金融保险金融危机与房地产.docx
金融危机对房地产市场的影响
金融危机对房地产市场的影响在全球经济发展过程中，金融危机是一种无法忽视的现象。
金融危机既是对金融体系的一次巨大考验，也是对房地产市场的一次严峻挑战。
本文将从多个角度探讨金融危机对房地产市场的影响，并分析其可能带来的变化和挑战。
1. 金融危机与房地产市场之间的关系金融危机对房地产市场的影响是复杂而深远的。
首先，金融危机往往导致金融机构的资金链断裂，从而削弱了对房地产市场的信贷支持。
缺乏足够的信贷资金将限制购房者的购买能力，进一步导致房地产需求下降，从而影响房地产市场的供需关系。
其次，金融危机造成的经济衰退和就业压力也会使人们对房地产市场产生犹豫和担忧，进一步抑制了购房者的购买意愿。
2. 金融危机对房地产市场供需关系的影响金融危机对房地产市场的供需关系产生重要影响。
首先，金融危机造成的信贷紧缩和金融机构倒闭使得购房者很难获得贷款，导致购房需求减弱。
其次，由于金融危机导致的经济衰退，失业率上升，购房者的购买力受到严重压制，进一步拖累了房地产市场的需求。
3. 金融危机对房地产市场价格的影响金融危机对房地产市场价格产生重要影响。
首先，由于购房需求下降，供大于求的情况出现，房地产市场的价格往往会受到一定程度的冲击。
其次，金融危机使得部分投资者面临资金周转困难，不得不低价抛售房产，进一步推动房地产市场价格的下跌。
4. 金融危机对房地产市场投资信心的影响金融危机对投资者的信心有着重要影响。
金融危机不仅削弱了投资者对金融市场的信心，也影响了他们对房地产市场的信心。
由于经济的不稳定和金融环境的不确定性，投资者往往会对房地产市场投资持观望态度，从而增加了市场的不确定性。
5. 金融危机对房地产市场的机会与挑战尽管金融危机对房地产市场造成了一系列的负面影响，但也同时带来了一些机会与挑战。
首先，在金融危机之后，房地产市场的价格可能会下跌，为有购买能力的人提供了购买房产的机会。
其次，金融危机也可能加速市场结构和调整，推动行业的洗牌和整合。
金融危机对房地产业的影响
金融危机对房地产业的影响金融危机是指由于金融机构出现系统性风险而引发的金融市场崩溃，世界各地的经济都可能受到其冲击。
房地产业作为全球经济的重要组成部分，也无法避免金融危机的影响。
本文将探讨金融危机对房地产业的影响，并分析可能出现的一些变化。
一、金融危机对销售市场的影响金融危机的出现往往会导致人们对经济前景的担忧，这种担忧会对房地产销售市场产生直接影响。
首先，由于人们对未来的经济不确定性，他们可能会更加谨慎地购买房地产。
此外，金融危机往往导致银行对于房地产贷款的紧缩，使得购房者难以获得贷款，从而降低了购房的意愿。
因此，金融危机往往会导致房地产销售市场的疲软。
二、金融危机对价格的影响金融危机会对房地产市场价格产生重要的影响。
一方面，房地产市场的疲软会导致供过于求的局面，从而使得价格下跌。
购房者会更倾向于观望，等待价格下降再入市，这进一步扩大了供大于求的现象。
另一方面，房地产开发商也面临资金链紧张的问题，他们可能会采取减价的方式促销，以尽快变现。
因此，金融危机会导致房地产市场价格的下降。
三、金融危机对土地市场的影响金融危机对土地市场也会产生重要影响。
由于经济的不确定性，开发商会更加谨慎地购买土地，这减少了土地市场的交易量。
另外，金融危机导致资金链紧张，开发商面临着较大的融资压力，从而限制了他们对土地的购买能力。
因此，金融危机可能会导致土地市场的疲软。
四、金融危机对投资市场的影响房地产作为一种投资工具，会受到金融危机的影响。
一方面，金融危机导致股市下跌和金融市场动荡，投资者可能会将资金从金融市场转移到相对稳定的房地产市场，以寻求保值增值的机会。
这可能促使房地产市场的投资需求增加。
另一方面，金融危机也可能导致投资者对房地产市场的担忧，他们可能会减少对房地产的投资，转而选择其他避险资产。
综上所述，金融危机对房地产业产生了重要的影响。
它对销售市场、价格、土地市场和投资市场都带来了一定的变化。
房地产行业应该密切关注金融危机的动态，及时调整策略，以应对可能出现的市场变化。
全球金融危机对中国房地产市场的影响
全球金融危机对中国房地产市场的影响近年来，全球金融危机对各行各业都产生着不小的影响，其中最明显的之一就是对房地产市场的影响。
中国作为一个快速发展的经济体，在这次金融危机中同样受到了不小的冲击。
那么，全球金融危机对中国房地产市场究竟造成了什么影响呢？一、销售放缓全球金融危机对中国房地产市场最直接的影响就是带来了销售放缓的现象。
受金融危机影响，全球经济不景气，外资流入中国的投资也有所减少，这就导致了房地产市场的销售放缓。
此外，随着金融危机的发展，许多企业的生产减少，导致了员工的裁员和失业率的上升。
这也导致了人们购买住房的积极性下降，加剧了房地产销售放缓。
二、价格下降由于销售放缓，以及政府的调控政策，中国房地产市场的价格也出现了下降的趋势。
而由于过去几年来房价一直处于高位，导致很多人购买房屋时负担过重，这也就加剧了价格下降的影响。
此外，由于金融危机的持续性导致了全球经济萎缩，中国出口也受到了较大的影响，这意味着人们购买力的下降，也会影响房地产市场价格。
三、资金链断裂随着金融危机的不断发展，中国房地产市场的资金链也有所断裂。
过去几年里，中国的房地产市场一度呈现出资金过热的现象，而这次金融危机则打破了这一局面。
许多房地产企业陷入了财务困境，为了维持资金链，不得不大规模借贷和卖地。
这就使得房地产市场的供应过剩，从而影响了价格和销售。
四、政策调控为了缓解金融危机对中国房地产市场的影响，政府也不断推出了相关的调控政策。
例如，在今年4月，中国人民银行宣布实施商业性个人住房公积金缴存比例下调政策，以缓解房贷压力。
同时，还有一系列政策措施出台，以促进房地产市场的健康稳定发展。
总的来说，全球金融危机对中国房地产市场的影响是广泛而深远的。
尽管市场出现了波动，但政府的调控政策和经济基本面的良好趋势也为中国房地产市场的发展带来了一定的保障。
未来，我们也需要根据市场情况和政策调控情况，适时调整投资策略，以实现房地产市场的健康发展。
保险金融房产课件
保险金融房产课件课件：保险、金融与房产教学内容：1.保险的基本概念与原理2.金融市场的功能和运作3.房地产市场的特点与投资方式教学准备：1.教学投影仪或电子白板2.讲义和练习题3.实例分析和案例研究4.学生互动讨论的环境教学目标：1.了解保险的存在意义以及风险管理的重要性2.理解金融市场对经济发展的影响和作用3.掌握房地产市场的运作机制和投资策略4.培养学生的风险意识和理财能力设计说明：本课程通过结合理论与实践，介绍保险、金融和房产三个重要领域的知识。
通过讲解原理、示范实例和案例分析，帮助学生更好地理解相关概念和运作机制，培养学生在保险、金融和房产方面的基础知识和思维能力。
教学过程：1.保险部分：–介绍保险的定义和基本原理–讲解不同类型的保险和其应用场景–实例分析让学生更好地理解保险的重要性和作用2.金融部分：–介绍金融市场的定义和功能–解释股票、债券和基金等金融工具的特点和作用–分析金融危机对经济的影响，并讨论风险管理的重要性3.房产部分：–介绍房地产市场的特点和分类–解释购房和投资房产的基本原则–分析不同投资策略的风险与回报课后反思：通过本次课程，学生对保险、金融和房产三个重要领域的知识有了初步了解。
课程设计中融入了实例分析和案例研究，帮助学生将理论与实践相结合，提高了他们的学习兴趣和参与度。
但在教学过程中，可能还需要更多实例和案例来加强学生对知识的理解和应用能力。
此外，针对学生的不同水平，可以适当调整教学内容的深度和难度，以提高教学效果。
教学内容：1.保险的基本概念与原理2.金融市场的功能和运作3.房地产市场的特点与投资方式教学准备：1.教学投影仪或电子白板2.讲义和练习题3.实例分析和案例研究4.学生互动讨论的环境教学目标：1.了解保险的存在意义以及风险管理的重要性2.理解金融市场对经济发展的影响和作用3.掌握房地产市场的运作机制和投资策略4.培养学生的风险意识和理财能力设计说明：本课程通过结合理论与实践，介绍保险、金融和房产三个重要领域的知识。
英文论文关于金融危机对房地产的影响的论文英文版完美版
ChapterⅠ Introduction1.1 Brief Introduction of the Financial CrisisThe sub-loan crisis is also called as the subprime mortgage crisis and translated as the subprime lending crisis. It refers to a financial storm that occurred in the United States due to the bankruptcy of the sub-mortgage agencies, the forced closing of the investment funds, and the severe turbulence of the stock market. It led to the crisis in lack of liquidity at the world's major financial markets. The U.S. "Sub-Loan Crisis" began to emerge from the spring of 2006. From August of 2007, it started to sweep through the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other major financial markets in the world.Sub-loan means "subprime mortgage loan". “Sub” means the poor side corresponding to “high” and “excellent”, while in the "sub-loan crisis" it refers to the low credit and low debt-repaying capacity.Subprime mortgage loan is a high-risk and high-yield industry, which refers to the loans offered by a number of lending institutions to the borrowers with poor credit and low income. Comparing to the traditional standard mortgage