英语专业八级人文常识
专八人文知识汇总
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括Ⅰ地理有四个部分组成great Britain（England，Wales，Scotland）and northern IrelandⅡ地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover 多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river（赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river），典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate）Ⅲ人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons，苏格兰人hospitable and generous，Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区ⅣHistory：1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民起义）1458（玫瑰战争，1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646（first civil war ），1658（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution）Ⅴ教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习ⅥReligionEstablished churches分为the Church of England（official church ，英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland（Presbyterian，长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会，the free churches 自由教，the roman catholic church 天主教Ⅶ主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sunday（圣灵降临节，复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜，11月5日，燃放烟火的节日）Ⅷsports ，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August 到May），最典型的英国运动是cricket，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnightⅨArts 博物馆（the British museum，the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery）Music (甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaⅩmedia (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)ⅪPoliticalconstitutional monarchy，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons，任期为五年）political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party（Tories 托利党）第二节美国概括Ⅰyellow National park（大平原地带），大峡谷（the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California ）ⅡAlaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits，also called Eskimos)Hawaii （Mauna Loa ，莫纳罗亚山，the world’s largest active volcano，盛产sugar cane and pineapple，首府是Honolulu）Ⅲ地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2 the Mississippi river （greatest continental rivers，American Ruhr ），Ohio river（俄亥俄河）3 the great lakes：lake Michigan（唯一一个在美国境内），lake superior（世界上最大的淡水湖），the lake Huron（休伦湖）lake Erie（伊利湖）and lake Ontario（安大略湖）Ⅳhistory1620，201 pilgrim，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, （英国承认其独立，签署停火协议），1789（established federal government），1812（和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要）1861-1865（civil war）,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20世纪初)，1949（north Atlantic treaty），1950s （civil rights movement）1950-1975（the Vietnam war），1972（Watergate scandal）1972 (访华)，1979（中美建交）ⅤAmerican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，（1789讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
英语专八人文知识
1 英语词汇分为两大类：开放类词和封闭类词前者包括名词，动词，形容词和副词。
后者包括介词，冠词和连词等。
2 伦敦学派是现代语言学重要学派之一，创始人John Firth3 The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.4黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。
5首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂•哥伦布。
6 John Fitzgerald Kennedy is __35h ___ president.7 The Missouri River 密苏里河 is the dividing line between the South and North.8美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
9 (Washington D.C)华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。
华盛顿州（Washington）的最大城市是西雅图。
10 In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminar y , opened in __ Massachusetts ___ to serve the “ Muslim sex”.,美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。
11 the capital of U.S. is situated on the __ Potomac ___River banks.12 The Wars of Roses was ended by Henry VII13 All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly Pessimistic14 Edward I 在1301年征服了威尔士，收并为英国领土，为了稳定在那里的统治，他把儿子命名为威尔士王子。
专八人文知识讲义完整版
人文知识讲义2004年2月全国英语考试专业教学指导委员会修订专八考试大纲，2005年正式实施，开始新增人文知识的内容。
主要包括：英语国家概括、英语语言文学知识、和英语语言学知识。
测试要求：1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。
4题。
主要考察英国、美国必有（地理、历史、文化和政治），加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括，爱尔兰没有出现，2 英语文学知识。
3题。
文学部分英美文学作家作品，流派、文学贡献也会出现，及格律3 英语语言学知识。
3题。
