Skills of Translation
电子商务英语答案
电子商务英语答案Answers of Unit OneText AⅠ.Review the questions 略Ⅱ. Put in the missing information based on the text1. frequently2. perspectives3. emerging; exchanging; information4. globalization; productivity; competitive5. employment; commercial6. replace7. people; policy; technical; protocolsⅢ. Translate the following passage into Chinese1. 电子商务是一个刚出现的概念，即通过计算机网络，包括了互联网，来描述买卖过程或产品、服务和信息的交易。
2. EC的应用有许多，例如：家庭银行、在网上商店购物、购买股票、寻找工作、网上拍卖以及利用电子手段在研究和项目开发方面进行合作。
Ⅳ.Translate the following sentences into English1. Some people think that EC is just another overused and discarded buzzword.2. The term electronic commerce is restricting, however, and does not fully encompass the truenature of the many types of information exchanges occurring via telecommunication devices. 3. There are more non-enterprise organizations, such as academic institutions, non-profitorganizations, religious organizations, social organizations and the governments, employing variety of E-Commerce to reduce the costs and improve the operation.4. The definition of E-Business is broader than that of E-Commerce, which electronicallyinvolves the interaction of all information.Text BⅠ.True or FalseF F T F F T F F T FⅡ. Put in the missing information based on the text1. complicated2. communication; information3. wiring4. Wireless5. separate6. digital; analog7. social; teleconferencing; telecommunications8. ubiquity; convenience9. retail; auctions 10. hierarchical; relational; network; objectSkills of Understanding1． Despite the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market. Ford,General Motors and Chrysler are hiring more workers than ever before.2． It is difficult for adult learners to come to classes to study at a fixed time. 3． Traffic congestion results in adverse effects.Skills of Translation1. 每个人的生活都有甜蜜和苦涩。
翻译中的常用技巧
翻译中的常用技巧The commonly-used skills of translation如何确定词语的意义？一. 确定词语在语境中的意义1. I never had much in seeing you. There was no love lost between us at any time.2. We grumble a little now and then , to be sure. But there’s no love lost between us.1.我向来不大想看到你，我们两人之间大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。
2. 当然啦，我们有时也免不了争论几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱。
3. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN. may do whatever he likes. 不要忘乎所以4. We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody. 不要过于操劳，要多多保重二. 弄清原文的逻辑关系The object did not move because I pushed it.不是因为我推了它，该物体才移动。
三. 理解原文的深层结构1. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷，声音就象把猪赶到市场一样。
2. 根据词类确定词义选择词义，首先要判明一个词在句中属于哪一种词类，起什么作用，然后再根据词类选择适当的词义。
如up 这个词在下列例句中词类不同，词义也不同。
汉译英主语的确定
Determining the Subject of a Sentence汉译英的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放，如何构建译文句子的总体框架，主要确定那拿什么作为英语主语。
汉英句法结构有相似性，即传统语法认为汉英句子总统框架相同，都属于主－动－宾（SOV），但同时也存在着许多差异。
英语是一种注重主语的语言（subject-prominent language）,而汉语则是注重主题的语言(topic-prominent language)。
具体地说，汉语经常采用主题—述题（topic—comment）的句式，主语的句法功能弱，有时还不容易识别；英语主语的句法功能强，几乎都采用主语—谓语（subject—predicate）的句式，主语是整个句子最关键的成份。
就英语而言，主语一旦选定，句子总体框架大致就确立了。
e.g.这件事你不用操心。
（通顺）This you don’t need to worry about. (×)You don’t need to worry about this. (√)This is not something you need to worry abo ut. ( √)It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) （汉语没有对应结构）汉语是主题显著的语言，其句法特征是意合，这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系（尤其是主语）在形式上不明显（有时主语不清）。
而英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语，除省略句外，每个英语句子都必须有主语。
再者，由于英语句法特征是形合，这一特征要求英语句子各成分之间的关系要明晰，以免句子结构混乱，影响意义传达。
因此，译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语，并在译文中妥贴地表现出来。
23考研英语二阅读译文