loans, the subprime mortgage loans demand low levels on the borrowers’ credit history and repaying ability, but its corresponding lending rate is much higher than the normal mortgage loans. Those who are refused on high-grade mortgage loans by the bank for their bad credit history or weak repaying ability may apply for the subprime mortgage loans to buy houses.When the house price is going up, the subprime mortgage loans business is booming. Even if the borrower’s cash flow can not repay the loan, they may obtain re-loans from the value-added real estate to fill the gap. However, when the house price maintains or goes down, there will be a funding gap and then the bad debts.The subprime mortgage loan is a kind of housing mortgages abroad, to supply loans to the people with less income or lower-level credit history. The reason for supplying loans to these people is that the lending institutions can receive a mortgage interesthigher than the good credit mortgage. When the house prices rise, the loans will have no problems as a result of adequate value in pledge; but when the house prices fall, value in pledge is no longer sufficient, while the mortgager has less income, thus the loan contract may be breached and the house may be returned to the bank. It will cause the increase in the bad debts of the mortgager, the collapsed cases of the mortgage providers and the risks in the financial markets.1.2 Importance of Real Estate Industry on Beijing's GDP(Proportion)The added value of real estate industry accounts for more than 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in our country. As a pillar industry, it has played an important role in the national economy.Yu Xiuqin, the spokeswoman of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics said on October 14, 2004, that Beijing’s GDP in the first quarter increased 13% over the same period of the previous year. The released Real Estate Investment Report by the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission on October 15 indicated that the investment growth rate in the first three quarters reduced to 20.3% from 40.6% in the first quarter, "ranking in a more reasonable range." But the Report also pointed out that the great dropping in the real estate investment "leading indicators (land development, etc.)” undoubtedly affected the potential growth of investment in real estate. The delayed impact from macro-control measures shall be paid attentions to." This Report obviously reminded that the development and investment in real estate may maintain the downward trend due to the impact of macro-control, and it may further have a certain impact on Beijing’s economic growth.What impact can macro-control br ing on Beijing’s GDP? Ding Xiangyang, Director of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, said when he reported to Beijing People's Congress Standing Committee on the implementation of nationaleconomic and social development plan during the first half year, that a series of land policies in Beijing such as the moratorium on agricultural land requisition, the ceasing of agreed land transfer, and the clean-up of investment projects in development zones, as well as the macro-control, had probably effected an investment of about RMB 120 billion yuan, with about 2-3 percentage points on affecting the annual economic growth in the next few years. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division finally showed that from the investment in recent years, the proportion of real estate investment had always been maintained at above 55%, which did not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors. In order to maintain the consecutive and stable economic growth of the city and optimize the industrial structure, it is necessary to intensify the investment structure adjustment and increase the proportion of industrial investment, especially under the circumstances that the potentials in the real estate industry are affected."We can see such a logic relationship: the real estate investment maintains a high proportion in recent years, while the macro-control reduces the real estate investment growth rate, which will annually decrease several p ercentage points of Beijing’s GDP in the next few years. Real estate has an extraordinary impact on Beijing's economy. The proportion of real estate investment is too large? According to the planning of National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing City has cleaned up the fixed assets projects in the city. From the information of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, there