植物生理学试题及答案(英文)
植生复习题(英文)
英文版植物生物学习题集（一）Introduction, Cell Structure Part A1. Plant life constitutes（组成）98% of the total biomass of the earth.A: True B: False正确答案是A2. Having formed during the twentieth century, plant anatomy（解剖学）and plant physiology are the most recently developed areas of botanical（植物学的）study.A: True B: False正确答案是B3. In order to survive beyond the twenty-first century, humans will need toA: recycle（使再循环, 反复应用）on a large scale（比例,数值范围）,B: stop the increase in human population.C: practice water and energy conservation（守恒）.D: all of the above.正确答案是D4. Which of the following is NOT a feature（特征，起重要作用）of the scientific method?A: hypothesis（假设）B: conjecture（推测,猜想）C: controls D: data collection正确答案是B5. The study of plant function is calledA: taxonomy.（分类学）B: physiology.（生理学）C: anatomy.（解剖学）D: morphology.（形态学）正确答案是D6. Dendrochronology（树木年代学）, or the study of tree rings, is an example of which branch of botany?A: taxonomy.（分类学）B: physiology.（生理学）C: anatomy.（解剖学）D: ecology正确答案是C7. Which botanist is credited（信用）with naming and classifying（分类）plants?A: von Helmont B: Carson C: Malpighi D: Linnaeus正确答案是D8. What is the name of the book credited with increasing public awareness（知道）of the field of ecology?A: Silent Spring B: Species Plantarum C: Origin of Species正确答案是A9. Gregor Mendel is considered the founder ofA: plant geography. B: plant genetics. C: cytology. D: plant systematics正确答案是B10. Cell biology is also referred to asA: genetic engineering. B: pteridology.（羊齿植物学）C: cytology（细胞学）D: systematics （=taxonomy分类学）正确答案是C11. Plants will play an important role in space exploration because of their ability toA: generate（产生）oxygen B: produce drugs. C: generate carbon dioxide（.二氧化物）D: produce fiber.正确答案是A12. The study of botany has its origins（起源, 由来）in which time period?A: Bronze（青铜）Age B: Victorian Period（维多利亚女王时代）C: Stone Age（石器时代）D: Industrial Revolution正确答案是CIntroduction Cell Structure Part B1. In contrast（对比, 对照）to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells:A: lack a nuclear envelope.（膜）B: lack genetic material C: have mitochondria（线粒体）D: have chloroplastsE: have complex chromosomes（染色体）正确答案是A2. When plants moved from the sea to the land, the most critical（危急的）environmental factor became:A: water. B: carbon dioxide C: minerals D: oxygen. E: light正确答案是A3. The two major components（组成成分）of the vascular system are the:A: epidermis and corkB: xylem and phloem.C: apical meristems and lateral meristemsD: cuticle（表皮）and stomata.E: embryo（胚芽）and seed正确答案是B4. Primary growth refers to growth:A: originating（起源, 发生）from apical meristems B: originating from the vascular cambium C: originating from the cork cambium D: that is of primary importance to the plant E: that results in the thickening of stems and roots正确答案是A5. Plant ______ is the study of the form of plants.A: physiology B: taxonomy（分类学）C: systematics（=taxonomy分类学）D: morphology（形态学）E: anatomy（解剖学）正确答案是D6. If each gamete（接合体, 配偶子）of a plant has 12 chromosomes, what is the haploid（单倍体,单一的）chromosome number of that plant?A: 3 B: 4 C: 6 D: 12 E: 24正确答案是D7. ______ are plastids（质体）that lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoid（类胡罗卜素）pigments. A: Etioplasts [白色(质)体]B: Chromoplasts（色素母细胞, 成色素细胞）C: Leucoplasts（白色体）D: Amyloplasts [造粉(质)体]E: Chloroplasts正确答案是B8. Most likely, mitochondria（线粒体）and chloroplasts evolved[由…发展(进化)]from:A: portions of the endoplasmic reticulum. （内质网）B: pieces of nucleiC: fragments（碎片）of the plasma（血浆）membrane.D: oil bodiesE: bacteria正确答案是E9. The ______ is the liquid material contained within the tonoplast.（液泡膜）A: matrix（基质）B: stroma（基质）C: cell sap（细胞液）D: nucleoplasm （核原形质, 核浆）E: cytosol（细胞溶质,胞液）正确答案是C10. A principal（主要的）function of the Golgi bodies is the:A: synthesis（合成）and secretion of cell wall polysaccharides（多醣,聚糖,多聚糖）other than cellulose（纤维素）B: formation（形成）of ATP by oxidation（氧化）of organic（有机的）fuels （能源物质）C: conversion（转化）of radiant energy （光能）to chemical energy.D: storage of lipids（脂质）as oil bodiesE: storage of water, ions（离子）, and secondary metabolites（代谢物）正确答案是A11. In the cell wall, ______ molecules（分子）are united to form microfibrils （微纤维）A: xylan（木聚糖）B: pectin（胶质）C: xyloglucan （glucan葡聚糖）D: celluloseE: glycoprotein（糖蛋白类, 醣蛋白）正确答案是D12. Which of the following statements about the secondary wall is false?A: It usually is deposited（存放, 堆积）after the cell has stopped growing.B: Glycoproteins（糖蛋白类, 醣蛋白）and enzymes（酶）are usually abundant constituents.（要素）C: The protoplast（原生质体）may die after the secondary wall is laid down.D: It frequently has three distinct（清楚的）layersE: Pectins（胶质）are usually lacking.