八年级沪教版牛津版英语下册第1单元词汇与语法详解
沪教牛津版八下英语语法知识点归纳
沪教牛津版八下英语语法知识点归纳1. Present tense：现在时- 现在时表示目前正在进行的动作或状态：e.g. I am doing my homework.（我正在做作业。
）- 现在时还可以用来表示经常性的动作或习惯：e.g. She always gets up early.（她经常早起。
）2. Past tense：过去时- 过去时表示已经发生的动作或状态：e.g. I went to the park yesterday.（我昨天去了公园。
）- 过去时还可以用来表示过去的习惯或常态：e.g. He used to swim every morning.（他过去每天早上游泳。
）3. Future tense：将来时- 将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态：e.g. We will visit Paris next summer.（我们将会在明夏去巴黎。
）4. Modal verbs：情态动词- 情态动词用来表示说话者的态度、习惯、能力等：e.g. You should study harder.（你应该更加努力学习。
）- 常见的情态动词有can、could、may、might、must、shall、should、will、would等。
5. Passive voice：被动语态- 被动语态表示动作的接受者在句中作为主语：e.g. The cake was made by my sister.（这个蛋糕是由我妹妹制作的。
）6. Reported speech：间接引语- 间接引语用来转述别人所说的话：e.g. She said that she was going to the cinema.（她说她要去电影院。
）7. Adjectives and adverbs：形容词和副词- 形容词用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征：e.g. He is a tall man.（他是一个高个子的男人。
）- 副词用来描述动词、形容词和其他副词的程度、方式等：e.g. She sings beautifully.（她唱得很美。
上海版牛津八年级第二学期 unit 1
上海版牛津八年级第二学期Unit 1词性转换product n. 产品produce v. 生产production n. 生产fighter n 战士，斗士fight v. 战斗scientist n. 科学家science n. 科学scientific adj. 科学的interested adj.对…感兴趣的interesting adj.有趣的interest n 兴趣；v. 使产生兴趣breathe v. 呼吸breath n. 呼吸natural adj.自然的，天然的nature n. 自然naturally adv. 天然地，自然地warn v. 警告，注意warning n 警告protect v. 保护protection n. 保护chemical n. 化学物质，化学品chemistry n. 化学chemist n. 化学家，药剂师communicate v. 沟通，交流communication n. 沟通main adj. 主要的，最重要的mainly adv.主要地，最重要地noise n. 噪音noisy adj. 嘈杂的；喧闹的noisily adv.嘈杂地；喧闹地重要短语be interested in= have（great）interest in sth/doing sth 对…有（浓厚的）兴趣show（great）interest in sth/doing sth 对…表现出（浓厚的）兴趣in fact = actually 事实上fight for/against…为…/反对…而战as well as 也；还have a fight with sb 与…打架as well =too 也take a deep breath 深呼吸communicate with …沟通，交流one another = each other 互相air pollution 空气污染noise pollution 噪音污染壤污染water pollution 水污染soil pollution土壤污染be known as = be famous for 以…而出名release A into B 将A释放到B中take A from B 从B中取出A of course = certainly 当然join …… together 把…联结起来（be）in danger 出于危险中warn sb about sth 警告某人某事warn sb not to do sth 警告某人不要做某事protect … by (doing ) sth 用（某种方式）保护protect…from （doing）sth 保护…免受…重要句型1.The trees make streets more beautiful and less noisy.树使街道变得更美更安静。
沪教版八年级下英语教材第1单元Helping those in need总结
单词默写1.增加；提高3. 丧失能力的5. 主劢提出7. 严重的9. 组织；筹备11. 痛苦；苦恼2.准许；批准4.青少年6.受苦；受折磨8.（某种）病表达；表露孤独的；寂寞的困难；费劲平静；宁静勇气；勇敢付费10.12.14.16.18.20.友情；友谊13.15.愉快；喜悦17. （使）疼痛；受伤19. 情绪21. 社区短语默写1. 需要帮劣的3. 报请批准5. 使振奋2.义务性工作4. 因…受苦；受折磨6. 目的在于；为了Helping those in needDictation---牛津版八年级下Module 1 Unit 1adj. 志愿的；自发的n. 志愿行动拓展：volunteer n. 志愿者Words and phrasesadj. 丧失能力的；有残疾的+ able +ed【否定前缀】【能够…的】【形容词后缀】常用词组：the disabled 残疾人Disabled Only 残疾人专用Disabled Ramp 残疾人坡道拓展：disable v. 使…残疾able adj. 能够的有些以-ble 结尾的形容词，转变成名词时，名词后缀为-bility,124. suffer5. illnessabilityn. 能力 如：responsible (adj.负责任的)---responsibility (n. 责任)raising; raised; raised① v. 筹集例：We have raised a five-thousand-pound fund for the Red Cross. 我们为红十字会筹集了一笔五千镑的资金。
② v. 增加；提高 例：All the students raised their hands. 所有的学生都丼起手来。
课本词组：raise one’s spirits 使…振奋；使鼓起勇气常考近义词：raiseVS rise(rising; rose; risen)●raise [re ɪz]; 为及物劢词，强调外力将某物抬起戒抬高 ●rise [ra ɪz]; 为丌及物劢词，强调某物依靠自身力量升起 例：Milton raised the glass to his lips.米尔顿丼起杯子放到嘴唇边。