are more than 6000 projects being cleaned up, in which more than 600 projects involved in violations. Among them, there are 53 projects being stopped the construction or cancelled and 554 projects being suspended the construction for rectification, with a total investment amount of RMB 164 billion yuan, accounting for 1/5 of the total number in our country. From the project clean-up situation, there is still more than 50% of investment concentrated in the real estate field among all the city's investment projects being constructed or planned for construction. Figures show that the real estate investment in Beijingaccounts for 56.5% of the total investment in the entire society, far exceeding the national average level of 18%. The Report of the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission suggests that the proportion of real estate investment is too large, "and this does not match the direction of industrial restructuring on developing high-tech industries and modern manufacturing sectors."However, Ren Zhiqiang, President of Huayuan Group who researches much on the economic indexes said, "Beijing originally has a lot of lands for use, but the Capital has not implemented constructions for a long time, and now the construction develops after conquering great difficulties, a higher proportion of real estate investment is normal." Professor Y e Jianping, Head of the Land Management Division of Renmin University of China, considered that demands for housing and the supply in Beijing in recent years had promoted the proportion growth of investment, although this proportion of 56.5% was much higher than the international average level. However, it is very difficult to evaluate whether it is right or not at special stages in a specific period." Nevertheless, there must be problems if such proportion maintains in a long period." Someone in the Fixed Assets Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission said that a higher proportion in real estate investment has certain rationality at the present stage on accelerating urban transformation, urbanization and economic growth. And now all aspects of the real estate industry are still within the safety line in general. A large number of bubble phenomenon such as housing vacancy or price skyrocketing have not occurred. But he also pointed out at the same time that it was very easy to emerge bubbles as the real estate industry was greatly affected by the policy. Therefore Beijing, as a large-sized city, if the proportion of real estate investment is too large, the city’s whole economy will accordingly become more vulnerable.Who is the largest contributor to GDP? The official data from Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission show that the direct pulling role of real estate on Beijing’s GDP is between 5% and 10%. Experts believe that the direct contributionof the real estate industry to GDP completely results from the demand growth in the real estate market. It is reported that the volume of demolition in Beijing reduces at the annual rate of 20% for 5 consecutive years. There were about 100,000 removing households in Beijing 5 years ago, but in 2004 there were only 20,000. In the past a considerable portion of the demand in Beijing real estate market consists of urban renewal, infrastructure construction as well as a large number of demolitions invested by the government. Now although the government demolitions decline a lot, the consumption amount has not reduced, thus the real estate market remains a strong demand. "With this demand, the relatively high proportion of real estate in GDP is quite normal, because Beijing's real estate is not for Beijing City only, but for the whole country and even the world."In addition to the pulling role of the strong demands in real estate market on Beijing’s GDP, it is well known that the real estate industry drives its upstream and downstream industries. Someone in Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission disclosed: "According to the sales estimation, the proportion of real estate and the relevant industries such as its driven raw materials and service industry is about 1:1.2." "Real estate investment can drive a dozen of or a hundred of related industries." Ren Zhiqiang had his personal experience. He considered that from an investment view, the real estate industry could stimulate many affiliated industries, thus it had a great impact on the whole GDP. But he also said that the current method of calculating GDP was on the basis of the net investment