正确答案是BPlant Cells and Tissues Part A1. Apical meristems consist of:A: initials（最初的）only B: primary meristems only. C: immediate derivatives（派生物）only D: initials and primary meristems E: initials and their immediate derivatives正确答案是E2. What three overlapping（重叠, 搭接）processes are involved（有关的）in development? A: cell division, cell enlargement, and cell differentiationB: mitosis（有丝分裂）, meiosis（.减数分裂）and fertilization（授精）C: mitosis, meiosis, and differentiationD: growth, morphogenesis, and differentiationE: primary growth, secondary growth, and morphogenesis（形态发生, 形态形成）正确答案是D3. The tissue that makes up the pith（木髓）and cortex（皮层）is:A: collenchyma B: xylem C: parenchyma D: phloem E: sclerenchyma.正确答案是C4. ______ is a type of ground tissue composed of cells having thick, often lignified secondary cell walls.A: CollenchymaB: XylemC: ParenchymaD: PhloemE: Sclerenchyma正确答案是E5. Annular annular（环形的, 有环纹的）and helical（螺旋状的）thickenings in secondary cell walls are characteristic of:A: tracheids only.B: vessel elements onlyC: sieve elements only.D: both tracheids and vessel elements.E: tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve elements.正确答案是D6. A mature sieve element does NOT normally have:A: a nucleusB: a plasma membraneC: smooth endoplasmic reticulum.（内质网）D: plastids.E: mitochondria.（线粒体）正确答案是A7. The function of companion cells is thought to be:A: structural support.B: storage of starchC: delivery of substances to sieve-tube elementsD: conduction of food from one part of the plant to another.E: transport of water and minerals正确答案是C8. Trichomes（藻丝）are:A: a. cells associated with guard cells.B: cells that form the bulk（大多数）of the epidermis.C: waxy（蜡质的）deposits（堆积物, 沉淀物）on the epidermis.D: appendages（附属物）of epidermal cells.E: the cell walls of epidermal cells.正确答案是D9. The cuticle of the epidermis consists mainly of:A: cellulose and fats.B: cutin and wax.（蜡状物）C: cellulose and cutin（角质）D: cellulose and wax.E: lignin（木质素）and wax正确答案是B10. Which of the following is NOT a component of the periderm?A: phellem（木栓）B: epidermal tissueC: phelloderm（栓内层）D: cork cambiumE: cork正确答案是BPlant Cells and Tissues Part B1. The tissue found between the endodermis and the epidermis of plants is called the ___. A: xylemB: phloemC vascular cambiumD: cortex正确答案是D2. The food storage tissue of the root is the ___.A: cortexB: endodermisC: xylemD: phloem正确答案是A3. The cell type providing the greatest structural strength to plants is the ___.A: fiber cellB: collenchyma cellC: parenchyma cellD: sieve cell正确答案是A4. The cell type associated primarily with plant differentiation and growth is the ___. A: xylem cellB: meristematic（分生组织的）cellC: phloem cellD: epidermal cell正确答案是B5. Which organelle（细胞器官）is associated with protein synthesis in plants?A: mitochondrionB: Golgi body (dictyosome)C: ribosomeD: protocytoplasmic body正确答案是C6. Which structure is least related to the others?A: plastidB: nucleusC: cell wallD: mitochondrion正确答案是C7. The organelle that captures（俘获, 捕获）light energy is the ___.A: mitochondrionB: chloroplastC: nucleusD: leucoplast（白色体）正确答案是B8. Ribosomes are associated with the ___.A: rough endoplasmic reticulum （内质网）B: smooth endoplasmic reticulumC: nucleusD: vacuole（液泡）正确答案是A9. Cell support is provided by the ___.A: skeleton（骨架）B: fluid（流动的）matrix （基质）C: cytoskeletonD: exoskeleton（外骨骼）正确答案是C10. Movement of hydrogen ions [H+] across a plant membrane requires no ATP.A: True B: False正确答案是B11. Membranes facilitate（使容易,促进）cell-to-cell communication.A: True B: False正确答案是A12. The movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as osmosis. （.渗透作用）A: True B: False正确答案是B13. Axillary（叶腋的, 腋生的）buds（芽）are associated with the tip of a shoot.（嫩芽）A: True B: False正确答案是B14. The cell type that is alive at maturity and involved（与…有关的）with food storage and/or photosynthesis is parenchyma.A: True B: False正确答案是A15. An example of an undifferentiated plant tissue would be the procambium.（原形成层）A: True B: False正确答案是A16. A trichome（毛状体）is an extension（.扩充）of an epidermal cell.A: True B: False正确答案是A17. An apical meristem can be found in an axillary bud.（腋芽）A: True B: False正确答案是APlant Cells and Tissues Part C1. The helical（螺旋状的）structure of a DNA molecule（分子）can be viewed with a stereomicroscope.（立体显微镜）A: True B: False正确答案是B2. In plant cells, the secondary wall is deposited （堆积）to the inside of the primary wall.A: True B: False正确答案是A3. Cytoplasmic（细胞质的）streaming（流动）is the process whereby（为何）organelles move ina current（趋势,）within the cytosol.（细胞溶质,胞液）A: True B: False正确答案是A4. Vacuoles（液泡）are membrane-bound, empty air spaces, which make up to 90% or more of the cell's volume.A: True B: False正确答案是B5. In higher plants, mitosis occurs in the vascular cambium and the meristems.