthough large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally acceptedThis approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.This can be accomplished by生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mThis algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:The above preliminary analysis has provided important information Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...These concepts have been applied toOn the basis of the concept mentioned above,This can be achieved byThis fact suggests that a new conceptThis was accomplished by taking ... The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility There is little hope of achieving successful ... There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of Only a few studies can be found. It is a very tedious process to go throughIt is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedThe entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.These approaches are sometimes very tedious.Several techniques can be usedA polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mA xx model represents an xx by its xx.A process decision model captures the logic essential toFrom the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.A number of heuristic rules have been developed forOptimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatAn algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determineEuler's formula states the following: The completed model should agree with the formula. For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough tobe useful.Point of Viewfrom an implementation standpoint,From the point of view of this application,From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mInformation is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justification We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell‑shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mIt should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if‑the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Data The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique. The data consists of over xx measurements. An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxExamples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mThis example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisons As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a processplanning point of view will be discussed. The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], RelationWe can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. The relationships appear very complicateLifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mThe fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.ImportanceThe emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.Consideration / Attention Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure Such a formulation does not change further considerations. Considerable attention has been paid to Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ...Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodatedAfter ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determineA number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.It should be noted that生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mIt is important to point out that ...These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ...We should stress the fundamental importance of the xxChapter 5. Results.Advantages / DisadvantageOne of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the experimental study of One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. The xx system is versatile It has a very fast decision making process All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor‑based environment.It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch.The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following:However, xx is not without its shortcomings.In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx.Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%.The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o m。
英文论文写作常用句式和例句
英文论文写作常用句式和例句最后更新：2010-10-10 阅读次数：407 【字体：小中大】BeginningIn this paper, we focus on the need forThis paper proceeds as follow.The structure of the paper is as follows.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related conceptsTo begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroductionThis will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.ReviewThis review is followed by an introduction.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.BodySection 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making logic.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxxSection 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time-windowSection 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rulesThe main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost variance investigation.Section 4 gives a specific example of xx.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM systemIn Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order-dense.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This SectionIn this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations whichare necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next SectionThe next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx SummaryThis paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarizedThe basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. AbstractA basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.The usefulness of xx is also considered.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.This paper analyses problems inThis paper outlines the functions carried out by ...This paper includes an illustration of the ...This paper provides an overview and information useful for approachingEmphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xxOur proposed model is verified through experimental study.