牛津沪教版英语八年级下 Unit1-Unit2语法知识点整合
A .don't make B. not make C. not making D .not to make8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _____clear warnings before firing any shots.A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued9. I'd rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_______ a room with someone else.A. to shareB. to have sharedC. shareD. sharing10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_________ in broad daylight yesterday.A. robbedB. to have been robbedC. being robbedD. having been robbed11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed ________in a fire.A. being destroyedB. having been destroyedC. to be destroyedD. to have been destroyed12. The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success.A. to take placeB. to be taken placeC. to have taken placeD. being taken place13. As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time.A. and finishedB. to finishC. and finishingD. to finished14. I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time.A. to have notB. to not haveC. not to haveD. not having15. Will you lend him a magazine _________?A. to be readB. for readingC. to readD. he read16. He could do nothing but _______for the bus _________.A. wait, to comeB. wait; comeC. waiting; comingD. waited; came17 .It is a problem that doesn't need ________ right now.A. to solveB. solvingC. being solvedD. to be solving18. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble.A. makingB. to makeC. to have madeD. having made19. I remember _______him _______the bike needed __________.A. hearing, saying, to repairB. to hear, say, to repairC. hearing, say, repairingD. to hear, saying, to be repaired20. --- You should have thanked her before you left.--- I meant _________, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.A. to doB. toC. doingD. doing so21. Robert is said to __________ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.A. to have studiedB. to study B. to be studying D. to have been studying22. I'm gong to Xi'an next week. Have you anything __________ to your parents?A. to takeB. to be takenC. to be bought toD. to buy23. when are they __________ in their plan?A. handB. handedC. to handD. give24. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _____________.A. have survivedB. are to surviveC. would survivedD. will survive25. When we hurried to the station, there happened ________ no bus at that time.A. to haveB. to beC. havingD. being26. I lost my way in complete darkness and, _________ matters worse, it began to rain.A. madeB. having madeC. makingD. to make27. At ________ time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, though she is always too busy _________a good rest.A. no, to takeB. no, takingC. any, to takeD. one, taking28. --Are you a student? --No, but I used _________.A. to beB. to wasC. to doD. to be a29. I stopped to listen, and my son seemed _________ himself _________ in the living room.A. to enjoy, to shutB. to be enjoying, shuttingC. to be enjoying, shutD. to have enjoyed, having shut30. With a lot of difficult problems _________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settledB. settlingC. to settleD. being settled31. We're leaving at six o'clock, and hope _________ most of the journey by lunch time.A. to doB. to have doneC. to makeD. to have made32. The study of the wild world may help to make the world easier _________.A. understoodB. to be understoodC. to understandD. understand33. Who will you get __________ the project for us?A. designB. to designC. designedD. designing34. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government know __________.A. it what to do withB. what to do it withC. what to do with itD. to do what with it35. We are not allowed __________ outdoors with some other children.A. playingB. to be playingC. to playD. be playing36. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _________ to carry all the way home.A. much too heavyB. too much heavyC. heavy too muchD. too heavy much37. She feels so strongly that each of us should have a role __________in making the earth a better place to live in.A. to have playedB. to playC. to be playedD. to be playing38. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _________.A. to sendB. for sending itC. to send it toD. for sending it to39. Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears _________ everything.A. to tellB. to be toldC. to be tellingD. to have been told11 / 11。
沪教牛津八年级英语Unit1
八年级英语（沪教牛津）下Unit1知识点复习（一）V ocabularyefuln.+ful adj.eg.n.+less adj.eg.2.painterv.+er/orv.+er/or v.+ress3.cook n./v.cooker n.4.look uplook up the dictionary look it up相关词组look around look out look like look the same look forward to +doing 5.be born in+地点be born in/on+时间6.showShow sth to sb=show sb sth 展示，出示Show great interest in 流露（感情）Show the way to sb 告诉，指点7.include v.including prep8.more thanless than拓展no more than=only 仅仅，不过not more than不多于，不超过9.as +adj.adv+asnot as/so+adj.adv.+as10.even +adj./adv比较级甚至11.however but(although) 的区别12.out of 从……出来，在……之外rush out of look out of jump out of take out of 13.at the end ofin the end=at last=finally14.help sb(to)do sthhelp sb with sthhelp oneself tocan’t help doing15.adj+n.something/anything/nothing+adj. 16.remember to doremember doing17.some……others……one……the other……another18.there be句型就近原则There be sb doing sth19.above —belowon —beneathover —under20.被动语态sb/sth be +v.过去分词+(by sb/sth) Many people speak English.21.make sb do sth)sb. be made to do sth22.a number ofthe number of23.It be +adj.+(for/of sb) to do sth练习1.Listening is just as___________as speaking in language learning.A importantB more importantC most importantD the most important2. Do you have ________to say for travel?A else anythingB anything elseC else somethingD something else3. _____birds died because of pollution.(污染）A Two millionB Millions ofC Million ofD Two million4、There_________still some milk in the fridge. You don’t need to go the store today.A amB isC areD be5、What a fine day! Let’s go _______ a walk.A forB atC outD in6、The poor old man _____________a week ago.A deadB deathC diesD died7、Don’t look ________the windows in class; we must listen to the teacher careful.A out ofB outC intoD up8、The PLA man saved three_______lives in the accident.A children’sB childrenC childD childs’9、--Do you