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. During anaphase (细胞分裂的后期), the vesicles（小泡）of the phragmoplast（成膜体）fuse （融合）into a flattened（平的）hollow cell plate.A: True B: False正确答案是B7. The endoplasmic reticulum（内质网）is a system of flattened sacs（囊）and tubes（管子）associated with the storage and transport of proteins.A: True B: False正确答案是A8. The cytoplasm of a cell consists ofA: the cytosol（细胞液）and organelles.B: only saltsC: cell fragments（碎片）D: the plasma membrane and cell wall正确答案是A9. What is the name given to the tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells?A: nuclear poresB: middle lamellaC: plasmodesmata（胞间连丝）D: microfibrils正确答案是C10. Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of ribosomal（核醣体的）RNA?A: vacuole（液泡）B: nucleolusC: leucoplast l（白色体）D: mitochondrion正确答案是B11. Which plastid synthesizes and stores starch?A: proplastid（原生质体）B: chloroplastC: chromoplast （有色体）D: amyloplast （造粉体）正确答案是D12. Microtubules（微管）and microfilaments（微丝,微纤丝）constitute which part of the cell's ultrastructure（超微结构,亚显微结构）?A: cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）B: nucleusC: cell wallD: all of the above正确答案是A13. Which organelle is associated with the synthesis, secretion, and storage of proteins?A: leucoplastB: ribosomeC: vacuoleD: chromatin （染色质）正确答案是B14. Why are mitochondria（线粒体）called the powerhouses（发电站）of the cell?A: They make carbon and fats readily容易地available to the cell.B: They accumulate（积聚, 堆积）where energy is needed.C: They release（释放）energy from respiration（呼吸作用）D: All of the above.正确答案是D15. During which interval（时间间隔）of interphase（细胞的间期）does DNA replication.（复制）take place?A: cytokinesis（细胞浆移动, 原浆移动）B: G2C: SD: G1正确答案是C16. During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles? A: metaphase（中期）B: prophase（前期）C: telophase（末期）D: none of the above正确答案是C17. What is the name given to the two coiled（盘绕）, thick strands of a chromosome, which are united by a centromere（着丝点, 着丝粒）?A: chromatids（染色单体）B: kinetochores（动粒, 着丝粒, 着丝点）C: spindle fibers（纺锤体）D: homologous（同源的）chromosomes正确答案是A18. Which of the following statements about animal cells is true?A: They do not form cell plates during mitosis.B: They do not have plastidsC: They form centrioles（中心体）during mitosisD: All of the above正确答案是D19. The microtubules that extend from the centromeres（着丝点, 着丝粒）to the poles during mitosis are calledA: dictyosomes.（高尔基体）B: endoplasmic reticulumC: spindle fibers （纺锤体）D: satellites （星射线）正确答案是CPlant Cells and Tissues Part D1. Parenchyma cells containing numerous许多的chloroplasts are called sclerenchyma.A: True B: False正确答案是B2. Lateral conduction of water occurs in long-lived, horizontal（水平的）parenchyma cells called rays. A: True B: False正确答案是A3. Water movement between tracheid cells occurs only when the torus（花托, 花床, 圆环面）is in the center of the pit pair.A: True B: False正确答案是A4. Specialized epidermal cells called lenticels（皮孔）border（与...接近）stomata on the surface of leaves.A: True B: False正确答案是B5. The periderm is composed of cork cells, replaces the epidermis, and constitutes组成the outer bark （树皮）in woody plants.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. Which of the following is NOT a primary meristem?A: ground meristemB: protodermC: cork cambiumD: procambium正确答案是C7. Which type of meristem develops at intervals（时间间隔）along the stem in the vicinity（邻近, 附近）of nodes节点？A: apical meristemB: intercalary（居间的）meristemC: lateral meristemD: vascular cambium正确答案是B8. Sclerids and fibers are two forms ofA: sclerenchymaB: epidermal tissueC: parenchymaD: transfer cells正确答案是A9. Celery（芹菜）strings are an example ofA: periderm.B: collenchymaC: xylemD: none of the above正确答案是B10. In tracheid cells, pits areA: areas in which no secondary walls have developedB: formed wherever two tracheids are in contact with one another.C: necessary for water transfer.D: all of the above正确答案是D11. What is the name of the cell that is closely associated with sieve tube members in phloem tissue? A: sieve plateB: lumen（内腔）C: companion cellD: chlorenchyma（绿色组织）正确答案是C12. What is the name of the multi-layered（多层）epidermis covering the aerial（气生的）roots of an orchid （兰花）?A: procambiumB: root capC: root hairD: velamen（根被）正确答案是D13. Cutin（角质）is defined.（定义）asA: the cells surrounding the stomata.B: a fatty substance secreted by epidermal cellsC: a type of multi-layered epidermisD: specialized parenchyma正确答案是B14. Which of the following is a function of the epidermis?A: resistance（抵抗, 阻抗）to water lossB: resistance to pollutionC: resistance to pathogens（病原体(物)）D: all of the above正确答案是D15. The function of lenticels（皮孔）is toA: prevent water lossB: provide gas exchangeC: produce new bark.D: produce suberin正确答案是B16. Which of the following is an example of a secretory substance?A: suberin（软木脂）B: latex（乳汁, 乳胶, 橡胶）C: albumin（清蛋白, 白蛋白）D: all of the above正确答案是BRoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part A1. Which of the following is NOT a function generally associated with roots? A: storageB: anchorage （固着）C: photosynthesisD: conductionE: absorption正确答案是C2. The columella（囊轴）is:A: a component of the mucigel （粘胶质）B: a component of the amyloplast（造粉体）C: a column（柱壮物）of cells in the root apical meristemD: responsible for the absorption of water and mineralsE: the central column of cells in the rootcap.