23考研英语二阅读译文With the approaching of the 2023 postgraduate entrance examination, the English Section II reading comprehension has become a focal point for many candidates. Given its significance in the overall score, mastering the skills of translating and comprehending the passages is crucial. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the reading translation techniques and offer effective preparation strategies for the upcoming exam.**Understanding the Structure and Content of the Reading Passages**The English Section II reading passages are typically diverse, covering a range of topics such as science, technology, economy, society, and culture. To approachthese passages effectively, candidates need to have a solid understanding of the basic structure of an academic article, which typically consists of an introduction, main body, and conclusion. By identifying the main ideas and supporting details in each section, candidates can better comprehendthe overall content and arguments presented in the passages.**Translation Techniques for Reading Comprehension**Translation is a crucial skill in reading comprehension, as it helps candidates bridge the language gap and gain a deeper understanding of the passages. When translating, candidates should focus on maintaining the original meaning and tone of the text while adapting it to the target language. Here are some key translation techniques to consider:1. **Word-for-Word Translation**: For technical termsor specific phrases, a direct word-for-word translation may be necessary to maintain the accuracy of the information. However, candidates should be careful not to overuse this technique, as it can sometimes lead to awkward or grammatically incorrect translations. 2. **Paraphrasing**: Paraphrasing involves restating a phrase or sentence in a different way while maintaining its original meaning. This technique is particularly useful when dealing with complex sentences or abstract concepts that may be difficult to translate directly. 3. **Contextual Understanding**: Understanding the context of a passage is crucial for accurate translation. Candidates should analyze therelationships between words, phrases, and sentences toinfer their intended meanings within the overall context of the article.**Preparation Strategies for the Reading Section**1. **Regular Practice**: Consistent practice is key to improving reading comprehension skills. Candidates should regularly read English articles, especially those related to the topics covered in the exam, to familiarize themselves with the language and content.2. **Vocabulary Building**: A rich vocabulary is essential for effective reading comprehension. Candidates should focus on learning and reviewing key vocabulary related to the exam topics to ensure they are prepared to handle any vocabulary challenges in the reading passages.3. **Time Management**: Managing time effectively is crucial during the exam. Candidates should practice timed reading exercises to familiarize themselves with the pace and volume of reading required for the exam.4. **Review and Reflection**: After completing reading exercises, candidates should reviewtheir answers and identify any areas where they struggled.Reflecting on these challenges and seeking ways to improve can help candidates prepare better for the actual exam.In conclusion, mastering the skills of translating and comprehending the reading passages in the English Section II of the 2023 postgraduate entrance examination requires a combination of understanding the structure and content of the passages, applying translation techniques, and implementing effective preparation strategies. By consistently practicing and refining their skills, candidates can increase their chances of success in this important section of the exam.。
Unit 6---商务信函翻译Business letters and translation
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We sincerely hope that future discussions between our companies will lead to further mutually beneficial business. Yours sincerely, Denis Thorpe Manager
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Attention (of) or Attn. 请某人亲阅，送交某人
Mich & Mclean, Inc. 340 Caranedie Ave. Nenilworth, N. T. USA Attn: Mr. William Butler
Mich & Mclean, Inc. 340 Carnedie Ave.
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The above payment terms have been approved by our Managing Director and will be acted on accordingly.
The order is being prepared and will reach you in the next ten days. 以上建议获本公司总经理批准，今后将如述 执行。 现正拟订有关订单，十日内将送达贵公司。