have ____pencils? --No. I have ______pens.A some anyB any; someC some; someD any;any10、Nobody___________teaches me English. I have to learn it by myself.A teachB teachesC teachingD to teach完形填空Dickens, one of the greatest English writers, was born in __16____of the small towns in England. When Dickens was nine years old, the family moved to London, the ____17__of England. There were several younger children in the __18_____. Their life was ___19____. So Dickens could not go to school. He didn’t go to __20___until his father came out of prison(监狱）. At that time he was already twelve years old.But he did not finish school. Two years __21____, he began to work. He often went to the library to __22___books. He read a lot. Then Dickens wrote lots of novels(小说）and stories all his __23__.Dickens__24__ over a hundred years ago. ___25___people are still reading his books with great interest.16 A any B one C some D a 21 A ago B before C later D since17 A city B town C capital D country 22 A see B buy C sell D read18 A school B class C city D family 23 A money B home C class D life19 A good B hard C easy D wonderful 24 A won B drew C read D died20 A school B a school C the school D schools 25 ABut B So C Why D While。
沪教牛津 初中 英语 八年级下册(八下)
country/ˈkʌntri/n. 国家；农村，乡下very/ˈveri/ad. 很，非常before/bɪˈfɔ:(r)/prep.在…以前；在…前面◎ad. 以前◎conj. 在…之前cent/sent/ n. 美分（100cents=1dollar)tell/tel/vt. (told,told)告诉；讲述；吩咐about/əˈbaʊt/ad. 大约；到处；四处◎prep. 关于；在各处；四处seven/ˈsevn/num. 七do/du:, də/v.&aux. (did,done)don't=do not 做，干（用以构成疑问句及否定句。
第三人称单数现在时用 does）不做，不干three/θri:/num. 三spring/sprɪŋ/n. 春天，春季◎n. 泉水，泉wish/wɪʃ/n. 愿望，祝愿◎vt. 希望，想要，祝愿that/ðæt/pron. 那，那个◎conj. 那，那个（引导宾语从句等）◎ad. 那么，那样mother/ˈmʌðə(r)/n. 母亲school/sku:l/n. 学校me/mi:/pron. 我（宾格）from/frɑ:m; frɒm/ prep. 从；从…起；距；来自eighty/ˈeɪti/num. 八十because/bɪˈkɔ:z; bɪˈkɒz/conj. 因为has/hæs; həz/v. 动词 have 的第三人称单数现在式housework/ˈhaʊswɜ:(r)k/n. 家务劳动write/raɪt/v. (wrote,written)书写；写作，著述you/ju:/pron. 你；你们read/ri:d/ v. (read,read)读；朗读in/ɪn/prep. 在…里(内)；在…；以…◎ad. 在家，在内，向内work/wɜ:(r)k/n. 工作，劳动，事情◎vi. 工作；(机器、器官等)运转，活动want/wɑ:nt; wɒnt/ vt. 想，想要；需要，必要this/ðɪs/a.&pron. 这，这个is/ɪz/v.是them/ðem； ðəm/pron. 他/她/它们（宾格）it/ɪt/pron. 它then/ðen/ ad. 当时，那时；然后；那么(通常用于句首或句尾)my/maɪ/pron. 我的girl/gɜ:(r)l/ n. 女孩as/æz ; əz/ conj. 像…一样；如同；因为◎prep. 作为，当做at/æt/prep. 在（几点钟）；在（某处）million/ˈmɪljən/ num. 百万◎n. 百万个（人或物）success/səkˈses/n. 成功name/neɪm/n. 名字，姓名，名称◎vt. 命名，名叫since/sɪns/ad. 从那时以来◎conj. 从…以来，…以后，由于◎prep. 从…以来here/hɪə(r)/ad. 这里，在这里；向这里沪教牛津八下Unit1 More practice单词：other/ˈʌðə(r)/pron. 别人，别的东西◎a. 别的，另外的for/fɔ:(r); fə(r)/prep. 为了…；向…，往…；与…交换；防备…；适合…；因为…；在…期间；对于…；对…来说◎conj. 因为，由于I/aɪ/pron. 我life/laɪf/n. (复lives)生命；生涯；生活；人生；生物lot/lɑ:t; lɒt/n. 许多，好些how/haʊ/ad. 怎样，如何；多少；多么teacher/ˈti:ʧə(r)/n. 教师，教员are/ɑ:(r); ə(r)/v.是China/ ˈʧaɪnə/n. 中国and/ænd； ənd/conj. 和；又；而of/ɒv; əv/prep. (表示所属,数量,其中)…的now/naʊ/ad. 现在class/klɑ:s/,/klæs/n. （学校里的）班；年级；课a/ə; eɪ/art. 一（个、件…）one/wʌn/pron. 一（个，只…）◎num. 一start/stɑ:(r)t/v. 开始，着手；出发go/gəʊ/ vi. (went,gone)去；走；驶；通到；到达◎n. 尝试also/ˈɔ:lsəʊ/ad. 也（做某事）room/ru:m/n. 房间，室；空间；地方many/ˈmeni/ pron. (比较级more,最高级most)许多人（或物）◎a. 许多的way/weɪ/n. 路，路线；方式，手段stay/steɪ/n.&vi. 停留，逗留，呆home/həʊm/n. 家◎ad. 到家；回家the/ði:; ðə/art. 这（那）个，这（那）些（用于特定人或物，序数词,最高级，专有名词，世上独一无二事物前）special/ˈspeʃəl/a. 