正确答案是E3. The region of cell division in a growing root:A: is responsible for most of the increase in length of the root.B: contains the apical meristem and nearby cells.C: contains most of the cells that are differentiating.D: contains root hairs.E: is sharply delimited from the adjacent region.正确答案是B4. Root hairs arise from cells of the:A: vascular cylinder. （维管柱）B: pericycle.（中柱鞘）D: epidermis.E: endodermis.正确答案是D5. In what root tissue are Casparian strips located?A: cortexB: epidermisC: xylem and phloemD: xylem onlyE: phloem only正确答案是A6. Lateral roots arise in the:A: xylemB: epidermis.C: pericycleD: root hairsE: rootcap.正确答案是C7. In roots, phloem most commonly occurs: cork正确答案是C9. Which of the following statements about aerial roots is FALSE?A: They are adventitious （不定的）rootsB: Some serve as prop（支持）roots.C: They are produced from below ground structures.D: If in contact with the soil they absorb water and minerals.E: Red mangrove（红树林）and ivy（常春藤）produce aerial（气生的）roots正确答案是C10. Fleshy roots have an abundance of:A: xylem.B: phloemC: parenchyma.D: pericycle.（中柱鞘）E: endodermis正确答案是CRoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part B1. A short, upright（垂直的）, subterranean（地下的）stem covered by fleshy leaf bases is a ___. A: corm（球茎, 球根）B: bulb（鳞茎）C: rhizome（根茎, 根状茎）D: stolon （匍匐茎）正确答案是B2. Roots that arise from leaves are termed ___.A: rhizomes （根茎, 根状茎）C: adventitious rootsD: stolons （匍匐茎）正确答案是C3. Mucigel （粘胶质）formed by the root cap functions in ___.A: lubrication（润滑）B: water absorptionC: protectionD: lubrication, water absorption and protection正确答案是D4. The region(s) of the root in which root hairs form is (are) the ___.A: region of maturationB: region of cell divisionC: region of elongationD: regions of maturation, cell division and elongation正确答案是A5. The Casparian strip is associated with the ___.A: pericycleB: cambiumC: endodermisD: cortex正确答案是C6. Branch or lateral roots form from the ___.A: division of the cambiumB: pericyleC: parenchyma of the cortexD: specialized region of the endodermis正确答案是B7. A dicot（双子叶植物）root is characterized by the ___.A: cambium forming xylem toward the central part of the root and phloem toward the outside B: cambium forming phloem toward the central part of the root and xylem toward the outside C: location of discrete（不连续的, 离散的）vascular strands near the epidermis of the root D: random scattering（散射）of vascular strands throughout the root正确答案是A8. Roots that contain large amounts of aerenchyma are associated with ___.A: desert conditionsB: stagnant（停滞的）waterC: deep lakesD: alpine（高山的）regions正确答案是B9. Which term is least related to the others?A: epiphytes（附生植物, 真菌）B: epiphylls（叶附生植物）C: parasites（寄生虫）D: saprophytes（腐生物）正确答案是D10. The macronutrient（大量营养素）that regulates the osmotic（渗透的）pressure of guard cells is ___.A: nitrogen（氮）B: sulfur （硫）C: potassium（钾）D: magnesium （镁）正确答案是C11. Which is a root?A: Irish（爱尔兰的）potatoB: rhizome（根茎, 根状茎）C: sweet potatoD: russet（黄褐色的, 赤褐色的）potato正确答案是C12. Iron is considered a macronutrient（常量营养元素）because it is needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll.A: True B: False正确答案是B13. The topsoil（表层土）of most fertile（肥沃的）, soils has a pH near 7.0.A: True B: False正确答案是A14. The tissue between the epidermis and the central vascular cylinder of the root is the cortex.A: True B: False正确答案是A15. Mycorrhizae function in absorption and are associated with roots.A: True B: False正确答案是ARoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part C1. Monocotyledonous plants （单子叶植物）generally have taproot（主根, 直根）systems with one or more primary and secondary roots.A: True B: False正确答案是B2. The root hair zone develops in the region of elongation.A: True B: False正确答案是B3. The enlarged root of the mainroot plant is specifically adapted for the storage of starch and other carbohydrates.（碳水化合物, 醣类）A: True B: False正确答案是B4. Lily bulbs are pulled deep into the soil by the action of contractile（会缩的, 有收缩性的）roots. A: True B: False正确答案是A5. In the root cap, amyloplasts（造粉体）function as gravity（重力）sensors（传感器）to keep the root growing downward.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. Roots that develop from a stem, leaf, or other plant part are calledA: root hairsB: adventitious roots.C: taproots（主根）D: fibrous roots. （须根）正确答案是B7. In which region of the root is the apical meristem found?A: region of elongationB: region of maturationC: region of cell divisionD: root cap正确答案是C8. Which of the following statements about root hairs is NOT true?A: They are tubular（管状的）extensions（延长, 扩充）, of epidermal cells.B: They develop into secondary roots.C: They greatly increase the root's absorptive surfaceD: All of the above.