entrepreneurship 关于企业家调查 部分翻译

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什么是企业家精神英语作文

什么是企业家精神英语作文

The Essence of Entrepreneurship: AMultifaceted PerspectiveEntrepreneurship, a dynamic and transformative force in any economy, is fueled by a unique blend of spirit and attributes known as entrepreneurial spirit. This spirit is the lifeblood of enterprises, driving them to innovate,take risks, and create value. At its core, the entrepreneurial spirit encompasses several essential elements that together form the foundation of successful entrepreneurship.Firstly, the entrepreneurial spirit is rooted in a profound sense of vision and ambition. Entrepreneurs are visionaries who possess a clear and compelling picture of what their business can achieve. They are driven by astrong desire to create something new, something that adds value to society and leaves a lasting impact. This vision serves as a guiding star, guiding them through the challenges and uncertainties of the entrepreneurial journey. Closely linked to vision is the willingness to take risks. Entrepreneurship is inherently risky, and successful entrepreneurs are those who are comfortable with ambiguityand uncertainty. They are not afraid to step into the unknown, to try new ideas and approaches, and to learn from failure. This risk-taking attitude is what propels entrepreneurs to push boundaries, challenge conventions, and create lasting change.Furthermore, the entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by a relentless pursuit of innovation. Entrepreneurs are constantly seeking new opportunities, exploring untapped markets, and developing disruptive technologies. They are not satisfied with the status quo and are constantly pushing the envelope to create something better, faster, or cheaper. This创新精神is what drives the economic growth and progress of nations.Additionally, the entrepreneurial spirit强调collaboration and teamwork. While entrepreneurs may have a vision and take risks, they cannot succeed alone. They need to build a team of like-minded individuals who share their vision and are committed to its realization. Successful entrepreneurs are adept at building relationships,inspiring trust, and fostering a culture of collaboration and inclusivity.Lastly, the entrepreneurial spirit is underpinned by resilience and perseverance. Entrepreneurship is a marathon, not a sprint. It requires stamina, patience, and theability to bounce back from failures and setbacks. Entrepreneurs must be willing to work long hours, make sacrifices, and persevere in the face of adversity. This resilience is what separates successful entrepreneurs from the rest.In conclusion, the entrepreneurial spirit is a multifaceted construct that encompasses vision and ambition, risk-taking, innovation, collaboration, resilience, and perseverance. It is this unique blend of attributes that makes entrepreneurship such a powerful force for economic growth and societal progress. As we embark on our entrepreneurial journeys, it is essential to nurture and cultivate this spirit within ourselves to achieve success and create a positive impact.**企业家精神的精髓:多维度的视角**企业家精神,作为任何经济体的动态和变革力量,是由一种独特的精神和特质融合而成的,这种精神和特质被称为企业家精神。

entrepreneurship作文

entrepreneurship作文

entrepreneurship作文Entrepreneurship is a vital force in today’s economy, driving innovation, creating jobs, and fostering economic growth. It involves the process of starting and managing a new business venture, often characterized by risk-taking and a willingness to embrace uncertainty. Entrepreneurs are individuals who identify opportunities, develop ideas, and transform them into viable businesses.One of the most significant contributions of entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurs are often at the forefront of creating new products, services, and technologies that can change the way we live and work. For example, companies like Apple and Tesla have revolutionized their respective industries through innovative thinking and bold execution. This spirit of innovation not only leads to better products but also improves overall quality of life and enhances productivity in society.Moreover, entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in job creation. Small businesses, often started by entrepreneurs, are responsible for a substantialportion of new jobs in many economies. By launching new ventures, entrepreneurs not only provide employment opportunities for themselves but also contribute to the broader labor market. This job creation is essential for reducing unemployment and boosting economic stability.Furthermore, entrepreneurship fosters competition, which can lead to lower prices and improved services for consumers. When new businesses enter the market, they challenge established companies to innovate and improve their offerings. This competition encourages efficiency and drives businesses to meet the evolving needs of consumers. As a result, consumers benefit from a wider range of choices and better quality products.However, entrepreneurship is not without its challenges. Entrepreneurs often face significant risks, including financial uncertainty and the potential for failure. Many startups do not survive their first few years, and the journey can be fraught with obstacles. Nevertheless, the resilience and determination of entrepreneurs often lead them to find creativesolutions to these challenges, thus contributing to their personal growth and the advancement of society.In conclusion, entrepreneurship is a crucial element of a dynamic economy. It drives innovation, creates jobs, fosters competition, and ultimately leads to economic growth. Despite the risks and challenges, the rewards of entrepreneurship are significant, not only for the entrepreneurs themselves but also for society as a whole. Embracing the entrepreneurial spirit can lead to a brighter future filled with opportunities and advancements.中文翻译:创业是在当今经济中一种重要的力量,它推动着创新、创造就业机会并促进经济增长。