amount, excluding the consumption, whereas the related consumption of real estate such as second-hand housing transaction was a very important part of the real estate industry. Therefore he thought that the statistical methods on GDP was not entirely correct, which could not calculate accurately the specific contribution value of the real estate industry. What he implicated was that: the present statistics were incomplete, and the polling function of the real estate industry on GDP had been underestimated.Macro-control on the balance beam: more than one expert warned that the long-term development of a city could not rely on continuous investment though real estateplayed an important role in driving the fixed assets investment and GDP. It should develop more industries. Only the driving industries can bring sustainable development, no matter what it is the first, second or third industry. Someone in the Investment Division of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission introduced that for the adjustment of investment structure, the Municipal Development and Reform Commission at present had established a long-term guideline aiming at reducing the proportion of real estate in the fixed assets investment in Beijing: to change the structure with so large real estate investment at present by increasing the investment on other industries and fields, rather than limiting the current real estate projects, in order to increase the growth points of the city and avoid large effects on the whole economy resulted from the changing real estate industry. At the same time, we shall strengthen market monitoring and analysis, guide the restructuring of real estate products, focus on developing the mid-priced residential houses, and expand the size of second-hand housing market etc. "But the government has the responsibility to control the real estate for avoiding major fluctuations." The staff in the Investment Division of the Development and Reform Commission said that people in the real estate industry were more psychologically vulnerable to the effects of the outside world. Therefore the misconduct may result in insufficient investment in real estate, declining engineering volume, effecting the development of the relevant service and raw material industries, and finally directly or indirectly affecting the entire GDP growth." So the real estate investment, no matter it is up or down, should be a smooth process. It shall follow the principle of ensuring a smooth and stable development in real estate, to prevent the sharp ups and downs." The information on our country’s real estate and construction of 2007 shows that there are 63,000 real estate development enterprises in 2007, with a total employment of 1,720,000 people; the completed investment on real estate development is RMB 2.5289 trillion yuan, with an increase rate of 30. 2%.Statistics show that the asset-liability ratio of China's real estate development enterprise in 2007 was 74.4%; the real estate development enterprises realized a totalprofit of RMB 290 billion yuan, with an increase rate of 48.4%.The released information also shows that China's real estate industry in 2007 still has problems such as irrational housing supply structure, high housing prices and so on. Statistics show that in 2007 the affordable housing investment accounts for 4.6% in the commercial residential investment, reducing 0.5 percentage points; residential housing under 90 square meters only accounts for 23.3% in the commercial residential housing; the real estate sales areas reduced a lot at the end of the year.ChapterⅡ Financial CrisisThe real estate industry is the leading industry of China's national economy, which ranks a decisive position in the modern social and economic life. After more than ten years of development, China's real estate industry is in the transition period towards to a large-scaled, branding and standardized operation. The growth means of the real estate industry is changing the focus on from speed and scale to benefit and market segmentation, and the relied aspects from the government’s policy c ontrol to market regulation and corporate self-regulation. In the first half of 2006, the rigid housing demand in Beijing released a lot, and the supply in the commercial forward delivery housing market turned on a recovering trend. There were four features showed in Beijing’s real estate market in 2006: the investment growth in real estate recovered and the residential investment increased a lot; new construction area increased fast, but the completion area of