正确答案是B9. What is the name given to the band of suberin（软木脂）surrounding the cells of the endodermis? A: pneumatophore（呼吸根）B: cortexC: casparian stripD: endomycorrhizae正确答案是C10. Under what environmental conditions do pneumatophores（呼吸根）develop?A: swampy（沼泽的, 湿地的）B: dry and arid（干旱的, 贫瘠的）C: areas with permanently frozen ground （永冻土）D: none of the above正确答案是A11. Which of the following is NOT an example of an aerial （气生根）root?A: prop root of cornB: food storage root of dandelion（蒲公英）C: photosynthetic root of orchid（兰花）D: none of the above正确答案是B12. What is the name given to the mutualistic（依生生物）relationship existing between fungi and roots?A: haustoriaB: infection threadsC: adventitious rootsD: mycorrhizae正确答案是DStems Part A1. Which of the following statements about the shoot is FALSE?A: In an embryo（胚芽）it is represented by the plumule（幼芽）or an apical meristem.B: It has nodes（节点）and internodes.（节间）C: Its apex（顶点）produces leaves and axillary buds （腋芽）D: It is structurally（在结构上）less complex than the rootE: It consists of the stem and its leaves.正确答案是D2. The term tunica-corpus refers to the organization of:A: the shoot apex.（顶点）B: leaf primordia.（叶原基）C: bud primordia（芽原基）D: internodes（节间）E: nodes （节点）正确答案是A3. A localized meristematic（局部分生组织的）region in an elongating internode is called a(n)A: pith meristemB: peripheral（外围的）meristem.C: Intercalary （居间的）meristemD: central mother cell zoneE: meristematic cap正确答案是C4. Unlike the Tilia（椴树属）stem, the Sambucus stem:A: has wide interfascicular（维管束间的）regions called pith rays.B: has a central pith without air spacesC: lacks a cortex.D: lacks primary xylemE: has scattered（离散的，分散的）vascular bundles.正确答案是A5. Open vascular bundles:A: are usually surrounded by a sheath（鞘）of sclerenchyma.B: give rise to a cambium.C: lose their potential（能力）for further growth.D: are characteristic of most monocots.E: do not produce procambium.正确答案是B6. A plant with adjacent pairs of opposite leaves at right angles to one another is said to have a ______ leaf arrangement.A: spiral螺旋形的B: helical（螺旋状的）C: distichous（二列的, 二分的）D: whorled（有涡漩的, 有螺纹的）E: decussate （交叉着的）正确答案是E7. By definition, a simple leaf:A: has a petiole（叶柄）that is not divided into distinct （明显的）partsB: has a blade（叶片）that is not divided into distinct parts.C: has a rachis.（叶轴, 花轴）D: lacks a blade. （叶片）E: lacks a petiole正确答案是B8. The ______ of leaves is structurally and functionally（机能上地）most closely related to the endodermis of the root.A: epidermisB: major vein（叶脉）C: midrib（叶的中脉）D: bundle-sheath（维管束鞘）E: bundle-sheath extension正确答案是D9. The leaf scar（叶痕）develops from the:A: abscission（切断, 除去）layerB: separation .（分离, 分开）layer.C: protective （保护的）layer.D: top of the petiole（.叶柄）E: base of the blade.正确答案是C10. Which of the following floral花的parts are usually initiated（开始, 发起）first?A: petals （花瓣）B: sepals （萼片）C: stamens（雄蕊）D: carpels（心皮）E: stigmas（柱头）正确答案是B11. The meristematic cells of the vascular cambium are:A: the tunica（被膜）and corpus.B: fusiform（纺锭状的）initials and ray initialsC: fusiform initials and axial cells.D: ray cells and fusiform cells.E: axial（轴向的）cells and radial（放射状的）cells.正确答案是B12. Fascicular（维管束的）cambium is located:A: inside the fascicular regions.B: outside the procambiumC: in the pith rays.D: between the xylem and phloem outside the vascular bundles.E: between the xylem and phloem within the vascular bundles正确答案是E13. During secondary growth, periderm replaces the:A: epidermisB: cortex.C: cork cambium.D: primary phloem.E: primary xylem正确答案是A14. Which of the following statements about cork cells is FALSE?A: They are dead at maturityB: They are the most abundant cells in the periderm.C: Their inner wall surfaces are lined by suberin lamellae.D: They are highly permeable to water and gases.E: Their walls may be lignified.正确答案是D15. Which of the following statements about the outer bark is FALSE?A: It may include phloem tissue.B: It may include cortex.C: It does not include a periderm.D: It consists entirely of dead cells.E: It includes all tissues outside the innermost（最里面的）cork cambium. 正确答案是C16. In contrast to amigosperm wood, most conifer（松类, 针叶树）wood: A: has long vessels.B: has no tracheids in its axial system.C: has relatively small amounts of axial parenchyma.D: lacks resin（树脂）ducts.（管）E: lacks pits.正确答案是C17. In radial section of conifer wood, the:A: cut is made at right angles（角）to the long axis轴of the stemB: cut is made at right angles to the rays.C: tracheids appear squarish.D: width and height of the rays can be determined.E: rays appear as sheets of cells at right angles to the tracheids.正确答案是E18. Unlike heartwood, sapwood （边材:）A: contains dead cellsB: is infiltrated（渗透）by resins..