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Closing remarks
希望早日收到回复 a. We hope to receive your favor at an early date. b. A prompt reply would greatly oblige us. c. Please favor us with your reply as early as possible. d. We shall be pleased to be of service to you at all times.
5机械工程专业英语翻译的基本方法-转换词性与改换译法-
机械工程专业英语English inMechanicalEngineering宋宜梅songym@桂林电子科技大学——机电工程学院2008.02翻译的基本方法–转换词性Skills of Translation–transform part of speech and way 转换词性是根据翻译的需要将英语某一词性的词译为汉语另一词性的方法的词译为汉语另一词性的方法。
在以下情况下可考虑转换词性在以下情况下可考虑转换词性：：当英语某一词性的词相当于汉语另一词性时当英语某一词性的词相当于汉语另一词性时；； 当某词按同一词性翻译不能确切表达该词的意义时; 当某词按同一词性翻译而使得汉语句子不通顺时当某词按同一词性翻译而使得汉语句子不通顺时。
1、转译为汉语动词1）名词转译成动词名词转译成动词：：英语中往往习惯于利用动名词英语中往往习惯于利用动名词、、具有动作意义的抽象名词和由动词派生的名词来表达动作概念的抽象名词和由动词派生的名词来表达动作概念，，而在翻译中往往需要将其转译成汉语动词而在翻译中往往需要将其转译成汉语动词，，以便译句符合汉语的语言习惯句符合汉语的语言习惯。
The flow of electrons is from the negative plate to the positive.One of the principal rules of thelathe maintenance is timely lubrication of all friction surfaces.Let me have a look at the machine.2）形容词转译成动词由于英汉两种语言对某些要领的表达方式不。
英语句子中的形容词有时需要转译成汉语动词。
同，英语句子中的形容词有时需要转译成汉语动词 The force is perpendicular to the surface. We are grateful to you for your help.3）副词转译成动词Engineers took the machine apart yesterday.The reaction force to this action force pushes rocket ship along.课堂小练习 I am certain be saw me.2. 转译成汉语名词 1）动词转译成名词为了符合汉语习惯为了符合汉语习惯，，英语句子中某些动词不宜照译为汉语动词译为汉语动词，，而应该转译在汉语名词而应该转译在汉语名词。
翻译理论技巧(the skills of the translating theory)
翻译理论技巧（the Skills of Translation Theory）1. 词义选择(Selection of Meanings)例1．This phase involves laying out material in order to inventory all problems．[在该句中，inventory作动词]在此阶段，须展示所有的资料以便开列所有问题的清单。
例2．Passing by the entirely south elevation，one may view the house from below the waterfall．[elevation此处为建筑设计的“立视图”或“立面”]完全绕过南立面后，人们可以从瀑布下方观看这幢房子(流水别墅)。
Directions：Translate the following sentences into Chinese，paying special attention to the correct selection of meanings of the underlined words or phrases．1．When one first approaches Falling Water，the impression is that of a series of pale yellow-colored horizontal planes hovering above ground at varying heights within a forest．第一次去流水别墅的人留下的印象深刻的是树木中一系列灰黄色的不同高度的水平挑台。
2．Four square garden courts front the mausoleum at one end of Taj Mahal(泰姬陵)．四个方庭朝向位于泰姬陵端部的陵墓。
3．In his discussion of form，Le Corbusier is at pains to point out that the geometric laws of any particular form should be the basis for subsequent action．在关于形式的讨论中，柯布西耶设法指出所有特殊形式的几何规律是后来进一步行动的基础。
汉英翻译文化转换
译者虽然是双语者(bilinguist)，然绝大多数译者对 本国文化的熟悉程度往往超过对异国文化的熟悉 程度，在分析和理解原语所代表的文化时，受本 国文化模式和观念影响，也受个人文化素养的限 制，难免对该文化的意义认识不全甚至有偏差， 特别是当原语表达的文化与译语表达的文化发生 冲突或前者之有为后者之无时，填补空缺和解决 冲突的方式往往不尽人意。况且，即使译者尽了 全力拿出他(她)满意的译作，译文读者的文化素 养和语言能力可能超过或低于译者的预测，对译 文的反应也就可能不同于译者的预测，译文效果 也较难以预测。这种双语交际的客观规律也导致 了翻译的局限性。
翻译的可能性与局限性翻译的可能性与局限性河riverriver水水waterwater太阳star平原平原plainplain高原高原plateaurain雪雪snowsnow白天白天dayglass树树treetree交通交通communication飞机planeplane火车火车train家庭家庭familyfamily父亲父亲father家庭familyfamily父亲父亲father教育educationeducation宗教宗教religion敬礼solutesolute信仰信仰beliefbelief价值understanding误解误解misunderstanding喜happinesshappiness怒怒angerword句句sentencesentence段太阳sunplateau风day黑夜黑夜nightcommunication运输train轮船轮船shipfather母亲母亲motherfather母亲母亲motherreligion外交外交价值valuemisunderstandinganger哀哀grief段paragraphparagraphsun月亮月亮风windnight花wind霜花运输ship摩摩mothermother社霜社社社value思维思维grief哭哭22翻译的可能性与局限性翻译的可能性与局限性??由于人类居住的生态环境有别各国的社会历史由于人类居住的生态环境有别各国的社会历史不完全相同各国人民创造的物质文明也有许多不完全相同各国人民创造的物质文明也有许多不同之处特别是语言特征和表情达意的手法也不同之处特别是语言特征和表情达意的手法也有差别它们都是文化交流的障碍有些障碍甚有差别它们都是文化交流的障碍有些障碍甚至不可逾越这是造成翻译局限性的首要原因至不可逾越这是造成翻译局限性的首要原因至不可逾越这是造成翻译局限性的首要原因
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Skills of TranslationI 汉译英时英语词形的选择汉语是没有形态变化的语言，而英语是有形态变化的语言。
跳舞：dance (名词), dance (动词), to dance (不定式), dancing (动名词或现在分词)到达：arrive (动词), to arrive (不定式), arriving (动名词或现在分词), arrival (名词)例：1 他来了，我很高兴。
I was delighted that he arrived.His arrival delighted me.His arriving delighted me.2 每天有上万人游览这座公园。
About 10,000 people visit the garden every day.The garden has about 10,000 visitors every day.3 他工作很努力。
He works hard.He is a hard worker.4 她很会写文章。