语言学基本概念，及其代表理论、代表著作注意：人文一般不会考很偏的知识第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理：东南西北地理位置、人口3亿（人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等，主要为印第安人，首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人）、星条旗为国旗（13和50）、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》（1931年通过）、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，属于中央政府管理。
50州，最大阿拉斯加，最小罗得岛州，美国本土最大德克萨斯州。
美国又称为Uncle Sam（1961年美国国会正式承认），国花为玫瑰Rose。
美国本土共分为6大地区：New England：6州，最重要为马萨诸塞州（波士顿）、罗德岛州（普罗维登斯）和新罕布什尔（康科德）。
总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。
1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。
2 波士顿美国最古老的城市，有麻省理工学院和哈佛。
波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。
1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。
2 纽约是美国最大的城市，联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。
共有5个区：分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。
有帝国大厦和自由女神像。
哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。
纽约称为big apple。
3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。
4 葛底斯堡位于宾州，林肯曾在此发表过演讲。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级考试人文知识点
英语专业八级考试人文知识点(1)__1__ Who was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies?A KeplerB CopernicusC GalileoD Newton__2__ Whose discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important of all his achievement in ph ysics?A KeplerB Issac NewtonC GalileoD Copernicus__3__The three biggest newspapers are of the following except ___.A New York TimesB Washington PostC Los Angeles TimesD Reader’s Digest__4__Metropolitan Museum is in__.A Washington D.C.B BostonC New YorkD Philadelphia__5__The New Frontier was put forward by __.A KennedyB JohnsonC NixonD Benjamin Franklin__6__Who resigned because of Watergate Scandal, the first president to do so in American history?A KennedyB JohnsonC Richard NixonD Truman__7__Empire State Building is in___.A ChicagoB New YorkC Washington D.C.D Detroit__8__ “Knowledge is power.” Was said by__.A Francis BaconB ShakespeareC Thomas HobbesD John Locke__9__Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A John LockeB DescartesC Pierre GassendiD Thomas Hobbes__10__Jazz, a great contribution to the world popular music, was originated from the music of __.A IndiansB SpanishC NegroesD Portuguese答案解析：1选C。
英语专业八级人文常识
1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。
4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。
5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。
冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。
14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。
英语专业八级人文知识
第一章美国概况1.概述American Anthem (国歌)：The star-spangled banner星光灿烂的旗帜American Flag（国旗）: 星条旗美国地理著名山脉河流The Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉)The Great Centeral plain(中部大平原)：落基山和阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的平原。
The Rocky Mountains(洛基山脉)：“the backbone of the continent”, 6,187 meter high, in the middle of the Alaska.其被称为北美大陆的脊梁，大陆分水岭。
The Cordillera Range (西部科迪勒拉山区)：洛基山脉等。
The Mississippi River (密西西比河)：美国最长、最重要的河流。
世界上第三长的大陆河流（第一长：非洲尼罗河；第二长：南美洲的亚马逊河。
）Missouri river是其最长的分支。
其被称作：“Father of Waters”“Old Man River)五大湖：从西到东：都位于美国东北部。
其是世界上最大的淡水湖群，有“美洲大陆地中海”之称。
Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖，为世界最大淡水湖)，Lake Michigan(密执安胡，五大湖中唯一完全位于美国境内)，Lake Huron(休伦湖)，Lake Erie (伊利湖)，Lake Ontario（安大略湖）The Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)：在伊利湖和安大略湖之间。
Yellowstone National Park(黄石国家公园)Statue of Liberty (自由女神像)位于纽约湾美国主要行政区和它们的首府和主要城市：地区概述：“美国”的表达有五种：The United States of American/ American /The states/the U.S.A./Uncle Sam美国全国分为50个州和一个特区（哥伦比亚特区，即首都华盛顿所在地）本土有48个州，另外的两个海外州是：阿拉斯加（首府：Juneau朱诺）和夏威夷（Hawaii，主产：甘蔗和菠萝，最重要产业：旅游业，首府：Honolulu火奴鲁鲁。
专八人文知识精华
英国社会与文化概况：I．Land and People1.国名：U.K（the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ）2.英联邦：the British Commonwealth /1931/533.位于North Atlantic Ocean/ the English Channel/ the North Seathe Straits of Dover/ 33km/ France4.最高峰：Ben Nevis/1343m/Scotland; 最长河：the Severn River/338km 最大湖：the LoughNeagh(Ireland)；Lough Ness(尼斯湖/ Scotland)5.the Lake District / England/ three famous poets: William Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southey6.苏格兰(Edinburgh)地形：北部高地，中部低地，南部山地/ 威尔士(Cardiff)地形：mountainous ,12% arable.7.英国气候：maritime climate8.人种来源：Anglo-Saxons and CeltsII．