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xxThe compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTimeOver the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitiveTechnological revolutions have recently hit the industrial worldThe advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on theThe development of ... is exploredDuring the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions,The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent yearsThere has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xxAlthough a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / PurposeThe purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx.The paper concerns the development of a xxThe scope of this research lies inThe main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based decision making.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:The primary purpose/consideration/objective ofThe ultimate goal of this concept is to provideThe main objective of such a ... system is toThe aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:In order to take advantage of their similaritymore research is still required before final goal of ... can be completedIn this trial, the objective is to generate...for the sake of concentrating on ... research issuesA major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods This illustration points out the need to specifyThe ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.Chapter 2. Literature ReviewA wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decadeA great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.There is considerable amount of literature on planningHowever, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development ofMany complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.The central issue in all these studies is toThe problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.Applied ... techniques toCharacterized the ... system asDeveloped an algorithm toDeveloped a system called ... whichUses an iterative algorithm to deduceEmphasized the need toIdentifies six key issues surrounding high technologyA comprehensive study of the .. has been undertakenMuch work has been reported recently in these filedProposedPresentedState thatPoint out that the problem ofDescribedIllustratedIndicatedHas shown / showedAddressHighlightsA study on ...was done / developed by []Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only withThe approach taken by [] isThe system developed by [] consistsA paper relevant to this research was published by [][]'s model requires consideration of ..[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development[]'s model focuses on...Little research has been conducted in applying ... toThe published information that is relevant to this research...This study further shows thatTheir work is based on the principle ofMore history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].Studies have been completed to establishedThe ...studies indicated thatThough application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / QuestionUnfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolvedTwo major problems have yet to be addressedAn unanswered questionThis problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.An additional research issue to be tackled is ....Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussedThe three prime issues can be summarized:The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...There have been many attempts toIt is expected to be serious barrier toIt offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.There are several ways to get around this problem.As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.Several problems are associated with them.Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.Most problems in practice are complicatedMore problem surface here.Hamper effort toward a xx systemIn order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xxThe above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to developThis type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework toreal-world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumptionIn the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.Main simplifying assumptions are:This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / ModuleAn outline of the researchInformation is incorporated within the schemeIs built into ... structureA nice modular structure.The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassificationA xx system comprises three main components:Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..Consists of the following steps:This is summarized in the following steps:Can be broadly classified into the following areas:Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing theCan allow further breadth of application of ...into moreThe following steps should be followedxx can be classified by a different ways.Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.SystemUnlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.The system consists of both ... and ...The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.expert system domains are area of expertiseTo develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:The system has been developed / designed to determineThe system has proven to be able toThe domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainThe system comprises a ... withThe system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniqueThe system environment must be relatively stableThe system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.The most essential part of .. system is the ...The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development ofAn automated system was developed forIn this case, the system can be considered to be generative.An interactive automatic ... systemA .