特别的，专门的help/help/n.&vt. 帮助，帮忙with/wɪð,wɪθ/prep. 关于；带有；以；和；用；有paid/peɪ/v. (paid,paid)付钱，给…报酬◎n. 工资thing/θɪŋ/n. 东西；(复)物品，用品；事情，事件to/tu: ； tə/prep. （动词不定式符号，无词义）；（表示接受动作的人或物）给；对，向，到；在…之前age/eɪdʒ/n. 年龄；时代return/rɪˈtɜ:(r)n/ v. 归还，回，归first/fɜ:(r)st/num. 第一◎a.&ad. 第一；首次；最初◎n. 开始；开端文章：1. Success for Spring Buds2. My name is Feng Guixiang.3. I want to tell you about the China Children and Teenagers' Fund (CCTF) and how it helped me.4. One of the CCTF's special activities is the Spring Bud Project.5. In 1989, 4.8 million children in the country, aged from seven to fourteen, were unable to attend school.6. Eighty-three per cent of them were girls.7. Because of this, the CCTF launched the Spring Bud Project to help them.8. Since then, the project has helped millions of girls return to school.9. It has also built a lot of schools.10. The very first Spring Bud class was here in Guangxi in 1989.parent /ˈperənt; ˈpeərənt/ n. 父(母)，双亲very /ˈveri/ ad. 很，非常bring /brɪŋ/ vt. (brought,brought)拿来，带来，取来paint /peɪnt/ n. 油漆◎vt. 油漆，粉刷，绘画during /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/,/ˈdʊrɪŋ/ prep. 在…期间；在…过程中three /θri:/ num. 三without /wɪˈðaʊt/ prep. 没有leg /leg/ n. 腿；腿脚；支柱offer /ˈɒfə/,/ˈɑ:fər/ n. 提供；建议these /ði:z/ a.&pron. 这些music /ˈmju:zɪk/ n. 音乐，乐曲her /hɜ:(r)/ pron. 她(宾格),她的friend /frend/ n. 朋友near /nɪə(r)/ a.近的◎ad. 附近，邻近◎prep. 在…附近，靠近because /bɪˈkɔ:z; bɪˈkɒz/ conj. 因为lonely /ˈləʊnli/ a. 孤独的，寂寞的write /raɪt/ v. (wrote,written)书写；写作，著述they /ðeɪ/ pron. 他（她）们；它们；人们in /ɪn/ prep. 在…里(内)；在…；以…◎ad. 在家，在内，向内work /wɜ:(r)k/ n. 工作，劳动，事情◎vi. 工作；(机器、器官等)运转，活动want /wɑ:nt; wɒnt/ vt. 想，想要；需要，必要understand /ˌʌndə(r)ˈstænd/ v.(understood,understood)懂得；明白；理解them /ðem ； ðəm/ pron. 他/她/它们（宾格）is /ɪz/ v.是it /ɪt/ pron. 它hurt /hɜ:(r)t/ vt. (hurt,hurt)伤害，受伤；伤人感情I /aɪ/ pron. 我accident /ˈæksɪdənt/ n. 事故，意外的事lot /lɑ:t; lɒt/ n. 许多，好些are /ɑ:(r); ə(r)/ v.是have /hæv; həv/ vt. (had,had)有；吃；喝；进行；经受disabled /dɪsˈeɪbld/ a. 残废的，残疾的illness /ˈɪlnəs/ n. 疾病a /ə; eɪ/ art. 一（个、件…）one /wʌn/ pron. 一（个，只…）◎num. 一spirit /ˈspɪrɪt/ n. 精神photo /ˈfəʊtəʊ/ n. =photograph 照片many /ˈmeni/ pron. (比较级more,最高级most)许多人（或物）◎a. 许多的picture /ˈpɪktʃə(r)/ n. 图片，画片，照片the /ði:; ðə/ art. 这（那）个，这（那）些（用于特定人或物，序数词,最高级，专有名词，世上独一无二事物前）11. The Spring Bud Project paid for me to attend that class.12. It also rented a room close to the school for me.13. Before the project started, I stayed at home and helped my mother with the housework.14. Going to school changed my life.15. I learnt to read and write and do many other things.16. Now I work as a teacher at a Spring Bud school here in Guangxi.17. I wish to help other girls the way the Spring Bud Project helped me.Unit1 Reading 单词：call/kɔ:l/n. 喊，叫；电话，通话◎v. 称呼；呼唤；喊，叫help/help/n.&vt. 帮助，帮忙meet/mi:t/vt. (met,met)遇见，见到◎n. 会；集会to/tu: ； tə/prep. （动词不定式符号，无词义）；（表示接受动作的人或物）给；对，向，到；在…之前story/ˈstɔ:ri/n. 故事，小说but/bʌt; bət/conj. 但是，可是◎prep. 除了，除…外use/ju:z/vt. 利用，使用，应用tell/tel/vt. (told,told)告诉；讲述；吩咐do/du:, də/v.&aux. (did,done)don't=do not 做，干（用以构成疑问句及否定句。
沪教牛津版八年级下Unit1-讲解解析