residential buildings reduced; the sales in the housing market boomed, but the vacant space lessened; the residential price index continued to increase, but at a stable rate.Beijing’s investment in real estate increases rapidly. From January to June in 2006, the completed investment in real estate development in Beijing was RMB 64.01 billion yuan, increasing 20.8% over the same period in the previous year, with an increased rate of 12.7 percentage points. From January to June in 2006, the completedland development area of the real estate development enterprises in Beijing reached 1,964,000 square meters, increasing 130% over the same period in the previous year; the vacancy space decreased for the flourishing market demand and supply reduction. At the end of June in 2006, the vacancy space of commercial housing in Beijing covered an area of 9,652,000 square meters, with 4,090,000 square meters less than that at the beginning of the year, with a decreasing rate of 29.8%. From January to June in 2006, the fund in place of Beijing’s real estate developmen t enterprises was RMB 126.52 billion yuan, increasing 20.3% over the same period in the previous year, in which the financial loans was RMB 33.95 billion yuan, increasing 40.1% over the same period in the previous year. It accounted for 26.8% of the fund in place that year, raising 3.8 percentage points.Since 2006, the housing sales price index in Beijing City showed a slight upward trend. From January to June in 2006, the total price index of newly-built commercial houses accumulated at 107.7%, increasing 0.6 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1 percentage point than that at the same period of the previous year; of which the residential price index accumulated at 108.5%, increasing 0.5 percentage points than that of the previous month, and increasing 1.3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year; the second-hand residential price index accumulated at 109.5%, almost the same as that of the previous month, and increasing 3 percentage points than that at the same period of the previous year. The price increasing rate of ordinary residential housing exceeded that of the high-grade residential houses. From January to June in 2006, the average residential price index in Beijing’s newly-built residential houses accumulated at 110%, exceeding 4.2 percentage points than that of the high-grade residential houses.The competition in Beijing’s real estate industry has become increasingly fierce and white-hot. As for the developers, Sunco’s entry into Beijing, the establishment of Beijing Capital Development Holding Group, together with the macro-control policy of the past two years, the rising interest rates, 8.31 Land Revolution (The agreed land transfer was prohibited since August 31, 2004), the introductions of the State’s 8Articles and 6 Measures on controlling the real estate market, the entry of overseas real estate funds, all of these made the competition war even more interesting. Accompanied by the clank of horns, the developers are making every effort to win in the real estate market. The agency industry has also begun the price war. In the future the industries will be fully integrated, which is a general trend.ChapterⅢ Overall Conditions of Beijing Real Estate after theFinancial CrisisComparing with the previous two years, Beijing’s real estate market in 2008 had much more challenges. The Olympic opportunity existed with the financial crisis and the real estate market advanced slowly in the year. In the first half of the year, the theory of the turning point in real estate market was very popular, "the concept of the Olympic Games" deeply rooted in people’s hearts did not bring about the active transactions in the real estate market. "Wait-and-see" has become the pronoun of the real estate market. In the second half after the Olympic Games, the real estate transactions had not fully warmed up, and the global financial crisis came. Thus the second-hand housing prices began to fall, and the government decreased the deposit and lending rates to stimulate the market consumption. The redemption and reform policies in the second-hand housing transaction taxes and fees came out, but they had no obvious effects on the one-year sluggish real estate market. In a word, the Olympic Games opportunity and the financial crisis existed together in 2008, and Beijing’s second-hand housing market was on the fence.In 2009, the global economy may appear the first negative growth after the Second World War. In addition, the economic recession, low