中国农民企业家创业过程研究——吴栋材创业机会认知个案分析

中国农民企业家创业过程研究——吴栋材创业机会认知个案分析

中国农民企业家创业过程研究——吴栋材创业机会认知个案分析硕士学位论文THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE中国农民企业家创业过程研究论文题目: ??吴栋材创业机会认知个案分析(英文):The analysis of the entrepreneurshipof the peasants in China作者:胡文静指导教师:郑风田2005 年 5 月 20日论文题目:(中文)中国农民企业家创业过程研究 ??吴栋材创业机会认知个案分析(外文)The analysis of the entrepreneurship of the peasantsin China based on Wu Dongcai’s recognition ofentrepreneurial opportunities所在院、系、所 : 农业与农村发展学院专业名称: 农业经济管理指导教师姓名、职称 : 郑风田教授论文主题词 :农民企业家;创业;机会认知学习期限 : 2003年 9 月至 2005年 7 月论文提交时间:2005 年 5 月 22 日独创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果,以不包含为获得中国人民大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。

与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献已在论文中作了明确地说明并表示了谢意。

签名: 胡文静日期:2005.5.22关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解中国人民大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。

签名: 胡文静导师签名:郑风田日期:2005.5.22 中国人民大学硕士学位论文摘要(中外文合订)论文题目:(中文)中国农民企业家创业过程研究吴栋材创业机会认知个案分析(英文)The analysis of the entrepreneurship of the peasants inCh ina based on Wu Dongcai’s recognition of entrepreneurialopportunities作者:胡文静指导教师:郑风田内容摘要在我国经济发展中,农民企业家做出了许多创新与突破,而所有这些创新与突破都与我国农民与农民企业家的独特创业精神以及当时良好的创业环境是分不开的,包含着深刻的理论价值与政策含义。

关于企业家精神的英语作文80词

关于企业家精神的英语作文80词

关于企业家精神的英语作文80词全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Entrepreneurship is a key factor in driving innovation, creating jobs, and fostering economic growth. The entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by a willingness to take risks, a passion for innovation, and a strong desire to succeed. Entrepreneurs are self-motivated individuals who are constantly seeking new opportunities and ways to improve their businesses.One of the key traits of successful entrepreneurs is their ability to think outside the box. They are constantly looking for new ways to solve problems, meet market demands, and stay ahead of the competition. This innovative thinking is what sets entrepreneurs apart from others in the business world.Another important aspect of entrepreneurship is the willingness to take risks. Starting a new business involves a great deal of uncertainty and can be a risky endeavor. However, entrepreneurs are willing to take calculated risks in order to achieve their goals and build successful businesses.Entrepreneurs are also known for their strong work ethic and determination. Building a successful business requires a great deal of hard work, perseverance, and dedication. Entrepreneurs are willing to put in the time and effort necessary to overcome challenges and achieve their goals.In conclusion, the entrepreneurial spirit is a valuable asset that drives innovation, growth, and success in the business world. Entrepreneurs are courageous individuals who are willing to take risks, think creatively, and work hard to achieve their goals. Their passion for innovation and determination to succeed are what make them stand out in the business world.篇2Entrepreneurial spirit is a key quality that sets successful business owners apart from the rest. It is the drive and determination to take risks, innovate, and overcome challenges in order to achieve their goals.Entrepreneurs are often driven by a passion for their work and a desire to make a positive impact on the world. They are willing to take calculated risks and think outside the box in order to bring their ideas to life.One of the most important qualities of an entrepreneurial spirit is resilience. Entrepreneurs face many challenges and setbacks on the road to success, but they are able to bounce back quickly and learn from their failures. They are not afraid to take risks and try new things, even if it means stepping outside of their comfort zone.In addition to resilience, successful entrepreneurs also possess a strong work ethic and a dedication to their craft. They are willing to put in the long hours and hard work necessary to achieve their goals, even when faced with obstacles.Overall, the entrepreneurial spirit is a powerful force that drives innovation, growth, and success in business. It is a combination of passion, resilience, and hard work that sets entrepreneurs apart and allows them to achieve their dreams.篇3Entrepreneurship is the ability to see opportunities where others see obstacles and the courage to take risks in pursuit of those opportunities. It requires a unique combination of vision, creativity, resilience, and the willingness to push boundaries and challenge the status quo. A successful entrepreneur is not afraidto fail, but rather sees failure as an opportunity to learn and grow.Entrepreneurs are often driven by a passion for making a difference and creating something new and innovative. They are constantly seeking ways to improve upon existing ideas or to create entirely new products or services that meet the changing needs and demands of consumers. This drive to innovate and disrupt the market is what sets entrepreneurs apart from others in the business world.In addition to their creativity and vision, entrepreneurs must also possess strong leadership and communication skills. They must be able to inspire and motivate others to believe in their vision and to work towards a common goal. Building a successful business requires the ability to build and maintain relationships with customers, employees, investors, and other stakeholders.One of the key traits of successful entrepreneurs is their resilience in the face of adversity. Building a business is full of challenges and setbacks, but entrepreneurs are able to persevere and overcome obstacles with determination and perseverance. They are not easily discouraged by failure or setbacks, but rather see them as opportunities to learn, adapt, and improve.Overall, the entrepreneurial spirit is a powerful force that drives individuals to take risks, pursue their passions, and create new opportunities for themselves and others. It is a mindset that values innovation, creativity, and the willingness to push boundaries in order to achieve success. Entrepreneurs are the visionaries and leaders of tomorrow, driving positive change and making a lasting impact on the world around them.。