She writes very well.She is a very good writer.Exercises:1.他烟抽的很厉害。
2. 她酷爱音乐.3. 你一定很不会学，要不然就是教你的人不会教。
4. 在车没停稳之前请不要站起来。
5. 你要当合格的导游，就必须熟悉这个国家的历史和文化。
6. 要学好英语，就必须尽可能多地接触这门语言。
7. 没有党的领导，要实现四个现代化是不可能的。
8. 这件事本身便表明，他们是有合作的诚意的。
II 正话反说与反话正说英语和汉语都有肯定和否定之分。
但由于英语和汉语的思维方法和表达习惯不同，两种语言用来表达否定概念的词汇，语法都有很大区别。
如在表达否定意义是，英语的否定结构比较复杂，方式灵活多样，除了用否定词外，还常使用一些否定词缀和形式肯定、意义否定的动词，形容词，介词等。
汉语没有严格意义上的肯定和否定形式变化，表达方式较为简单，表达否定意义的词语中几乎都含有明显的否定标志词“不”“无”“莫”“未”“没有”。
对于同一事物往往可以从说，也可以从反面说，英语，汉语都如此。
例：1．英语正说，汉语反说他们可以不失面子地接受这个建议。
They could accept this suggestion with dignity.他的文风丝毫也不矫揉造作。
His style is void of affectation.他已长大，不再需要这些玩具了。
He has outgrown these toys.She failed to perceive any difference.她看不出有什么不同的地方。
He is anything but a musician.他根本不是当音乐家的料。
Exercises那个古花瓶是无价之宝。
别像个傻瓜似的！那列火车很快就看不见了。
主持这样重要的会议是他力不能及的。
His name slipped from my memory.2．英语反说，汉语正说中国直到20世纪80年代才开放旅游业。
China did not open up to tourists until the 1980s.It will not be long before we finish our job.我们很快就可以完成任务了。
他是非常勇敢的。
He is no coward.We went to no further than the bridge.我们走到桥边就停下来。
The lion is no less cruel than the tiger.狮子与老虎一样残忍。
Exercises:I tried hard not to lose a word of what he said.No smoking.Stay here and wait; I shall not be long.他满脸绝望的回来了。
More exercises:1. No pains, no gains.2. We’ll be there in no time.3. I hate to see animals in cages.4. Any may trouble avoid you wherever you go.5. Wars have never stopped polluting the earth.6. I tried in vain to persuade him to give up that idea.7. Don’t make your conclusion before he comes back.8. Each nation has the right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination.9. 我劝你别管闲事。
10. 我们学校师资力量不足。
11. 我们完全不知道他的计划。
12. 那座大楼处于无人管理的状态。
13. 天无绝人之路。
TranslationIn theory all yin and yang can be infinitely subdivided into aspects that are themselves yin and yang. Steam, for example, would be considered a yang quality of water, whereas ice would be considered a yin quality. In TCM, the front of the body is considered yin in relation to the back, which is yang, but the upper part of the front - the chest - would be seen as yang in relation to the lower part of the front - the abdomen. TCM views the body in terms of yin and yang aspects. The healthy state is characterized by a dynamic balance between the yin and yang aspects of the body and, i.e., an unhealthy state is characterized by some imbalance between the yin and yang of the body.If a substance has no qi then it is dead. The qi of the liver is the functional activities of the liver, and the qi of the body is the total vital energy of a human being. Qi is disseminated through out the body by the channels. It is also divided into various subgroups such as primary qi, or the qi with which you are born, and nourishing qi, or the qi that you gain from the food you eat. Defensive qi is the qi that protects the body from invasion by disease, circulating just below the skin and fending off invasion by viruses and bacteria (pathogens).The five elements are connected with many different qualities. Each resonates with a season, a climate, a taste, a colour, an emotion, a movement, a sense organ and a body part as well as having many other associations. They are also each linked with two different internal organs, a yang organ and a yin organ. The water element, for example is related to the bladder and the kidney. Both of which are associated with the assimilation of water in our bodies. The earth element is connected with the stomach and spleen. Food grows on the earth so there is an obvious relationship between these organs and this element.III 英汉互译中词类转换的技巧汉语是没有形态变化的语言，英语是有形态变化的。
一个汉语单词可以有好几个不同词性或形态的英语单词与之对应。
1．汉语动词和英语名词之间的互相转换汉语是动态性的语言，往往一个句子里就有三四个动词；英语则是较静态的语言，一个动作或状态，不但可以用动词表示，还可以用形容词，副词，名词等表示。
在较正式的文体中，使用名词的倾向尤为明显。
一个普通动词或形容词，一经名词化，整个句子便正式许多。
例：知识是人类创造的。
Human being are the creators of knowledge.禁止违反游戏规则。
Any violation of the game rules is prohibited.非请莫入。
No admittance without authorization.2．汉语形容词和英语名词之间的互相转换许多形容词具有动态的意义。
例：The increasing prosperity of China has brought pride to all the Chinese people in the world.中国日益繁荣昌盛，全世界华人都为之骄傲。