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systemShould be capable of being generated from a ... systemxx is an important part of the integrated system.The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer SystemThe system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS-DOSenvironment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co-processor.The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor.Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyShell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / TechniqueA discussion is presented of a problem-solving systemTo improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of theAlthough large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generallyThis approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.This can be accomplished byThis algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationVarious methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...These concepts have been applied toOn the basis of the concept mentioned above,This can be achieved byThis fact suggests that a new conceptThis was accomplished by taking ...The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityThere is little hope of achieving successful ...There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofOnly a few studies can be found.It is a very tedious process to go throughIt is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedThe entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.These approaches are sometimes very tedious.Several techniques can be usedA polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.A xx model represents an xx by its xx.A process decision model captures the logic essential toFrom the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.A number of heuristic rules have been developed forOptimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatAn algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determineEuler's formula states the following:The completed model should agree with the formula.For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryEngineering design models are very well defined; therefore,To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough tobe useful.Point of Viewfrom an implementation standpoint,From the point of view of this application,From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canProlog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell-shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if-the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ DataThe data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.The data consists of over xx measurements.An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxExamples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.ComparisonsAs well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],RelationWe can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.The relationships appear very complicateLifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.ImportanceThe emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making. Consideration / AttentionCareful evaluation is necessary to ensureSuch a formulation does not change further considerations.Considerable attention has been paid toAttention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation.Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ...l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodatedAfter ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.It should be noted thatIt is important to point out that ...These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ...We should stress the fundamental importance of the xxChapter 5. Results.Advantages / DisadvantageOne of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the experimental study ofOne advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it.The xx system is versatileIt has a very fast decision making processAll the algorithms involve mostly logical operations.l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor-based environment.It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch.The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following:However, xx is not without its shortcomings.In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx.Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%.The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%.Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx .Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx.Some other advantages of xx are the following:The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts.It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that was impossible in practice.There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx,The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches.This combines the best features of both techniquesHopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in virtual communities.。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结1.引言句型：- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid development of...- In the context of...- It is widely recognized that...2.目的句型：- The purpose of this study is to...- This research aims to...- The objective of this paper is to...3.方法句型：- The experimental design involves...- The research methodology employed in this study includes...4.结果句型：- The results indicate that...- It is evident from the findings that...- The study reveals that...- The data suggests that...5.讨论句型：- The current study has several implications for...- These results are consistent with previous research showing...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be considered, such as...6.结论句型：- In conclusion...- To sum up...- Overall...- This study provides further evidence that...7.建议句型：- It is suggested that future research should focus on...- Further investigation is warranted to...8.引用句型：- According to (author's name), (quote)...- (Author's name) has argued that...- The literature suggests that...9.比较句型：- In contrast to...- On the other hand...- Similarly...10.解释句型：- This can be attributed to...- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is...- The results can be explained by...请注意，在撰写SCI论文时应避免直接复制粘贴以上句型，而是根据具体情况进行适当修改，以确保句子的流畅性和准确性。