沪教牛津版八年级下Unit1讲解一、重点词汇讲解1.raise v.筹集；提升；增加第三人称单数：raises过去式：raised过去分词：raised现在分词：raising搭配：raise money筹款；raise money for…为……筹款raise one’s voice提高嗓门；例如：They raised money for homeless people. raise price提高价格；raise one’s spirits打起精神raise=keep有“饲养，抚养”的意思，如：raise cattle=keep cattle（饲养牲口）和raise children（抚养孩子）辨析：raise,rise(rise--rose--risen)的区别(1)这两个词都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。
raise是及物动词，其主语通常是人；而rise是不及物动词，其主语通常是物。
例如：The sun rises and bathes the earth.太阳升起，普照大地。
Bath n.沐浴，浴室bathe v.沐浴，洗，（光线）充满(2)raise和rise用于同一事物时含义不同。
例如：The price of TV sets has been raised recently.最近电视机提价了。
（政府或厂家主动行动）The price of TV sets has risen recently.最近电视机提价了。
（市场调节）2.permission n.=agreement准许；批准搭配：Ask permission报请批准Write a letter to the head teacher to to raise money.给校长写一封信请求允许筹钱。
同根词：permit v.=allow you to do it许可，准许；默许The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder.知识拓展：(1)表示请求某人允许自己做某事，通常与动词ask,ask for,request连用。
新版沪教版英语八年级下册unit1
八年级下册unit1 Helping those in need复习Unit1 Language pointsI. Key Words1. raise v. 筹募；增加【用法】raise 是一个及物动词，后可直接加宾语。
如：raise the national flag；raise money； raise one’s spirits 意为“使振奋，使鼓起勇气”如：A powerful song can raise one’s spirits.时态变化：raise-raised-raised 例：Raise your hands.The worker demand the manager to raise their salary.工人们要求加薪水。
【拓展】rise 是不及物动词,表示“升起”，例：The sun is rising.时态变化：rise--rose--risen【例句】翻译：1. 我们如何才能在短期内提高英语水平？____________________________________________________________________________ 2. 我想养只狗当宠物。
____________________________________________________________________________2. disabled. adj. 丧失能力的【用法】disabled可以作为形容词；也可以作为动词（ disable的过去式和过去分词)，意为：使残废；使伤残；使无效【拓展】我们常用the disabled表示“残疾人”,相当于disabled people.【例句】He became severely d___________ after the big fire.3. offer v. 主动提出【用法】offer后面加不定式，offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事如：On his mum’s birthday, little Tom offered to do the dishes.【拓展】offer 还可以表示“主动拿给；主动给与”的意思，相当于give，后面可接名词作宾语。
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Unit 1 Helping those in need单词raise v. 筹募，增加，提高She raises money for the disabled people.He asked the boss raise his salaries.permission n. 准许，批准They entered the area without permission.permit是其动词形式，常见搭配为permit sb to do sth，意为允许某人做某事。
Permit me to explain.teenager n. 青少年The teenager ran away after being punished.offer v. 主动提出He offered to do voluntary work[拓展]offer意为“主动提出”时，后接动词不定式to+do；offer还可作“提供，供应”解，常用短语有offer sb sth或offer sth to sb.They offered us some money.suffer v. (因疾病等)受苦；受折磨The children suffered from serious illness.serious adj. 严重的；严肃的、庄重的That could cause serious injuryPlease be serious for a minute, this is very importantillness n. （某种）病He stayed home for a day because of a slight illness.organize v. 组织，筹备We organized a painting competition for them.express v. 表达，表露。
He could not express his feelings of sadness to his mother. 他不能向母亲表露出内心的悲痛.pain n. (精神上的)痛苦，苦恼；（肉体上的）疼痛, 疼痛He felt a sharp pain in his knee.他感到膝盖一阵剧痛。
(肉体上)I never meant to cause her pain.我从没有让她痛苦之意。
（精神上）lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的I live all alone but I never feel lonely. 我虽孑然一身, 但从不感孤寂。