（树脂）C: accumulates（积聚）secondary metabolites.代谢物D: conducts water and minerals.E: loses its reserve（储备的）foods.正确答案是D19. The single most important（指示器）of the strength of wood is its:A: texture（.纹理）B: color.C: grain.D: density..（密度）E: figure..（外形）正确答案是DStems Part B1. Secondary growth in trees is accomplished完成的primarily by the division of the ___.A: pithB: xylemC: phloemD: cambium正确答案是D2. The monocot stem is characterized by ___.A: vascular bundles arranged in a concentric ring （同心环）B: vascular bundles located in discrete（不连续的, 离散的）strands and randomly（不规则的）scattered（离散的，分散的）throughout the cortexC: vascular bundles confined to the stem centerD: three vascular bundles正确答案是B3. Food can move laterally within the phloem by means of ___.A: translocation poresB: cytoplasmic streamingC: sieve platesD: companion cells正确答案是C4. A ___ is not an example of a modified改进的stem.A: cladophyll（扁平的叶状茎）B: thorn（刺, 棘, 荆棘）C: potatoD: petiole （叶柄, 柄部）正确答案是D5. The reactivation（再生作用)of the vascular cambium following a winter period is due to the ___. A: action of auxin （生长素）B: sensitivity（灵敏度）of the vascular cambium to auxinC: sensitivity of the vascular cambium to gibberillin （赤霉素）D: sensitivity of the vascular cambium to auxin and gibberillin正确答案是B6. Which best characterizes growth rings?A: Each ring consists of one year's growth.B: Each ring is about 1 to 10 millimeters wide.。
植物生理学习题及答案第六章植物体内有机物的运输
植物生理学习题及答案第六章植物体内有机物的运输第六章植物体内有机物的运输一、英译中(Translate)1. plasmodesma2.co-transport3. pressure flow theory4. cytoplasmic pumping theory5. microfibril6. receiver cell7. phloem unloading8. girdling9.desmotubule10. contractile protein theory11. metabolic source12. metabolic sink二、中译英(Translate)1、胞间连丝2、连丝微管3、共转运4、共质体运输5、质外体运输6、压力流动学说7、胞质泵动学说8、收缩蛋白学说9、环割10、代谢库11、代谢源12、韧皮部三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1、共质体2、质外体3、胞间连丝4、压力流动学说5、韧皮部装载6、韧皮部卸出7、代谢源8、代谢库9. apoplast 10. microtubule 11. pressure-flow model 12. sink 13. symplast四、是非题(True or false)（）1、韧皮部装载有2条途径，即质外体途径和共质体途径。
（）2、韧皮部中的物质可以双向运输。
（）3、解释筛管中运输同化产物的机理的学说有3种，其中压力流动学说主张筛管液流是靠源端和库端的膨压建立起来的压力势梯度来推动的。
（）4、同化产物经过维管系统从源到库的运输称为短距离运输。
（）5、源叶中的光合产物装载入韧皮部的细胞途径可能是“共质体→质外体→共质体→韧皮部筛管分子”。
（）6、有机物在机体内的分配只由供应能力和运输能力二个因素决定。
（）7、在作物的不同生育时期，源与库的地位始终保持不变。
（）8、许多实验证明，有机物的运输途径主要是由本质部担任的。
(完整版)植物生理学习题及答案第三章植物的光合作用
第三章植物的光合作用一、英译中(Translate)1、heterophyte2.、autophyte3、photosynthesis4、chloroplast5.、thylakoid6.、Photosynthetic membrane7、chlorophyll8、carotenoid9、carotene10、xanthophyll11、absorption spectrum12、etiolation13、light reaction14、carbon reaction15、primary reaction16、photosynthetic unit17、Emerson effect18、electron transport19、photosynthetic chain20、photophosphorylation21、coupling factor22、chemiosmotic hypothesis23、the Calvin cycle24、reductive pentose phosphate pathway25、phosphoenol pyruvate 26、photorespiration27、dark respiration28、peroxisome29、photosynthetic product30、Photosynthetic rate31、light compensation32、light saturation33、shade plant34、photoinhibition35、greenhouse effect36、solar constant37、thylakoid lumen38、Rubisco39、antenna pigment40、light –harvesting pigment41、reaction center42、photosystem I43、oxygen-evolving complex44、water splitting45、water oxidizing clock46、core complex47、assimilatory power48、CO2 assimilation49、fluorescence二、中译英(Translate)1、异养植物2、自养植物3、光合作用4、叶绿体15、类囊体6、光合膜7、叶绿素8、类胡萝卜素9、胡萝卜素10、叶黄素11、吸收光谱12、黄化现象13、光反应14、碳反应15、原初反应16、光合单位17、爱默生效应18、电子传递19、光合链20、光合磷酸化21、偶联因子23、化学渗透假说23、卡尔文循环24、还原戊糖磷酸途径25、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸26、光呼吸27、暗呼吸28、过氧化物酶体29、光合产物30、光合速率31、光补偿点32、光饱和现象33、阴生植物34、光抑制35、温室效应36、太阳常数37、类囊体腔38、CO2补偿点39、天线色素40、聚光色素41、反应中心42、光系统I43、放氧复合体44、水裂解45、水氧化钟46、核心复合物47、同化力48、CO2同化49、荧光三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1、爱默生效应18. absorption spectrum2、光合作用19. assimilatory power3、荧光现象20. ATP synthase(ATPase or CFo-CF1)4、磷光现象21. C3 plants5、光反应22. C4 cycle6、碳反应23. C4 plants7、光合链24. Calvin cycle8、光合磷25. CAM plants9、光呼吸酸化26. Cytochrome b6f complex10、景天科酸代谢27. mesophyll11、光合速率28. photosynthesis12、光补偿点29. photosynthetic electron transport13、光饱和现象30. photosystem14、光抑制31. photosystem I(PSI)15、光能利用率32. photosystem II(PSII)16、光合单位33. rubisco17、CO2补偿点34. chloroplast四、是非题(True or false)（）1、叶绿体是单层膜的细胞器。
植物生理学题（翻译）
植物生理学题（翻译）1、Available water, Water potential, cohesion therory有效水分：现有土壤水分含量与萎蔫点水分含量之差。
水势：在恒温恒压下，一偏摩尔溶积的水与纯水之间的化学势差。
内聚力：植物叶子具有蒸腾拉力，由于水分子间存在内聚力，便产生蒸腾流，从而实现了水分自根系向上运动。
2、After heavy rain fall with poor drainage,leaves of many plants wilt due to ( B ).大雨后降排水不良，许多植物的叶子枯萎由于A. Root rot;根腐病B. Poor soil aeration;土壤通气性差C. High salt concentration;高盐浓度D. Low soil temperature 土壤温度低3、In a plant growing vigorously under normal conditions without water stress, in which tissue would you expect to find the lowest (most negative) water potential? ( ).在正常条件下植物蓬勃发展无水分胁迫，其中组织期望你找到最低（最负）水势A Root epidermal cell;根表皮细胞 B.Root cortical parenchyma;根皮层薄壁组织C. Stem xylem; 茎木质部D. Leaf mesophyll parenchyma 叶肉薄壁组织4、Essential elements (species), solution culture, Symporter, Nitrogen assimilation基本元素(物种)溶液培养：又称为水培法，是在含有全部或部分营养元素的溶液中栽培植物的方法。