英文文章-论文写作常用词
为了：With a view to doing sth. (With a view to avoiding the inhomogeneous dispersion of rare-earth complexes within the silica matrix)with the aim of …(we have also investigated the preparation of cyclam-containing hybrid materials in the presence of a surfactant template with the aim of locating the cyclam moieties inside the framework.)In the goal to …（In the goal to extend the range of properties of these materials)In an effort to …(In an effort to produce new propene polymerisation catalyst systems which yield high molecular mass polypropylene with even greater specific isotacticities we have investigated the catalytic activity of mesoporous silicates with included chiral ansa-metallocenes.)首次：a original route to＋n. (a original route to Eu3+ containing hybrid materials.)相应的：the corresponding materials副产物：byproduct场发射扫描电镜：field-emission scanning electron microscopy平均半径：mean diameter (with 100μm mean diameter)就…而言：with respect to… (The preparation of mesoporous silicas which exhibit good hydrothermal stability (in hot water and under steaming conditions) is one ofthe most important requirements with respect to their use.)除了…之外：in addition to… (another V(V) species in distorted octahedral coordination starts to appear in addition to V10O286- for high vanadium content of V/(V+ Si) ) 48%.)Aside from… (Aside from a thicker pore wall, the framework crosslinkingwas higher than for conventional MCM-41, as indicated by 29Si MASNMR.)除了…：Except for… (Except for a slight decrease in the d spacing, compaction at 185 MPa does not have any significant effect on the XRD pattern of AlMCM4.)except that… (The experimental procedures were exactly as described aboveexcept that during the secondary synthesis the heating at 150 °C was performedfor 96, 140 or 168 h.)save for… (Incorporation of organic functional groups (MPTMS) inside thestructures appeared to have little influence on the structure and morphology ofthe mesostructures, save for slight lattice and pore diameter contractions uponincreasing organosilane group loading.)定向生长：The phased growth产生…：gi ve rise to… (The latter method gives rise to MCM-41 materials of excellent quality, but seems to be less convenient, since the structure directing agentsrequired are not readily available and need to be synthesized.)生物活性分子：bioactive molecules范例：paradigm剧烈地：vigorously代替…：in place of… (by using n-butanol as co-surfactant in place of ethanol)本身的，固有的：intrinsic摩尔比：a liquid/solid ratio of 50; an olefin/TBHP molar ratio of 4好的结果：a positive effect on…有…的结构：with…architecture (Organically-modified mesoporous silica spheres with MCM-41 architecture)with… type of structure (A series of new mesoporous silica materials withMCM-41 type of structure containing a homogeneous layer of organicfunctional groups inside the pores was prepared using a co-condensationmethod under low surfactant concentration condition.)残留的：residual红外：Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),因素：factor数量级的：order-of–magnitude (order-of–magnitude enhancements)与…一致：In accord with…(In accord with the tetrahedral siting of aluminum, the Br¢nsted acidity of these steamstable mesostructures was verified throughcumene cracking experiments.)Consistent with… (Consistent with elemental analysis, an increase in the Alconcentration on the framework walls was observed by XPS analysis.)be identical to… (A 150 °C onset decomposition temperature is consistentlyobserved for externally adsorbed on MCM-41 and is identical to thatobserved for pure 1.)be consistent with… (This is consistent with the incorporation of increasingamounts tetrahedral Al into the framework and is in part due to the longerAl–O bond length compared to the Si–O bond.)be in line with…(This is in line with the notion that the acid-mademesoporous materials are, in general, less stable than those synthesized viathe alkaline route.)50% 的Si被官能化：50% organo-functionalization of the framework silicon sites部分地：in part (We attribute the unique hydrothermal stability of Al-MSU-S at least in part to the retention of a zeolite-like connectivity of AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedraupon assembling the zeolite seeds into a mesostructure.)在…的支持下：in support of…(in support of the importance of a zeolite-like connectivity)在…的基础上：On the basis of… (On the basis of the relationship between 27Al chemical shift and the mean bond angle in framework aluminosilicates, the meanAl-O-Si angle is substantially smaller (by~8°) in Al-MSU-S than inpreviously reported forms of Al-MCM-41.)比…好：be superior over…(the catalytic activities of the new materials are superior over conventional materials such as Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15.)outperform (In the alkylation and isomerization reactions, the hybrid catalystsignificantly outperformed some of the alternative solid resin catalystscurrently used, e.g., Nafion resin NR 50 and Amberlyst-15.)