inflation, the release of potential risks in the economic and financial fields and so on, reveal that the world’s economic recession and risk are amplifying step by step. In order to stabilize the financialmarkets and stimulate the economic growth, each country has introduced measures. However, the economic recovering signs in major economic unions are still rare. From the latest data of 2009, the economic recession of major developed economies is deepening, and the financial crisis is sweeping rapidly from the developed countries to the developing countries with a growing impact on the global real economy. Confronted with the changing economic situation and the unprecedented challenges brought about by the international financial crisis, China has begun a new round of macro-controls with unprecedented efforts. The implementation of an active fiscal policy and an appropriately loose monetary policy conveys a clear signal: the macro-controlling measures on expanding domestic demand, maintaining the growth and adjusting the structure will help China's economy come out of the woods and enter into the new stage of development. On September 15, 2008 the central bank announced that the lending rate was firstly down after 6 years. In November of 2008, ten measures to expand domestic demand were made out. The Central Economic Work Conference reaffirmed the goal of guaranteeing the growth. The revitalization policies on ten industries policy were intensely approved. Facing the crisis, China is taking a decisive and strong action.ChapterⅣ The Real Estate Industry in Beijing the FinancialCrisis4.1 The Impact on House Prices and Sales V olume4.1.1 People’s Living StandardsBeijing residents have a proximate RMB20, 000 average total incomes for household, specially speaking, it is RMB19, 533.3, which goes up 14.1% than the previous year. The working salaries are the major one in household income, and it has a RMB13,666.3 working salaries per capita.4.1.2 Macro-ControlHere comes on the "inviting, auction, and nominating" policy from government, all the land should be through the inviting public bidding, auction and nominal quotation before joining the market in the "831 the end".1). 2004 in land policy, there are two forms of constructional land, one is allocation, and the other is making agreement to sell.From August 31st, 2004, all the operational land must be sold by public auction. In other words, before in August 31st, 2004, every provinces, regions and municipalities are banned to use the historical legacy issues to sell the usufruct of the national land in the agreement way, protocol selling the land is prevailing once, but it was prohibited by the government. The document also stipulates that after 31 August, 2004, developers are required to pay the land transfer payments in time, and if the lands are not developed within two years, the government will withdraw it. “8.31" is also treated by the public opinion in China as "the real estate sector of the agrarian revolution" and "Sunshine of Lands".2).Financial policy: the People's Bank put into practice the purposes of including raising deposit and loan rates, increasing the statutory reserve rate as well as other industry-specific credit policy and other means to tighten the flexibility of the market, and also reducing the monetary supply thereby curbing inflation so as to achieve the purpose of tightening monetary policy.3). Sales policy: the pre-sale system is practicableThe overall circumstances of macro-manipulation:<1>.The circumstance is squeezing at the two ends: the standards of land and thepurchase of houses are undergoing the compression, for example, less than 70 percent houses are constructed under 90 m2 according to the requirements.<2>. Middle-squeeze: For example, tightening monetary policy.4.1.3 Developers:The prices of commercial houses are formed by land, construction and raw materials. After 2007, it costs RMB10, 000 to buy 1m2 of lands, which give rise to4.2 The Effect of Financial Crisis to Consumers, Policies and Developers:4.2.1 Consumers:The restriction of people who purchase the economically affordable houses. The listed trades, however, have a limit of the autonomy of more than five years, in the past, the original real estate is treated as an investment, but now it can be only used as personal residences.4.2.2 The Current Policy (After the Financial Crisis)1).Land policy: reducing the land supply, majority of them are policy-based houses (both affordable housing and limited room)2).Financial policy: which is used to control the loan. Facing