lonely与alone的区别：a.lonely只用作形容词，在句中既可作定语，也可作表语，表示“孤独的，寂寞的”意思，强调内心孤独，带有浓厚的感情色彩，具有“渴望得到同伴”的含义I'm a lonely man.b.alone 形容词,副词，意为“独自的（地）、单独的（地）”，指客观情况（独自一人，没有同伴或助手）I am alone at home.（作形容词作表语）I like to work alone. （作副词修饰work）friendship n. 友谊，友情At school she formed a close friendship with several other girls.difficulty n. 困难；费劲The country is facing great economic difficulties.joy n. 愉快，喜悦To his great joy, she accepted. peace n. 平静，宁静She lay back and enjoyed the peace of the summer evening.hurt v. （使）疼痛；受伤He hurt his back in an accident.My feet hurt. 我脚疼。
[拓展]hurt还可用作名词，意为“（精神上的）痛苦，创伤”The experience left me with a feeling of deep hurt.courage n. 勇气She didn't have the courage to refuse.siprits n. 情绪，心境to be in high/low spirits 情绪高/ 低You must try and keep your spirits up.pay v. 付费pay (sb) (for sth) 支付……费用；I'll pay for the tickets. 我来买票Her parents paid for her to go to Canada.pay (in) cash 用现金支付You'd get a discount for paying cash.pay by cheque/credit card 用支票/信用卡支付Can I pay by credit cardcommunity n. 社区He's well liked by people in the community.in need 需要帮助的We are collecting money for families in need.常见的用法还有in need+of sth，意为“需要……”。
I was all right but in need of rest.write a letter to sb 给某人写信You can write a letter to him[拓展]receive a letter from sb.或hear from sb. 收到某人的来信。
I received a letter from my friend yesterday= I heard from my friend yesterday.ask permission 请求批准。
permission为不可数名词，意为“批准，准许”。
You must ask permission if you want to leave early.They took away the books without permission.Could you do sth? 你能做某事吗？用于委婉地请求别人做某事，有时候在you后面加please。
Could you please close the door?Yes, sure.[拓展]表示委婉请求的句型还有“Would/Will you please (not) do sth”Would you please (not) feed the dog?give sb. a hand 意为“帮助某人”，相当于help sb.Come on! Let me give you a handthe disabled people 表示有残疾的一类人，意为“残疾人”。
(P2)The businessman always tries his best to help the disabled.talk to 和……交谈，后面接表示人的名词或代词，相当于talk with。
talk about意为谈论某事。
I want to talk to my mother.Today we are going to talk about travelling.without 介词，意为“没有；不”，后面常接名词，人称代词宾格或动词-ing形式，在句子中作定语或状语。
其反义词为with，意为“有”，用法与without相同。
There are many families without childrenHe left the classroom without saying a word.I often dream of a big house with a nice garden.辨析offer与provideoffer 意为“主动提供”；愿意给予，常用offer sb. sth. 或offer sth. to sb.provide 意为“供给；提供；准备”常用provide sb. with sth.或provide sth. for sb.I offer Cindy a gift=I offered a gift to Cindy.They provided Cindy with all the books=They provided all books for Cindy.suffer from sth. 意为“因某事受苦，受某事的折磨”，后面常表示疾病、痛苦、寒冷、饥饿，悲伤等词。
His child is suffering from a bad cold.This country often suffers from floods.take photos of 意为“给……拍照”，相当于take pictures/photographs of，也可用take a photo/picture/photograph of表示相同含义。
而take photos意为“拍照”。
Let’s take a photo/picture of the park.Tony enjoys taking photos.express oneself 意为“表达自己的意思、思想、感情”等。
（p3）You can express yourself freely.[拓展]express的名词形式为expression，意为“表达，表情”。
an expression of surprise.continue to 意为“继续做某事”，continue后面可接动名词，同样表示“继续做某事”，They continue to have a partyMike continued reading the book.[拓展]continue作不及物动词，意为“继续；连续，延伸”。
The snow continued for two days.continue with sth. 继续（做）某事。
You can continue with your work.have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难。
difficulty可以用problems或trouble来代替。
I had some difficulty (in) working out the maths problems.have the courage to do sth. 有勇气做某事He does not have the courage to give up his idea.in good health 身体健康，相当healthy，常用作表语。