英语作文企业家精神带翻译初中

英语作文企业家精神带翻译初中

英语作文企业家精神带翻译初中About entrepreneurship, benevolence, but the following connotation: it is a spirit of entrepreneurship, hard work, perseverance, perseverance, it is a spirit of innovation, dare to "eat crab", lead the trend, relying on innovation and creation to win the market; it is a spirit of excellence, strict requirements for quality, meticulous, perfection, it is a sense of responsibility, wealth, integrity and return to the society."market house Vitality comes from people, especially from entrepreneurs, and from entrepreneurship."At present, to build a well-off society in an all-round way into the decisive stage, economic development into the new normal, vigorously promote the reform of the supply side structure, provides a broad stage for entrepreneurs to display talent, also bring new challenges, especially need to vigorously carry forward the entrepreneurial spirit, progressive, self-motivated, lead and inspire the whole society entrepreneurial innovation creativity.Excellent entrepreneurs should be determined, overcome thepsychology of eager for quick success and instant benefits, vigorously avoid impetuous mentality, steadfastly do a good job in their main business, settle down to do fine work in products and services, and strive for perfection in building a brand image.For example, some hundreds of years of old foreign enterprises and some Chinese time-honored brands, several generations focus on making a good product, a brand, and finally become the climate.Excellent entrepreneurs also want to have aggressive, overcome the "depend to" thought, strictly avoid conformism, dare, forge ahead, combine entrepreneurial innovation and market demand, focus on industry and science and technology development direction, actively invent new technology, research and development of new products, foster new forms, open up new markets, efforts to stand out in the market competition.Party committees and governments at all levels should shift from managers to service providers, and vigorously create a good environment for development and expansion Big entrepreneurs have of use.We need to streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation, and improve services. We need to constantlyimprove the policy, market, government, and legal environment for enterprise development, so as to foster fertile ground for entrepreneurship.Focusing on advancing supply-side structural reform, we need to further "reduce the burden", "solve difficulties" and "invigorate", help enterprises reduce costs, reduce overcapacity, promote the transfer of factors of production to emerging industries, and enable enterprises to "load" and transform and upgrade.We need to fully implement the strategy of innovation-driven development, strengthen the leading role of enterprises in innovation, accelerate mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and motivate the whole society to promote entrepreneurship and innovation A mighty force of development.翻译:关于企业家精神,仁者见仁、智者见智,但不外乎以下内涵:它是一种艰苦奋斗的创业精神,自强不息、顽强拼搏,迎难而上、百折不挠;它是一种勇于开拓的创新精神,敢于“吃螃蟹”、勇于引领潮流,依靠创新创造赢得市场;它是一种精益求精的工匠精神,对质量严格要求、对制造一丝不苟、对完美孜孜追求;它是一种敢于担当的责任意识,致富思源、义利兼顾,自觉履行社会责任,做爱国敬业、守法诚信、回报社会的典范。