the outbreak of the serious financial crisis, the financial sectors should try their best to reduce the risk and preserve their original property.3). Sales policies: which is aimed at the developers, they are not allowed to sale inadvance. After 2008, if meeting the demand of the national pre-sale conditions, which is, obtaining the evidence of the land, land permits, planning permits and construction permits are qualify to apply for the pre-sale permit.Secondly, restrictions on second-hand housing market are indispensible, such as, people should own the affordable housing more than five years before they can conduct transactions, which controls of the market, the phenomenon of real estate speculation and building speculation, and thus prices will decline.4.2.3 Aiming for Developers:After the outbreak of the financial crisis, great changes have taken place in consumers’ mind, they unconsciously develop a minds et of waiting to buy with cash in hand, developers are also holding a breath and waiting for the rise of the prices by rare sale, because if the original land cannot be sold, it will certainly have the impact on the return of funds, thereby they are unable to develop new properties, which results in a vicious circle. That is, the originally land bought from the market with a price will not be able to develop, which caused cash flow difficulties. Since October, with the financial crisis becomes increasingly intense, the consumers have more seriously wait-and-see attitude to the real estate market, meanwhile, the government, however, lowers the loan interest rate twice, moreover, it simultaneously issued a policy about the reform of taxation expenses of second-hand houses, which, to some extents, stimulates the recovery of property market.ChapterⅤ Conclusion5.1 Consequences and T endencyThere are three years that Beijing housing sale market has been undergoing declining. Nevertheless, thanks to the consecutive reduction of the interest for five times last second half year and a series of provoking house-purchase policies from government, the growth of the first-quarter appears this year.In 2008, the Wall Street crisis in the United States was not only quickly spread to the global financial markets, but also extended from the virtual economy to the real economy. What is worse, the unprecedented financial crisis was most likely to expand into the American dollar crisis and the economic recession, the worst pa rt is that the risks, which the global economy may get caught into a severe recession, are skyrocketing day by day. With the huge effect of the American Financial Crisis, on the one hand, the global financial markets were fiercely shaken, one the other hand, the primary stocks were overwhelmed in a vast scale, fear and a crisis of confidence over the whole market. Although the United States carried out a large-scale rescue package, it might still failed to prevent the slump the global stock markets. Under the U.S. financial crisis, the world's major financial institutions have experienced several consecutive quarters of declining profits and growing for asset write-downs and credit losses. More seriously, the current major economies decline in extremely high speed, signing the obvious economic recession over the world.Because of the effects of the global financial crisis, Chinese economy was decelerating the growth rate. Besides, there are still some factors, such as increasing cost and decreasing profit etc., have already have impact on the investment willingness and ability of some enterprises, thus restrict the rising consuming. As far as now, some essential Chinese industries are running down, just like steel, electric power, vehicle industries. In order to resist the adverse effect of international。
房地产市场与金融风险的关系
房地产市场与金融风险的关系在当代社会中，房地产市场被视为经济发展的晴雨表。
然而，房地产市场也是金融风险的重要来源之一。
本文将探讨房地产市场和金融风险之间的关系，并分析其潜在的影响。
首先，房地产市场的波动性对金融体系的稳定性有着重要影响。
房地产市场的繁荣与萧条往往会引发金融风险的蔓延。
当房价剧烈上涨时，可能导致购房者借贷过度，产生过高的杠杆比率，进而威胁银行体系的稳定。
一旦房地产市场出现下跌，购房者负债过重，可能出现无力偿还贷款的情况，从而引发银行不良贷款风险。
此外，房地产行业的垄断性和不合理的市场价格也可能导致金融体系的不稳定。
如果开发商为了追逐高额利润，虚报房产价格，投资者可能会在市场泡沫破灭时遭受损失，进而引发金融风险问题。
其次，房地产市场的投机性使其面临着金融风险的挑战。
房地产市场的繁荣吸引了大量投资者，但这也同时加剧了金融风险的存在。
投机者的入市行为往往导致市场过热，进而形成泡沫。
一旦泡沫破灭，投资者可能面临巨大的损失，从而引发金融风险。
此外，房地产市场的投机性还可能引发投资需求的不稳定。
由于投机者的存在，房价可能无法反映真实的供需关系，从而导致不合理的价格波动。
这种价格波动不仅给购房者带来不确定性，也可能对金融体系的稳定性构成威胁。
此外，房地产市场的融资贷款也是金融风险的重要来源之一。
众所周知，房地产开发商需要大量的资金来进行项目开发。
他们往往通过银行贷款和债券发行等方式来融资。
然而，当房地产市场出现下滑时，开发商可能无法按时偿还贷款，从而引发金融风险的传导。
此外，房地产市场的融资也可能导致信贷市场的不稳定。
当银行过度依赖房地产行业时，一旦房地产市场出现问题，银行的资金链可能会受到影响，从而对整个金融体系造成巨大冲击。
然而，房地产市场与金融风险之间的关系并非完全消极。
适度的房地产市场可以促进经济发展，并提供贷款机会。