初二英语植物生理机能单选题50题
初二英语植物生理机能单选题50题1. Plants need ____ to carry out photosynthesis.A. only sunlightB. sunlight, water and carbon dioxideC. only waterD. only carbon dioxide答案：B。
解析：光合作用需要阳光、水和二氧化碳。
选项A说只需要阳光是错误的，光合作用不是仅靠阳光就能进行的。
选项C只提到水，选项D只提到二氧化碳，都不全面，只有选项B涵盖了进行光合作用的三个必要因素。
2. Which part of the plant mainly absorbs carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?A. RootsB. StemsC. LeavesD. Flowers答案：C。
解析：在植物进行光合作用时，主要是叶子吸收二氧化碳。
根（选项A）主要是吸收水分和矿物质等；茎（选项B）主要起支撑和运输作用；花朵（选项D）主要与繁殖等功能相关，所以答案是C。
3. The process of photosynthesis in plants will be faster when ____.A. there is less sunlightB. the temperature is very lowC. there is enough sunlight and proper temperatureD. there is no water答案：C。
解析：当有充足的阳光和合适的温度时，植物光合作用的进程会加快。
选项A中较少的阳光会减慢光合作用；选项B极低的温度也不利于光合作用；选项D没有水会阻碍光合作用，甚至无法进行，所以正确答案是C。
4. During photosynthesis, plants produce ____ as a by - product.A. oxygenB. nitrogenC. hydrogenD. carbon monoxide答案：A。
某农业大学《植物生理学》考试试卷(99)
某农业大学《植物生理学》课程试卷（含答案）__________学年第___学期考试类型：（闭卷）考试考试时间：90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题（10分，每题5分）1. 蛋白质的可逆磷酸化是生物体内一种普遍的翻译后修饰方式。
（）[扬州大学2019研]答案：正确解析：蛋白质磷酸化是指由蛋白质激酶催化的把ATP的磷酸基转移到底物蛋白质氨基酸残基（丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸）上的过程，或者在信号作用下结合GTP，是生物体内一种普通的调节方式，在细胞信号转导的过程中起重要作用。
蛋白质磷酸化是调节和控制蛋白质活力和功能的最基本、最普遍，也是最重要的机制。
2. 在施肥时期施用肥料的营养效果最好，这个时期被称为需肥临界期。
（）[扬州大学2019研]答案：错误解析：需肥临界期是指对某种元素的要求虽然不多，但生理作用强，敏感迫切。
此期缺肥将严重影响或抑制植物生长，即使以后弥补，也很难挽回损失。
对于某种栽培作物，有一个时期施用肥料的营养效果最好，这个时期被称为植物营养最大效率期。
2、名词解释（55分，每题5分）1. 受精作用答案：受精作用是指开花后，经过花粉在柱头上萌发、花粉管伸长进入胚囊，完成雄性生殖细胞（精子）与雌性生殖细胞（卵细胞）融合的过程。
解析：空2. 呼吸跃变[沈阳农业大学2019研]答案：当果实成熟到一定程度时，其呼吸强度突然升高，然后又突然下降的现象，称为呼吸跃变，或呼吸骤变。
一般嫩果呼吸最强，以后随年龄增加而降低，但在后期会出现呼吸跃变现象，原因是乙烯大量产生，促使呼吸增强。
有的果实没有明显的呼吸跃变。
解析：空3. 植物生理学答案：植物生理学的英文名称是plant physiology，是指研究植物生命活动规律的科学。
植物生理学其目的在于认识植物的物质代谢、能量转化和生长发育等的规律与机理、调节与控制以及植物体内外环境条件对其生命活动的影响。
植物生理学习题及答案第四章植物呼吸作用
第四章植物呼吸作用一、英译中(Translate)1．respiratioin2．aerobic respiration3．anaerobic respiration4．fermentation 5．pentose phosphate pathway 6．biological oxidation7．respiratory chain8．glycolysis9．oxidative phosphorylation10．Pasteur effect11．respiratory rate12．respiratory quotient13．cytochrome14．intramolecular respiration15．protein complex16．alternate oxidase17．ubiquinone18．uncoupling agent 19．temperature coefficient二、中译英(Translate)1．巴斯德效应2．有氧呼吸3．无氧呼吸4．呼吸速度5．呼吸商6．已糖磷酸途径7．生物氧化8．电子传递链9．细胞色素10．化学渗透假说11．抗氰呼吸12．底物水平磷酸化作用13．呼吸链14．氧化磷酸化15．发酵16．分子内呼吸17．蛋白复合体18．交替氧化酶19．温度系数三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1．呼吸作用2．有氧呼吸3．糖酵解4．三羧酸循环5．生物氧化6．呼吸链7．P/O比8．氧化磷酸化9．巴斯德效应10．细胞色素11．呼吸速度12．呼吸商13．抗氰呼吸14．无氧呼吸15. ADP/O ratiotransport chain (mitochonrion)17. oxidativephosphorylation18. glycolysis四、是非题(True or false)( )1．所有生物的生存都需要O2。
( )2．糖酵解途径是在线粒体内发生的。
完整版植物生理学习题及答案第三章植物的光合作用
第三章植物的光合作用(Translate)一、英译中26、photorespiration 1、heterophyte27、、autophyte dark respiration 2.28、3、photosynthesis peroxisome29、photosynthetic product 4、chloroplast30、Photosynthetic rate thylakoid 5.、31、light compensation 6.、Photosynthetic membrane32、light saturation 、7chlorophyll33、shade plant 8、carotenoid34、carotene photoinhibition 9、35 、10xanthophyll 、greenhouse effect36absorption spectrum 、solar constant 11、3712、thylakoid lumen 、etiolation38 、13light reaction 、Rubisco39、14carbon reaction 、antenna pigment40 primary reaction 、light –harvesting pigment 、1541、16photosynthetic unit 、reaction center 42 17、Emerson effect 、photosystem I43 、18electron transport 、oxygen-evolving complex44 、19photosynthetic chain 、water splitting45 、20photophosphorylation 、water oxidizing clock46、21coupling factor 、core complex47chemiosmotic hypothesis 22、、assimilatory power48、CO assimilationthe Calvin cycle 23、2 49、fluorescence、24reductive pentose phosphate pathway phosphoenol pyruvate 、25(Translate)二、中译英、异养植物1 、光合作用3 、自养植物2 4、叶绿体15、类囊体28、过氧化物酶体29、光合产物6、光合膜30、光合速率7、叶绿素31、光补偿点8、类胡萝卜素32 、光饱和现象9、胡萝卜素33、阴生植物10、叶黄素34、光抑制、吸收光谱1135、温室效应12、黄化现象36、太阳常数、光反应1337、类囊体腔14、碳反应38、、原初反应15 CO补偿点239、天线色素16、光合单位40、聚光色素、爱默生效应1741 、反应中心18、电子传递42、光合链19 、光系统I43 、光合磷酸化20 、放氧复合体44 、偶联因子21 、水裂解45、水氧化钟、化学渗透假说2346、核心复合物、卡尔文循环2347 、还原戊糖磷酸途径24 、同化力48 、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸25 、CO同化249 、光呼吸26 、荧光27、暗呼吸三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)18. absorption spectrum 1、爱默生效应19. assimilatory power2、光合作用20. ATP synthase(ATPase or CFo-CF) 3、荧光现象121. C plants4、磷光现象322. Ccycle 5、光反应 423. C plants、碳反应6 424. Calvin cycle 7 、光合链２．25. CAM plants、光合磷826. Cytochrome bf complex9、光呼吸酸化627. mesophyll 10、景天科酸代谢28. photosynthesis11、光合速率29. photosynthetic electron transport12、光补偿点30. photosystem13、光饱和现象31. photosystem I(PSI)14、光抑制32. photosystem II(PSII) 15、光能利用率33. rubisco16、光合单位34. chloroplast补偿点17、CO2四、是非题(True or false)（）1、叶绿体是单层膜的细胞器。