企业家精神

企业家精神

企业家精神中国经济增长的可持续性评价——企业家精神的视角摘要:金融危机对中国实体经济增长产生了很大的冲击,关于中国经济增长的可持续性再次成为经济学界研究的重点。

而企业家精神是经济增长最关键的因素之一,20世纪90年代兴起的企业家精神理论再次成为研究重点。

本为意在回顾上世纪70年代以来企业家精神的一般理论,并将企业家精神纳入经济增长理论,需要的一些基本假设。

关键词:企业家精神,经济增长一、引言关于中国经济增长的可持续性研究是一个历久弥新的话题,特别是金融危机之后,国内外展开了对中国经济增长的可持续性的学术讨论。

企业家精神是经济增长的动力源泉,大多数西方国家自我创业率上升,企业家的地位在提升,许多行业的技术创新型企业走在技术变革的前列;产业结构不断趋于专业化、外包化、分散化,对于小企业(创业)而言,这意味着新机会的来临,意味着其作用的增大;随着社会经济的发展,收入的增加意味着需求的多样化,而小企业和创新企业成为新的专业化产品的主要提供者。

因此,增长范式发生着从管理型经济向创业型经济的转变。

本文目的是在于回顾上世纪70年代以来企业家精神的一般理论,通过相关文献的参考,把握企业家精神与中国可持续经济增长之间的关系。

二、企业家理论研究进展至今,企业家理论还没形成一至的观点,对企业家的定义和其在经济中的作用也有差别。

由于企业家在经济中的作用很多,给企业家一个完整的定义很困难,只能给出一个描述性定义。

企业家是经济生活的中心,在经济中承担着创新者、组织和协调者、领导和管理者、风险承担着等等。

企业家是一个国家经济中的核心力量,是经济增长和经济发展的决定性因素,是技术进步的推动者和组织者。

“企业家精神”这一词是英文“entrepreneurship””的中文译法,它是由英文“entrepreneur”加上抽象名词后缀“ship”构成。

企业家精神是指人们竞相成为企业家的一种行为,它是由法文“entreprendre”引申而来,其意思是“着手工作,寻求机会,通过创新和开办企业实现个人目标,并满足社会需求”。

创业学概论二ENTREPRENEURSHIP

创业学概论二ENTREPRENEURSHIP

创业过程的一般模型
蒂蒙斯模型(Jeffry A. Timmons) 威克姆模型(Philip A. Wickham)
蒂蒙斯模型
New Venture Creation,Irwin McGraw – Hill,P37 – 40
创业过程是由机会驱动、团队领导和资 源保证的
创业过程依赖于机会、创业团队和资源 三要素的匹配和平衡
创业与经济增长之间存在促进关系。中国创 业活动对经济增长的贡献并没有达到GEM成 员的平均贡献水平。创业对经济增长的潜力 尚未充分发挥出来。
我国的创业活跃程度存在明显的区域特征。 创业活跃的地区也是经济增长快的地区。中 国创业活动活跃的地区,也是经济增长快的 地区;创业活动欠活跃的地区。也是经济增 长欠快的地区;创业活动不活跃的地区,其 经济增长也是最慢的地区。
Business Research in Europe》) 跨国合作研究 “全球创业观察(监测)”,GEM,百森商学院和伦敦商学院(London
Business School)
创业(学)研究现状(续)
研究课题
创业者的特征 创业环境 创业的作用 创业机会 创业融资 创业发展战略 创业企业生存与增长 创业教育与培训 创业研究
全球创业氛围—— 全球创业观察2002中国报告
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor China 2002(全球创业观察2002中国 报告)
主办: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor &清华大学中国创业研究中心
全球创业氛围—— 全球创业观察2002中国报告 (续)
全球创业观察2002中国报告 一:2002年中国创业活动的 排名
处于活跃状态,在亚洲地区属于中间水平。 具体排名是:

(完整word版)英语翻译

(完整word版)英语翻译

(完整word版)英语翻译1、今天,很多中国的大学非常重视培养学生的创新意识和创业精神(entrepreneurship)。

很多知名大学与多家公司建立长期的合作关系。

这些公司会定期从大学中录用合格的毕业生。

此外,有些校友还创建启动资金,支持学生创办自己的企业。

一些大学的校长表示,创业与学习并不矛盾,鼓励学生创业可以帮助他们将专业知识应用于实践,提升自身的竞争力(competitiveness)。

Today, many Chinese universities attach great importance to cultivating innovation awareness and entrepreneurship. Many prestigious universities establish long-term relationships with a lot of companies. These companies recruit qualified graduates from th e universities on a regular basis. What’s more, some alumni even create start-up funds to support students in starting their own business. The presidents of some universities say that doing business and studying are not in conflict and that encouraging students to set up businesses can help them put their specialized knowledge into practice and raise their competitiveness.2、中国药膳(Chinese medicated diet)源远流长,是中国宝贵的文化遗产,也是中医养生学的重要内容。