归因于…：be assigned that…(This phenomenon is also assigned that the preformed L nanoclusters are fixed in the wall of mesoporous aluminosilicates by theassembly of preformed zeolite L precursors with surfactant micelle.)be attributable to…(It is clear that the improved hydrothermal stability ofMSUG, like SBA-15, is attributable in large part to the thicker frameworkwalls (2.5 nm) in comparison to MCM-41, KIT-1, and SBA-3.)be attributed to… (The instability of these structures has been attributed inpart to the thinness and incomplete crosslinking of the pore walls)be due to…(It was concluded that the increased acidity of hydrothermallytreated CAH5 and CAP10 was due to an increase in the Al/Si ratio in theframework.)在…之中：Of the three forms of polypropene, the highly ordered, high molecular mass isotactic form is the most important.研究热点：active area of research (The application of acid zeolites for the production of fine chemicals is currently an active area of research)所有的样品：all of the samples控温装置：temperature controller压力表：pressure gauge更具体的说：More specifically ( The TDS process consists of a direct displacement of quaternary alkylammonium surfactant cation by desired silyl group, whichin fact is the replacement of electrostatic interactions at theorganic-inorganic interface by covalent bonds. More specifically, theinteracting pairs ≡Si-O-∙∙∙S+ (≡Si-O- is a unit of silicate oligomer and S+ isthe surfactant cation) are replaced by covalent bonds ≡Si-O-SiR`2R.)差异：discrepancy (However, a large discrepancy observed for the model with hydrolyzed side groups led us to the conclusion that alkoxy groups did not hydrolyze during the TDS process.)与…相关：correlate with…(The aforementioned changes correlate with the silane’s size.)be associated with…(In the published progress, several reasons areassociated with the enhanced hydrothermal stability of mesoporous silica.)be linked to…(We show that the amount of gold incorporated within thematerials is linked to the amount of mercapto functions and varies from 1.05to 16.1 wt %.)经验方法：empirical fashions. (However, because zeolite nucleation and growth is not well understood at a molecular level, most of the zeolite syntheses haveevolved according to empirical fashions.)倾向…：be inclined toward…(On the other hand, the product after 2 days of aging was inclined toward various distribution of Al in the framework, resulting in highSi/Al ratio.)不是…而是…：be not…but rather be… (Energy minimizations show that Na cations in site I are not at the centers of hexagonal prisms, but rather are in one oftwo symmetric SI sites displaced by about 0.6 Å along the [111]direction.)be not…but …(However, in contrast to zeolitic materials, thetemplates are not single organic molecules but liquidcrystallineself-assembled surfactant molecules. )受制于…：be subjected to…(nomeric bonded phases are subject to serious effects arising primarily from an unsatisfactory hydrolytic stability of the Si-O-Si-Clinkage, particularly under moderately acidic or slightly alkaline elutionconditions, and to a lesser extent from a relatively limited organic coverage.) 原则上：In principle (In principle, this method should provide not only a closer attachment and a denser coverage of organic functionalities but also a morehydrolytically stable bonded phase than that obtained by the correspondingSi-O-Si-C linkage)由…组成：be comprised of… (The purpose of our work is to explore the possibility of synthesizing zeolites that are comprised of intergrowths of cubic andhexagonal stackings of faujasite sheets and vary in the ratio ofcubic/hexagonal content.)突破：breakthrough (A recent breakthrough in improving both the hydrothermal stability and acidity of mesoporous aluminosilicates has been made through the use of nanoclustered zeolite seeds as frameworkprecursors)相当地：comparatively (It was concluded that the enhanced reactivity was a result of a comparatively short pore length and the more facile access of the reagents tothe acidic sites on the framework walls.)不大可能：It is unlikely that… (It is unlikely that the framework wall of MCM-41 can be transformed to a crystalline zeolite phase while still maintaining thehexagonal MCM-41 mesostructure.)如上所述：As stated above (As stated above, this band arises from the five-membered ring of vibrations of pentasil zeolite building subunits.)不同的时间：different periods of time (Structural changes caused by heating in water at 373 K for different periods of time(from 3 hours to 32 days) and bycalcination at 973-1273 K were investigated in order to assess thehydrothermal and thermal stability of FDU-1.)更重要的是…：What is more important is… (What is more important is that within themesoscale pore walls, micropore arrays with more or less periodicityare found (especially in those areas marked with circles or rectangles inFigures 7 and 8).More importantly (More importantly, there are significant structuraldifferences between MCM-41 and HMS silicas.)是合理的：it is logical to do… (Based on these observations it is logical to conclude that the small particles are (nonframework) amorphous silica which is removedduring refluxing (by dissolution), leaving the Al-grafted MCM-41framework (i.e., the large particle aggregates) intact.)最令人感兴趣的是：Of particular interest are (were) …(Of particular interest areAl-containing materials which may be used as solid acid catalysts.) 以…为代价：be at the expense of… (The increase in wall thickness is at the expense of pore diameter which reduces from 31.6 Å for PSMCM to 25.8 Å forAlMCM5.)对…敏感：be sensitive to … (It was also observed that the course of the hydrothermal restructuring was very sensitive to the experimental conditions, such astemperature.)为了比较：For comparison purposes (For comparison purposes we prepared Al-grafted amorphous silica using an ACH solution of Al concentration 0.24 mol/l andalso subjected PSMCM to alumination by 0.24 mol/l solutions of aluminiumchloride or sodium aluminate. )由于：Owing to… (Owing to the weak hydrogen bonding interactions, more than 90% of the neutral template can be recovered by a simple extraction procedure using ethanol as extracting solvent.)