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植物生理学试题及答案1（供参考）一、选择题(请选择最合适的答案，每题0.5分，共15分。
)1. 某植物在同样的时间内通过蒸腾耗水2kg，形成干物质5g，其蒸腾系数是（3）。
（1）2.5 (2)0.4 (3)400 (4)0.00252. 如果外液的水势高于植物细胞的水势，这种溶液称为（２）。
（１）等渗溶液（２）高渗溶液（３）平衡溶液（４）低渗溶液3．在植株蒸腾强烈时测定其根压，根压(4) 。
(1)明显增大(2)显著下降(3)变化不大(4)测不出4．下列中(4) 方法可克服植物暂时萎蔫。
(1)灌水(2)增加光照(3)施肥(4)提高大气湿度5．缺乏下列元素(1) 时，缺素症状首先在老叶表现出来。
(1)K (2)Ca (3)Fe (4)Cu6、植物根部吸收的无机离子向植物地上部运输时主要通过(2) 。
(1)筛管(2)导管(3)转运细胞(4)薄壁细胞。
7. 下列盐类组合中，(2) 组属于生理碱性盐。
(1)NH4Cl、K2SO4和NH4NO3(2) KNO3、Ca NO3和NaH2PO4(3) NH4Cl、K2SO4和CaSO4(4) NH4NO3、NH4H2PO4和NH4HCO38. 光合作用合成蔗糖是在（3）里进行的。
（1）叶绿体间质（2）线粒体间质（3）细胞质（4）液泡9. 水稻、棉花等植物在400µl/L的CO2浓度下，其光合速率比大气CO2浓度下（1）。
（1）增强（2）下降（3）不变（4）变化无常10. C3途径中的CO2受体是（４）。
（１）PEP （２）PGA （３）Ru5P （４）RuBP11. 叶绿素分子的头部是（４）化合物。
（１）萜类（２）脂类（３）吡咯（４）卟啉12. 光合作用的电子传递是（４）的过程。
（１）光能吸收传递（２）光能变电能（３）光能变化学能（４）电能变化学能13. 一植物在15︒C时的呼吸速率是5μmolO2/gFW,在20︒C时的呼吸速率是10μmolO2/gFW,25︒C时的呼吸速率是15μmolO2/gFW,其该温度内可计算的Q10是(4) 。
（1）1.5 （2）1 （3）2 (4) 314. O2与CO2竞争（3）是生成光呼吸底物的主要途径。
（1）PEP （2）Ru5P （3）RuBP （4）PGA15. 具有明显放热特征的呼吸途径，其末端氧化酶是（2）氧化酶。
（1）细胞色素（2）抗氰（3）抗坏血酸（4）多酚16. 剪去枝上的一部分叶片，保留下来的叶片其光合速率（1）。
（1）有所增强（2）随之减弱（3）变化不大（4）变化无规律17. 最近的研究表明，植物细胞的纤维素是在（4）合成的。
（1）高尔基体（2）内质网（3）微管（4）质膜18．合成乙烯的直接前体是（4）。
（1）Met （2）SAM （3）Trp （4）ACC19. 植物组织培养时，较低的(4) 比例有利于根的形成。
(1) IAA/CTK (2) IAA/GA (3)GA/IAA (4) CTK/IAA20. 植物激素(1) 有维持顶端优势的作用。
(1) IAA (2) GA (3)ABA (4) CTK21．分生细胞生理生化上最明显的特点是(2) 的有规律变化。
(1)蛋白质(2) DNA (3) RNA (4)呼吸速率22．叶、花和果实都是由(4) 分生组织分化而来的。
(1)侧生(2) 次生(3) 基生(4)顶端23．需光种子在有光的条件下发芽(1) 。
(1)比暗中好(2) 比暗中差(3) 同暗中一样好(4) 同暗中一样差24．植物激素调节植物顶端优势和侧芽生长，其中以(3) 最为明显。
(1) IAA和ABA (2) CTK和GA (3)IAA和CTK (4)GA和IAA25．某大豆品种的临界日长为15小时, 以下__(1) ____方法经周期性诱导后可使其开花。
(1) 14h光照+10h黑暗(2) 16h光照+8h黑暗(3) 13h光照+11黑暗并在暗期开始后3小时处用红光中断15分钟(4) 8h光照+16h黑暗并在暗期中间用白光中断15分钟26．下列(1) 果实具呼吸跃变现象，且其生长曲线为单S曲线。
(1) 香蕉(2) 杏(3) 桃(4) 橙27．油料种子成熟后期，种子内主要积累（1）。
（1）脂肪（2）不饱和脂肪酸（3）甘油（4）饱和脂肪酸28．超氧自由基包括下列中（4）。
（1）O2—·、1O2和H2O2 （2）1O2、OH∙和H2O2（3）O2—·、OH∙和H2O2（4）O2—·、1O2、OH∙29. 与生长旺盛的植物相比，越冬植物细胞中自由水/束缚水的比值（1）。
（1）大大降低（2）相近（3）大大上升（4）略有上升30．一般说来，生物膜中不饱和脂肪酸含量高，植物抗（3）能力强。
（1）高温（2）湿害（3）低温（4）盐害二、填空题(每题0.5分，共20分。
)1. 引起植物发生生理干旱的土壤因素是土壤缺乏有效水、土壤盐渍等。
2. 肉质植物耐热原因之一是其体内含有大量的有机酸。
3. 白天，Pr 型的光敏素的转变为Pfr 型光敏素。
其中具有生理活性的是Pfr 型光敏素。
4. 在水分较少，或氮肥少、或光照强的条件下，都会提高植物的根冠比。
5. 植物激素有多种生理效应，例如：GA 能解除生理矮生现象，Eth 能促进成熟，ABA 能抑制叶片的蒸腾作用。
6．IAA的运输特点是极性运输，总的方向是向顶向基运输。
7．筛管汁液中，阳离子以K+最多，阴离子以H x PO4为主。
8．环割试验证明有机物是通过韧皮部运输的，这种方法应用于果树的枝条上可促进座果。
9．巴斯德效应是指氧气对EMP 的抑制现象；瓦布格效应是指氧气对光合的抑制现象。
10．高等植物在正常呼吸时，主要的呼吸底物是G ，最终的电子受体是O2 。
11．叶绿体色素吸收光能后，其激发能主要以诱导共振的方式在色素间传递，传递过程中能量下降，波长变长。
12．在光合作用中，同化力中的A TP用于3-PGA转化为1，3-PGA 和Ru5P形成RuBP ，NADPH则用于1，3-PGA还原为GA-3-P 。
13．与三碳植物相比，四碳植物的光补偿点高，主要是因为同化1分子CO2所需的ATP多。
14．当叶片失水出现萎蔫状态时，细胞的膨压为零，其Ψw等于Ψs 。
15．设甲乙两个相邻细胞，甲细胞的渗透势为-1.6MPa，压力势为0.9MPa，乙细胞的渗透势为-1.3MPa，压力势为0.9MPa，水应从乙细胞流向甲细胞。
如两细胞体积相等，平衡时细胞的水势是-0.55 MPa。
16．离子扩散除取决于化学势梯度外，还取决于电势梯度，二者合起来称为电化学势。
17．缺镁会影响叶绿素合成，从而引起老叶脉间失绿症状。
18．豆科植物根瘤发育不良与缺元素Mo 有关。
三、名词解释(任选8题，回答超过8题的，按前8题给分。
每题3分，共24分。
)1. Symplast: 共质体,是指活细胞内的原生质体通过胞间连丝及质膜本身互相连结成的一个连续的整体。
2.Balanced solution:平衡溶液, 是指溶液中含有适当比例的各种植物必需元素和pH值,能使植物生长发育良好的溶液如，完全培养液，大多数土壤溶液。
3.PQ shutter: PQ穿梭，是指在光合电子传递过程中PQ使间质中H+不断转入类囊体腔,导致间质pH上升,形成跨膜的质子梯度的过程。
3.4.Light-harvesting pigments:集光色素，只起吸收和传递光能,不进行光化学反应的光合色素，有全部的Chlb, carotenoids, 和大部分Chla4.5.P/O ratio: P/O比, 是指每消耗一个氧原子,由无机磷与ADP结合形成的ATP的个数。
6.Pasteur effect: 巴斯德效应，是指O2对无氧呼吸（或糖酵解）的抑制7.Metabolic sink: 代谢库，是指消耗或贮藏同化物的部位或器官，如根系、形成中种子、幼果、膨大中块根块茎等。
8.Epinasty; 偏上生长,由乙烯引起的叶柄（或茎）向下弯曲，使叶片（或枝条等）下垂的现象。
8.9.Cytoskeleton: 细胞骨架, 指真核生物细胞中普遍存在着由蛋白质纤维组成的三维网络结构,称之为细胞骨架,它主要是由微丝、微管和中间纤维系统组成。
10. DNP：日中性植物，是指开花不受日照长短的限制，只要温度等其他条件满足就能开花的植物。
四、问答题（共同41分）1．The plants will wilt at the beginning when a certain concentrition of sucrose is put into the solution in which plants grow, and the plants will recover its turgidity after a while. Why do they occur?（5 Marks）这是因为生长在溶液中的植株原来与外界溶液达到吸水平衡，植物体水分充足，保持紧张性而不萎蔫，当外界加入一定的蔗糖时，溶液的水势下降到低于植物根系的水势，根系失水，水势下降导致一开始地上部失水而萎蔫。
但植物细胞膜是选择透性膜，水溶液中的糖可以被根系吸收，当其浓度合适时，不会造成细胞死亡，反过来糖被细胞吸收，使根和地上部组织水势下降，而溶液水势提高。
根的吸水能力加强，植物体内水分重新达到平衡，植株紧张度上升，萎蔫消除。
2．How many ATP is used in CAM plant when it assimilates one molecule of CO2? (4 Marks) CAM植物同化一分子的CO2需要3个ATP，其中2个用于2分子的3-PGA转变为1，3-PGA，1分子用于Ru5P转化为RuBP，虽然CAM植物有PEP作为晚间CO2受体的过程，但PEP来源于EMP没有消耗ATP。
3．What is photoperiodism? Give some examples to express the phenomena? (7 Marks) 光周期现象是指植物开花对昼夜长短的反应。
最初由研究植物开花时发现，根据植物开花对昼夜长短这种光的反应，把植物分为三种基本类型，即只有在日长长于其临界日长才能开花的长日植物，只有在日长短于其临界日长才能开花的短日植物，及开花不受日照长短影响的日中性植物。
后来人们发现除开花外植物的其他许多发育过程也有光周期控制，如秋天的落叶，地下块根、块茎的膨大，花和开片的昼夜开闭，性别分花和植物的某些激素如ABA及GA的合成等。
4．What relationship between respiratory climacteric and past-storage of fresh fruits? How to prevent the fruits from respiratory climacteric and to extend the storage period of fresh fruits?.（10 Marks）呼吸跃变是指在成熟时呼吸又急剧升高,达到一个小高峰后再下降。