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A:关于企业家的调查
在1990年代早期出现的内因性增长模型,又将企业家行为的作用,以及企业家的角色再次定位为一个地区或一个国家经济增长的重要因素。

(Carree与Thurik , 2003)
B:关于企业的调查
另一组研究人员将对公司的研究作为研究的重点。

这一研究的一条分支研究了小型公司的性质和特点。

小公司在经济体中发挥着什么样的作用呢?在一个既定了产业结构,产业重点和市场机遇的国家中,小型公司是由于怎样的机遇而产生的呢?小型公司需要什么素质才能有别于大型企业而存在呢?它们又需要怎么样的知识,通过政策的制定来应付各种特殊的阻碍和挑战呢?Welsh与White(1981)引用了“资源贫困”这一概念。

Churchill与Lewis(1983)总结出小型公司和它们得所有者在成长的不同阶段有不同的需求。

其他人注意到了信息不对称的负面效应并指出了许多市场失败的例子。

研究的另一个分支探索了小企业管理的问题,小企业管理中的什么因素是对于它们得生存和成长至关重要的呢?对于提高公司的业绩,公司的所有者如何获得相应的财务管理,销售与营销管理以及产品管理的技能的呢?
第三类以及最近的一些研究是关注于小型企业在经济发展中所产生的作用这一方面的,比如,就业创造,创新,以及生产力提高等(Birch,1979;Acs与Audretsch,1990;OECD,2001b,2001c)。

对于研究小型企业部门的源动力和追踪企业的产生,生存,成长和退出率,比以前更好的统计工具帮助了我们了解经济发展中小型企业的重要性,也同时让我们了解新企业与成长中的企业在就业增长与革新中发挥的极其重要作用。

相比其他人,Kirchoff(1994),Storey(1994),与Acs等人(1999)对于我们对公司成立和退出的动因的了解做出了杰出的贡献。

每一年,在每个国家,都存在大量的中小企业部门变动的案例——陆续地有新企业在成立,然后不断地有现存的企业面临扩大,缩小再到消失。

每年这种变动仅仅在总的公司与工作股份中反映出非常少量的净变化。

在过去,这种波动被认为是有消极影响的;而现在,这个创造性的解构的过程,被认为是长期就业创造与经济增长的积极动力。

以加拿大作为例子,1984年底的所有顾主公司的总股份中的77%,在1999年不再存在(Parsley与Dreessen,2004),同时,这些退出的公司也减少了大约38%的私人部门工作(以1984为基础计算)。

在1985年存在但在1999年规模减小的公司,导致了更多的18%的失业率,有超过500员工的大型公司造成了71%的失业率。

在1985至1999年间,这些失去的公司与工作不仅仅是被各种各样领域的新公司的加入与中小公司的成长所代替,而是很明显地显示了小企业是经济增长的重要引擎,通过失去和增加两种效果的结合所产生的净效果是130万的就业的产生。

Parsley与Dreessen 得出这样的结论:(一)生意的开展和新公司的成立是就业和财富创造的重要原因;(二)如果政府期待决策有决定性的效果,理解新建公司所面对的障碍和特殊需求是很重要的;(三)政府干预将更有目标性,如果他们能认同促进公司成长的决定的话。

新公司对于创新行为与产品改进也有关键的作用。

Baldwin(1999)发现新进入者在创新行为方面体现出很高的水准,他认为新公司不断地给消费者提供新产品和更高水准的服务,这些都对创新行为有贡献作用,而且,与新公司进入与退出相关的实验是一个以市场为主导的经济体有活力的关键。

Acs与Armington(2002)表示在大多数情况下,新的进入者代表了市场中改变的引入。

Audretsch与Thurik(2001b)指出并不是公司,而是企业家才是创新理论研究的起点。

近年来的研究也显示出了新进者对于整个国家总体劳动力和多要素生产率增长的重要性,以及公司的进出行为总体生产力增长的贡献。

(Scarprtta 等人,2002;Bosma与Nieuwenhuijsen,2000)。

Scarprtta et al.(2002)将OECD国家大约25%的生产力增长归因于公司的变化——新公司的成立与低效公司的关门。

Bartelman 等人(2003)总结
认为这个创造性的解构的过程强调了政策制定者的注意点,因为公司进退的缘由是影响到新公司成立成本和融资的规章制度和机构,还有市场特点(比如市场集中度,市场多元化),同时,助长市场竞争,企业家精神和适量倒闭的政策制度在本文所说的动力学中起到了一定的作用。