History1.3000BC.:Iberians / 700BC:the Celts/ 55BC: Julius Caesar, the Romans/ mid 5th century:Anglo-Saxons and Jutes2.the first king of England: 829 Egbert3.the Witan(贤人会议)—the basis of Privy Council（枢密院）4.king Alfred：Father of the British Navy / defeated the Danes/ a legal system5.the Norman Conquer of 1066: William the Conqueror/ King Haroldresult: the feudal system in England was established.6.《大宪章》/ the Great Charter/ Magna/ King John 12157.百年战争：1337-1453/ between France and England/ Calais of France/ Joan of Arc of France8.黑死病: the Black Death/ the 14th century9.玫瑰战争: 1455-1485 ( Sir Walter Scott)10.Elizabeth I(1558-1603) / 1588 defeated Armada/ England became a naval power11.文艺复兴: Renaissance/ rebirth/ the 14th century in Europe/ Leonardo Da Vinci/ WilliamShakespeare12.火药阴谋案the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:最有名的天主教密谋13.英国内战the First Civil War （the Puritan Revolution）/ between Charles I and Parliament/Cavaliers and RoundheadsResult: overthrew the feudal system in England and started the modern world history.14.1649—1658 Commonwealth/ Oliver Cromwell15.1702 Anne’s reign/ the name of Great Britain came into being16.18th-19th century: the Whigs and the Tories(Conservative Party) controlled the parliament.17.The Industrial Revolution: the late 18th—early 19th century/ workshop of the world by 183018.Colonial expansion began from Newfoundland in 1583/ 1763 Canada by the Treaty of Paris19.Canada as a dominion / the British North America Act of 186720.1900 a big Empire that the sun never sets/ 25% of the world’s population and area21.1973: 欧共体成员22.1979/ the Conservative Party/ Thatcherism / self-reliance and privatisationIII．Economy1.1950s-1960s: John Keynes2.the Midlands : 钢铁中心；Silicon Valley: between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland3.3% 人口：70% land area 耕地：东部和东南部IV．Government and Administration1.法律：没有成文法：no written constitution, is made up of statute law, common law andconventions. 法律来源：statute law, common law, equity law and European law.2.议会包括：the Sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons. 五年一届3.两党制：the Conservative Party and the Labor Party 反对党：Opposition, shadow cabinet4.首相：由君主任命；首席财政和文职大臣；下议员议员；唐宁街10号，主持内阁事务。
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专八语言学练习1. Which of the following feature is NOT one of the design features of language?a. Language is a system,b. Language is symbolic.c. Animal also have language,d. Language is arbitrary.2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is .a. arbitraryb. non-arbitraryc. logicald. non-productive3. Which of the following terms best describes the "-ate" in the word "affectionate"?a. Derivational morpheme,b. Inflectional morpheme.c. Free morpheme,d. Prefix.4. Which of the following teerms best describes the pair of words kill and dill?a. Minimal pair.b. A phonemic contrast.c. Closed class words,d. Bound morphemes.5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace?a. Synonymy.b. Antonymy.c. Homonymy.d. Polysemy.6. /p/ is different from /b/ in .a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lips.c. the vibration of the vocal cords.d. the place of articulation.7. Of all the speech organs, the is/are the most flexible.a. mouthb. lipsc. tongued. vocal cords8. The phonological features, the consonant /t/ are .a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called .a. semanticsb. pragmaticsc. sociolinguisticsd. psycholinguistics10. The utterance "We' ve abeady eaten ten tons. " Obviously violates the maxim of .a. qualityb. quantityc. relationd. manner11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i. e. rounded,Except .a./a:/b./u/c./3: /d./u/12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences "Mary' s son is an engineer" and "Mary has a son" is .a. entailmentb. presuppositionc. synonymyd. inconsistency13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive?a. The earth is round.b. I now pronounce you husband and wife.c. I' m really sorry !d. I' 11 be here tomorrow.14. Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the of a word according to the presence or absence of a specific semantic feature in the word.a. conceptual meaningb. social meaningc. connotative meaningd. affective meaning15. act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning.a. Speechb. Locutionaryc. Illocutionaryd. Perlocutionary16. is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind of language or dialect which is highly stratified in terms of social division.a. Speech communityb. Individual dialectc. Regional dialectd. Social dialect17. The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions is termed asa. diglossiab. bilingualismc. muhilingualismd. register18. A is a variety of a language that is not a native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situation such as trading.a. pidginb. creolec. dialectd. lingua franca19. The word "lab" is formed througha. back formationb. blendingc. clippingd. derivation20. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns ?a. Genderb. Numberc. Cased. V oice21. The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" area. gradable oppositesb. converse oppositesc. co-hypinymsd. synonyms22. "Big" and "Small" are a pair of opposites.a. complementaryb. gradablec. completed. converse23. is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.a. Semanticsb. Pragmaticsc. Sociolinguisticsd. Psycholinguistics24. A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called aa. dialectb. registersc. creolesd. pidgins25. In a speech community people have something in common---a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturallyd. pragmaticlly26. [1] and [r] function in a minimal pair ofa. lid and ridb. lad and redc. peel and peard. Both a, b and c.27. Man' s linguistic ability enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in his native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. This design feature of language is .a. specializationb. cultural transmissionc. productivityd. arbitrariness28. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as linguistics, which focuses on the changes and developments of language.a. comparativeb. appliedc. synchronicd. diachronic29. Human language operates on two levels of structure. At on elevel are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. This design featureof language is calleda. displacementb. dualityc. arbitrarinessd. interchangeability30. If three consonants could cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must bea. [s]b.[t]c.[1]d.[p]31. A is the smallest meaningful phonetic segment of an utterance on the level of parole.a. morphemeb. phonec. phonemed. morph32. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word learned is known as a (n) .a. derivational morphemeb. free morphemec. inflectional morphemed. free form33. is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.a. Morphologyb. Syntaxc. Semanticsd. Pragmatics34. The concept of the minimal pair is proposed for identifying .a. phonemesb. allophonesc. morphemesd. allomorphs35. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn' t it?B: And Rome is in Romania, 1 suppose.B violates thea. Quality Maximb. Quantity Maximc. Relation Maximd. Manner Maxim36. The semantic relationship between flower and rose isa. hyponymsb. hyponymyc. co-hymonymsd. superodinate37. The word " unhappiness" has morphemes.a. oneb. twoc. threed. four38. Which of the following sound is diphthong?a. [ai]b. [t]c. [dv]d. [A]39. "Hot dog" with the first element stressed means .a. a dog which is notb. a barking dogc. a kind of foodd. a dead dog40. The plural affix in the word table is a(n) .a. inflectional suffixb. derivational suffixc. free morphemed. root41. In first language acquisition children usually grammatical rules from the linguist information they hear.a. useb. acceptc. generalized. reconstruct42. According to Krashen, refers to the gradual andsubconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.a. learningb. competencec. performanced. acquisition43. The criterion used in IC analysis isa. transformationb. conjoiningc. groupingd. substitutability44. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?a. Acoustic phoneticsb. Articulatory phoneticsc. Auditory phoneticsd. Neither of them45. refers to the study and analysis of the mistakes made by second and foreign language learners.a. Contrastive analysisb. Error analysisc. Interlanguaged. The behaviorist approach参考答案1-5 caaac 6-10 cccbb 11-15 abdac16-20 aaacd 21-25 bbbab 26-30 acdba31-35 ccbac 36-40 bcacb 41-45 cddbb。