注意到…：be aware of… (We are aware of only two reports that provide some insight into the thermal stability of OMSs with cage-like pores at temperatures up to1123 K, and two reports on the hydrothermal stability of these materials,including the aforementioned work on FDU-1.)keep in mind that (However, we must keep in mind that the reaction itselfwill be very efficient if each absorbed photon can lead to the the formation ofa product molecule.)与…成正比：be proportional to… (Based on the pore size distribution shown in Figure 3, the amount of these structural defects formed is proportional to the amountof Al substituted in the sample.)与…成反比：be inversely proportional to… (The quantum yield for an ideal system, Φ, is proportional to the rate of the charge transfer processes and inverselyproportional to the sum of the charge transfer rate and the electron holerecombination rate)在…中占主导：be prevailing in… (Such a structure is prevailing in HCM, as can be found from the TEM images at lower magnification.)在图的右下角：in the bottom right corner of the image对…有害：be detrimental to…(Too high an ssembly temperature, however, is detrimental to mesostructure ormation through S0I0 assembly pathways.)对…有益：be conducive to… (The extremely high specific surface areas are conducive to high catalytic activity.)参看下文：vide infra参看上文：vide supra与…不同：be different from (The formation mechanism, composition, and properties are different from those of MCM-41 materials synthesized under alkalineconditions.)受到关注：be of concern (However, the stability of these materials in aqueous solutions is of concern.)一开始：at [in] the outset (It should be noted at the outset that a clean, uncoated silica surface is perfectly wetting, such that the contact angle of water on a fullyhydroxylated silica surface is zero.)有益于…：be conducive to… (Moreover, the large diameter and wormhole nature of the pore channels in these oxides are conducive to the formation of functionalmaterials in which the reactive species are highly dispersed within theframework and quantitatively accessible for reaction with adsorbatemolecules.)受…启发：be inspired by… (Our procedure was inspired by that described by Prouzet et al. leading to MSU silica by using tergitol as structure-directing agent.)不管…：regardless of whether… (Both titaniasupported catalysts exhibited higher activity for CO oxidation than the silica, supported ones, regardless of whetherthey were pre-treated in H2 or not.)irrespective of… (Platinum-free, white AMM-Ti exhibited only a very weakactivity, irrespective of excitation in the UV or visible spectral region.)这样就…：in such a way as…(However, the ligand-assisted templating technique provided a shielding effect by the inorganic components on the amphiphilehead groups in such a way as to favor selfassembly versus solubilization ofthe templating agents.)在其他条件相同时：Under otherwise the same conditions (Under otherwise the same conditions, a HMS-SO3H prepared via co-condensation gave 52%yield within 10 h, presumably because of its more open structure.) 被…影响，顺序是…：The light-conversion efficiency of the valence isomerization ofquadricyclene to its ring-opened isomer norbornadiene isinfluenced by the identity of the photocatalyst (TiO2, CdS, orZnO) and the solvent (CH2Cl2, CH3CN, or THF) used, with thechemical yield of ring-closed product decreasing in thefollowing order CdS > TiO2>ZnO and CH2Cl2> CH3CN >THF.大多：in most cases (The selective photofluorination of olefins, phosphines, andphosphites on illuminated TiO2in the presence of AgF inacetonitrile produces, in most cases, a single fluorinatedproduct.)服从于…：be amenable to (Toxic phosphorus-containing substrates are amenable tophotocatalyzed decomposition, ultimately to completelymineralized products, over illuminated semiconductorsuspensions.)因为：in the sense that (The excitation of a weak transition will not effectively induce aphotochemical reaction in the sense that few of the deliveredphotons will actually be absorbed.)与…竞争：In competition with…(In competition with charge transfer to adsorbedspecies is electron and hole recombination.)与…对照：in total contrast to… (Complete mineralization has been achieved in the caseof lanthanide oxide doped TiO2 photocatalysts in totalcontrast to the formation of intermediates in case ofnonmodified TiO2.)是…倍：be…times (The equilibrium dark adsorption of salicylic acid and t-cinnamic acidis ca.three times and two times higher, respectively, on thelanthanide oxide modified catalysts as compared to the nonmodifiedTiO2 catalyst.)不是这样：that was not the case (When an electrode coated with 1 was irradiated at different wavelengths in a standard photoelectrochemical cell, a photocurrentwas observed also in the visible region; that was not the case whenunmodified titania was employed.)不足：drawback（A serious drawback in such systems, however, is that the surfactants）研究目的：main objectives失重（热重分析）：weight-loss。
SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇
SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇1. Introduction:- Present study: 本研究- In this paper: 在本文中- The objective of this study: 本研究的目标- To investigate: 研究- Background: 背景- Previous research: 先前的研究- Research gap: 研究空白- Methodology: 方法论- Data analysis: 数据分析- Findings: 研究结果- Conclusion: 结论2. Literature Review:- Literature review: 文献综述- Scholarly articles: 学术文章- Theoretical framework: 理论框架- Empirical evidence: 实证证据- Research methods: 研究方法- Key findings: 主要发现- Implications: 启示3. Methods:- Study design: 研究设计- Data collection: 数据收集- Sample size: 样本量- Research instruments: 研究工具- Data analysis techniques: 数据分析技术- Statistical analysis: 统计分析- Control variables: 控制变量4. Results:- Descriptive statistics: 描述性统计- Correlation analysis: 相关分析- Regression analysis: 回归分析- Significant findings: 显著性发现- Patterns and trends: 模式和趋势5. Discussion:- Implications: 启示- Limitations: 限制- Future research directions: 未来研究方向- Theoretical contributions: 理论贡献- Practical implications: 实践意义6. Conclusion:- Summary: 总结- Contributions: 贡献- Future research: 未来研究- Practical implications: 实践意义。