Hall(2002a)指出在APEC国家中,每年新进公司的比率是8%,公司退出率是7%,他认为,在总体的政策水平上,商业环境应该鼓励公司的成立,增长与退出。

Purrington和Bettcher(2001)指出新的产业的建立与新的技术的发展在很高程度上依赖于新公司的产生——这理论在很多行业被证实,比如硬件与软件的发展,网络业,生物技术业,快餐行业,折扣零售业,封包快递服务业等等。

在此基础上,Raynold等人(2002)表示创业历史鲜明地表明25年以后带动经济的企业很可能是来自现在新进的企业家们的努力。

这一研究又回到了那个长期性问题,如何能为未来的经济增长提供充足的新企业家?他们从哪里来?他们如何得到他们需要的知识和技能?怎样的环境有益于他们的产生?
C:关于益于创业精神的环境的研究
在早期的研究者在将企业家与小公司作为单位来研究的同时,另一组研究人员正在建立关于环境对于企业家产生的作用的理论(Wilken,1979;Hjalager,1989;和无数其他人)。

为什么特定的环境会产生更多的地也加?这些环境中的什么要素造成了这种区别?Wilken (1979)认为一个社会中企业家的合法性是他们出现的主要前兆——越合法,企业家就越多。

以社会流动作为例子,特别是那些社会中的边缘人群,边缘团体很难接触到主流的流动通道,因而创业成了他们唯一能够得到经济保障的方法。

文化的因素也被考虑到其中,研究者发现有一些文化背景相比其他的更加支持创业的精神。

通过Hofstede 的权力距离指数和不确定性规避指数,Wildeman等人(1999)在23个OECD国家中发现了文化分类和自我创业之间的关系。

De(2001)讨论了社会对企业家的认可度的作用,以及这种社会资产对于与个人决定是否创业的重要性。

Casson(2003)认为社会对企业家的需求一部分是由企业家们自己创造的,他们感觉到能通过自我武装来发展机遇,一个支持企业家精神的文化将会激发他们这样的感知过程。

其他的研究显示了一系列其他环境因素的重要性——政治环境;一个经济体的经济与劳动市场结构;监管环境;其他一系列政策域之间的互相影响都可能影响到创业的产生,例如,影响公司进入与退出的规章制度;社会安全政策与制度;财政与货币政策;竞争政策;银行业和金融体系的结构;仅以这些为例。

最后,越来越多的文献在讲述创业水平与经济发展之间的联系。

Wennekers 和Thurik (1999)研究了一系列OECD国家中企业拥有率和人均GDP指数之间的关系,Reynolds等人(1999,2004)研究了创业行为水平和经济增长指数之间的关系。

将一个国家的企业新增率和经济增长率联系起来是一个复杂的过程,但是Reynolds等人(2004)发现了有较高创业行为水平的国家,经济增长率都在平均水平之上,并且,在2003年研究的40个国家中,有较高创业水平的国家都有高水平的经济增长。

然而,由于一方面,经济状况与创业倾向之间有一系列干扰的因素与联系,另一方面,企业家与经济增长之间也有许多干扰因素与联系,因此,难以定义他们之间的简单因果关系。

其中一个因素可能是一个国家经济发展的水平。

在对于一个国家企业拥有率和经济发展水平(用人均GDP来衡量)之间的关系的长期研究中,Carree等人(2002)发现他们之间存在一种U型曲线的关系,随着人均GDP增长到18000美元之前,企业拥有率一直在降低,在18000美元之后,企业拥有率随着人均GDP的增长而增长。

他们认为,在U型曲线之上或之下的国家可能是拥有太多或太少的企业数量。

有太多企业拥有者的国家,一般都是发展中国家,由于有太多的边缘公司所以他们没有从最大化规模和范围经济中完全受益。

在曲线之下的国家创业行为不足,意味着创新与竞争的机遇没有很好地被开发。

无论是太多还是太少企业的国家都将导致低效的经济增长水平。

Hall(2002b)估计如果APEC的发展中国家
想要对亚太区域的经济增长做出贡献并且想具有国际竞争力的话,在接下去的20年,必须建立5亿到7亿的新中小公司。

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