英文学术论文写作技巧(写作常用句型)
英文学术论文写作技巧（常用句型）用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。
不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。
了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。
对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。
用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。
关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。
此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
英文写作(论文)中Summary常用句式
我只找到这些了，你最好还是去学校的图书馆找本写作书书看看吧，里面应该有很多简短的summary范文。
字数最好不要太多，150~200个单词就行了，大概占原文篇幅的1/4。
Summary 常用句式1.This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about……2.This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/……3.In this passage (about ……), the author ……4.In this passage about ……, the author ……5.The author began the essay/ passage by telling/ presenting……6.First/Firstly/ In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)……7.Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on with……8.Finally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/ stresses that……9.Finally, the author summarizes that ……二、常见句型1）This paper deals with..2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc).3）This essay presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ..8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes..17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23)This article explores...24)This paper expresses views on...25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...26)This paper explains the procedures for...¬27)This paper develops the theory of ..28)This article reviews the techniques used in...29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30)This article is about...31)This essay is related to ...32)This paper concerns...33)This paper gives an account of ...34)This article tells of...35)This paper tries to describe...36)This paper provides an analysis of ...37)This paper reports the latest information on ..38)The author of this article reviews..39)The writer of this paper discusses...40)The writer of this essay tries to explore...41)The aim of this paper is to determine..42)The purpose of this article is to review...43)The objective of this paper is to explore...破题用语，一般有：①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something……②This article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)something…….③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….④The purpose of this article is to determine something…….⑤The problem of something is discussed …….结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….②This article shows that…….③It is suggested that…….④The author's suggestion (or:conclusion )is that ……⑤The author finds it necessary to …….Useful Transitions and Transitional Phrases Introduction to a Topic as for, concerning, with regard to, with respect to, in terms ofTo Summarize in all, in a word, in brief, briefly, in other words, in short, in summary, that is, finally, generally, in conclusion, on the whole, therefore, to sum up, to conclude, and so, this shows, thus we seeTo Compare by comparison, here again, in the same way, in a similar manner, likewise, similarly, so too, as, also, equally, accordingly, moreover, as well, andTo Contrast conversely, however, instead (of), in spite of that, anyhow, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, still, yet, nevertheless, in contrast, notwithstanding, in spite of this, although, but, despite, even thoughTo Show Cause and Effect accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, it follows that, so/so that, then, therefore, thus, thereuponTo Explain actually, admittedly, because, certainly, for example, in fact, indeed, really of course, since, that is, for instance, namely, specifically, such as, to illustrate, in particular, in this manner, thusTo Show Conviction after all, at least, at the same time, apparently, even so, evidently, certainly, conceivably, conclusively, doubtless, no doubt, perhaps, possibly, presumably, probably, surely, undoubtedlyTo Show Various Conditions in this event, in these circumstances, this (that) being so, provided that,in spite of, none/nevertheless, at the same time, even if, if, unless, otherwise, although, even though, though, despiteTo Add Information add to this, again, also, besides, equally, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, once more, then too, too, yet again, yet another, and, as well, beyond that, even, next, similarlyTo Show Chronological Order after that, afterwards, later, shortly, subsequently, concurrently, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, now, simultaneously, when/while/was, first, second, etc., formerly, earlier, previously, before that, then, already, at last, at length, by that time, finally, during, immediately, next, soon, still, in the interim, presently, at the same time, in the end, temporarily, thereafterTo Show Concession admittedly, after all, all the same, at any rate, granted, however, in any case, in spite of, it is true that, nevertheless, obviously, of course, still, to be sureLocation above, below, beyond, farther, further, here, nearby, opposite, there, to t。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
英文学术论文写作技巧
英文学术论文写作技巧在英文学术论文写作中，使用恰当的句型和表达可以增强文章的逻辑性和可读性。
以下是一些常用的句型：1.引言- In recent years, there has been a growing interest in...- It is widely acknowledged that...- With the rapid development of...- The purpose of this study is toinvestigate/examine/analyze...2.文献综述- According to previous research, ...- Several studies have shown/suggested/indicated that...- Smith (2024) pointed out that...- Previous studies have focused on..., however, little attention has been given to...3.问题陈述- One of the major challenges in this field is...- The main issue for consideration is...- This problem can be attributed to...- It is important to address this issue because...4.方法描述- The research was conducted using aquantitative/qualitative approach.- A sample of XX participants was selected for the study.- The data were collected throughsurveys/interviews/observations.- Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS/Excel.5.结果呈现- The findings of the study suggest/indicate/show that...- The data revealed a significant/inverse correlation between...- It was found that there is a strong association between X and Y.- These results support the hypothesis/theory/framework that...6.讨论- The results are consistent with previousstudies/scholarship/theories.- The findings of this study provide important insights into the understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.- Further research is needed to explore/address/clarify the factors/relationships.7.结论- In conclusion, this study has shown/provided evidence that...- The findings of this research contribute to the existing literature.- This study has implications for futurepractice/policy/research.- To sum up, this research provides a foundation for further investigation.8.建议- Future studies should focus on...- It is important to develop/implement strategies/policies to...- The implications of this research suggest the need for...这些句型可以帮助你陈述论文的目的、描绘问题、描述方法、呈现结果和讨论结论。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
（known /h eard/h ad/r ead, etc）Lack of in ter p ers on al sk ills is one of th e mos t serious d ef ec ts t hat we h ave ever kn ow n about t od ay' s（olle ge s tudents.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、No th i ng is + ------- er th an to + VN oth i ng is + m or e + 形容词+ t ha n to + V例句：For pare nts, n o th i ng is m or e imp ort a nt t h a n to ed uc ate c h ildr en in a p ro per w ay. 没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、 -- c ann ot em ph asiz e t he imp ort ance of ------------- to o m uch.（再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过。
）例句: We c an not em ph asiz e th e im por ta nee o f p rotec ting c ele br it ies ' pr iv acy to o m uch.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、T h ere is n o de ny i ng t hat + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句: T h ere is no denying th at the pr act ic al it y of o ur high er ed ucat i on h as g o ne fro m bad t o w ors e.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
英文sci论文常用的句式和短语
一些英文sci论文常用的句式和短语Introducing your workThe study will begin by outlining...This study addresses a number of issues...Chapters X and X concentrate on...The following section sets out......to examine the research problem in detail...to shed light on a number of problem areas in current theoryThe paper presented here is based in part on an earlier study Defining the scope of your studyThe focus of the study is...The central question to be examined in this paper is...The study is important for a number of reasons:Present understanding of...is limited.Many authors would agree that...Previous studies have shown or suggested that...The problem has been much discussed in recent literature.This approach has a number of advantages: firstly,...The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that...A fuller discussion of...will appear in a later publication.Arguing for and againstThis point is particularly relevant to...This becomes clear when one examines...This lends weight to the argument that...Support for this interpretation comes from...To put it another way,...This raises the question whether...While it may well be valid that..., this study argues the importance of... This begs the question why...A serious drawback of this approach is...One of the prime failings of this theory or explanation is...Reviewing other workX's study is a textbook example of...X's work has had a profound influence on...The study contains a number of new and important insights:X makes a strong case for...X takes little or no account of...There is little evidence to suggest that...It is very much an oversimplification to...The study offers only cursory examination of...X gives a detailed if not always tenable analysis of...The authors' claim that...is not well founded.X's explanation is not implausible, if not entirely satisfactory.Analysis and explanationOne tentative proposal might be that...If, for the sake of argument, we assume...One of the most obvious consequences of...is...This would appear to be supported by...There is some evidence to suggest that...The importance of...is demonstrated clearly by...Although it may well be true that..., it is important not to overlook...It is important to distinguish carefully between...It is not necessarily the case that...The extent to which this reflects...is unclear.A more plausible explanation for or of...would...The reason for...is unknown, but...has been suggested by X as a possible factor. Summary and conclusionsConcluding this section, we can say that...Chapter X draws together the main findings of the paper.The study has gone some way towards understanding...A number of key issues have been addressed in this study.The results lend strong support to...This study has highlighted a number of problem areas in existing theory. While the initial findings are promising, further research is necessary.This raises a number of questions for future research.The results of this study suggest a number of new avenues for research.英文文章常用表达和写法1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by…2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are …3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristicsof xx…4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上… 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原则也5.已经采用了：have adopted …6.近年来：in recent years7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。