通过购房和投资房地产，个人和企业可以以房产作为资产抵押来获得贷款，从而提升其经济活力。
金融业在房地产中的作用
金融业协助政策执行
金融机构在政策执行过程中，提供必要的资金支持和专 业指导，确保政策的有效实施。
政策调整与优化
金融业反馈市场动态
金融业通过监测和分析市场数据，为政策制推动政策优化
基于市场反馈和实际操作经验，金融业提出政策优化 的方案和建议，提高政策效果。
政策监督与评估
稳定市场波动
风险管理
金融业通过提供各种风险管理工具和服务，帮助房地产投资者和开发商应对市场风险，减少市场波动对房地产市 场的影响。
资金监管
金融业对资金流向进行监管，确保房地产市场资金来源合法、透明，防止市场出现过度投机和泡沫，从而稳定市 场波动。
提高市场效率
信息披露
金融业通过信息披露制度，要求房地产开发 商和投资者公开相关信息，提高市场透明度 ，降低信息不对称，提高市场效率。
降低融资成本
金融市场的竞争和金融创新有助于降 低房地产融资成本，提高投资回报率 。
投资决策
市场分析
金融业通过提供市场分析、趋势预测 等服务，帮助投资者判断房地产市场 的走势，制定合理的投资策略。
项目评估
金融业对房地产项目进行全面的评估 ，包括财务状况、风险因素等方面， 为投资者提供决策依据。
风险管理
风险识别
金融业通过风险评估工具和方法，帮助投资者识别潜在的风险因素，如市场风险 、信用风险等。
风险控制
金融业提供风险分散、对冲等工具和服务，帮助投资者降低风险敞口，保障投资 安全。
资产评估
价值评估
金融业通过专业的资产评估方法和技术 ，对房地产资产进行客观、公正的价值 评估。
VS
资产优化
金融业提供资产优化建议，帮助投资者实 现资产的保值增值，提高投资回报。
房地产金融政策面临的问题及建议
土地储备贷款风险
地方政府为推进土地储备和基础设施 建设，大量举债，其中部分债务存在 违约风险，可能波及金融体系。
个人住房贷款风险
随着房价上涨，个人住房贷款规模不 断扩大，但部分购房者还款能力有限 ，存在违约风险。
市场波动对金融体系影响
01
02
03
房地产市场波动
房价大幅上涨或下跌都会 对金融体系产生冲击，影 响银行信贷资产质量和抵 押物价值。
支持优质房地产企业通过发行债券、股票等方式 在资本市场融资，拓宽融资渠道。
03 金融监管
加强对房地产金融市场的监管，规范市场秩序， 防范金融风险。
02
房地产金融政策面临问题
信贷风险问题
房地产开发贷款风险
部分开发商过度依赖银行贷款，一旦 市场波动或销售不畅，可能引发连锁 反应，导致银行信贷资产质量下降。
供需关系失衡
房地产市场供给与需求之间的不 平衡是导致市场波动的主要原因 之一。当供大于求时，房价下跌
；当求大于供时，房价上涨。
政策调控影响
政府对房地产市场的调控政策对 市场波动具有重要影响。例如， 限购、限贷、土地供应等政策的
调整都会对市场产生影响。
金融市场变化
金融市场的变化也会对房地产市 场产生影响。例如，利率的变化 、贷款政策的调整等都会影响购
信贷结构调整与优化建议
Байду номын сангаас信贷结构调整方向
优化信贷期限结构，增加中长期贷款 投放；调整信贷行业投向，支持优质 房地产企业和项目。
优化建议
建立动态调整机制，根据市场变化和 风险状况及时调整信贷政策；加强与 其他金融机构的合作，共同防范和化 解信贷风险。
市场波动对金融体系影响及
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涅槃——金融危机中的房地产行业金融业和房地产业某种意义上是对孪生兄弟。
2008 年，随着世界金融风暴的迅速蔓延，世界金融危机不可避免地波及到中国，而房地产行业则受到显著影响。
中央政策由年初的“两防”，过渡到年中的“一防一保”，最终于年末调整为保持经济平稳较快发展。
中国房地产业则受到宏观调控政策积累效应和金融危机波及效应的双重打击。
1、重庆市房地产业发展现状自 2000 年以来，重庆市房地产开发投资总额保持平稳上升势头（见图一）；市场供给方面，房屋建筑施工面积和竣工面积均维持上升趋势（见图二）。
2008 年重庆市商品房施工面积 11639.27 万平方米，同比增长10.0%；全市商品房竣工面积2367.94 万平方米，同比增长5.1%，占全市施工面积比重20.3%。
自 2006 年以来，竣工比重连续三年下降，施工周期有拉长的趋势（见图三）。
图一：房地产年投资总额年完成投资额（万元）10000000900000080000007000000600000050000004000000300000020000001000000200020012002200320042005200620072008年完成投资额（万元）图二：房屋建筑施工和竣工面积走势图房屋建筑施工 / 竣工面积18000.0016000.0014000.0012000.0010000.008000.006000.004000.002000.000.00200020012002200320042005200620072008房屋建筑施工面积（万平方米）房屋建筑竣工面积（万平方米）图三：竣工面积占施工面积比重竣工面积占施工面积比重353029.229.53031.531.729.527.827.92525.425.12021.320.9 151051997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20072008竣工面积占施工面积比重2008 年，重庆市房地产开发投资完成额991.00 亿元，自金融危机逐步波及实体经济以来，重庆市房地产累计投资增速于10 月份开始持续回落，10、11、12 月累计投资增速分别为 24.9%、 21.6%和16.6%，全年开发投资增速较前三季度下降11.6 个百分点，较去年下降18.4 个百分点，自2000 年以来，我市房地产开发投资增速首次下滑至20%以下，受整体经济环境影响明显（见图四）。
经济适用房投资增速持续高位运行，各月增速均在30%以上。
2008 年全市总计完成经济适用房投资51.72 亿元，增长43.5%，较去年提高 6.3 个百分点。
同时，经济适用房销售面积与销售额分别增长41.1%和41.5%，经济适用房价格相对稳定，销售状况良好，反映出政府积极推进保障性住房的决心与力度，为解决中低收入家庭住房问题及率先实现全面小康打下坚实基础。
图四： 2008 年我市房地产开发投资增速情况120033.035 28.2991.00100029.826.824.930825.5524.927.2 80023.424.025 723.5021.6636.1320 600547.4616.6470.5015383.61400295.8810224.0620088.57146.775002月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月 10月 11月 12月各月累计投资完成额同比增速2、金融危机对房地产行业的影响2.1、宏观经济调整对房地产市场的传导对房地产行业而言，市场预期非常重要。
在经济上升期，资本市场和房地产市场会带来明显的财富效应。
人们手中的资产都会显著升值，购买力和变现能力都很强。
在乐观的预期下，房地产价格和成交量都处于稳步上升阶段。
然而当宏观经济增长减缓甚至停滞时，人们的消费预期不足，资产价格萎缩，财富缩水。
国家统计局发布统计公报，经过初步核算全年国内生产总值300670 亿元，比上年增长9.0%，分季度看宏观经济增速逐季回落，其中第四季度增速仅为 6.8%。
由于内外需降低，大量企业限产消化库存，全年规模以上工业增加值比上年增长12.9%，增速比上年回落 5.6个百分点。
国家统计局发布的宏观经济预警指数显示，2008 年预警指数剧烈下降， 11 月份指数已经进入“趋降”区间，按照目前经济形势，不排除未来该指数进入“过冷”区间。
此前，宏观经济预警指数在 1998-1999 年亚洲金融危机期间进入了“过冷”区间。
国家统计局公布数据显示， 2008 年 1-12 月，全国商品房销售面积 6.2 亿平方米，同比下降 19.7%。
其中，商品住宅销售面积下降 20.3%；商品房销售额24071 亿元，同比下降 19.5%。
其中，商品住宅销售额下降20.1%。
国房景气指数12 月份的数据为96.46，指数连续12 个月下降，说明房地产开发已经进入历史低潮期，企业投资信心和动力严重不足。
截至12 月末，全国商品房空置面积 1.64 亿平方米，同比增长21.8%，增幅比 1-11 月提高 6.5 个百分点。
其中，空置商品住宅9069 万平方米，同比增长32.3%，增幅提高 9.4 个百分点。
销售面积的大幅下降直接造成了房屋空置面积的大幅上升，“一降一升”反映了房地产行业面临巨大的挑战。
2.2 外资有计划撤离中国楼市直接影响房地产行业景气受美国次贷危机影响，华尔街大批投资银行或倒闭，或被托管，与此相关的外资机构在2008 年 9 月份前后抛售在华高档物业的消息不断出现在媒体上。
2009 年新年伊始，外资又掀起一股抛售物业套现离场的小高潮。
外资出售在中国的房产物业主要基于三个原因：一是金融危机使这些外资金融机构损失惨重，流动性出现问题，需要从亚太等区域回收资金；二是中国房地产市场出现调整，销量明显下降，部分区域价格出现一定幅度下跌，各方对后市分歧严重；三是人民币对美元升值步子放缓。
外资占中国房地产总投资比例不到2%，考虑到外资持有的主要是商业地产和高档楼盘，而且接手的也是外资，因此出售行为对整体交易量影响有限，在目前市场情况下更多体现在心理层面。
对于外商抛售楼盘，目前是有价无市状态。
外资的这种动向对我国高端房地产市场是有直接影响的，虽然量的方面不大，但对与价格和心理预期具有负面影响。
在房地产梯级消费传导作用下，普通商品房价格也会受到高端商品房价格下跌的压力。
2.3 失业和减薪降低住房消费能力宏观经济受世界金融危机影响出现了较大的减速，其必然出现的结果是失业率上升、职工收入下降和居民消费意愿减弱。
2008 年下半年以来，我国南方沿海地区大量规模以上企业倒闭，其中不乏用工规模达到几千人的大型制造业企业。
以至于还未到春节，大量失业农民工就开始返乡的现象。
国家统计局发布的社会需求指数和社会收入指数显示，2008 年这两个指标出现大幅度下滑，其中收入指数下滑更加严重，已经接近1992 年以来的最低点。
房地产行业是受市场预期和居民收入增长影响比较大的行业。
“买涨不买跌”虽不是中国特有的消费心理，但在房地产这样兼具投资和消费属性的特殊市场，消费心理往往起到决定作用。
这一点在 2006-2007 年表现得特别强烈，当时国家已经意识到房地产非理性发展对行业和宏观经济的负面作用，因此出台了诸多宏观调控政策，包括加息、加税、控制金融和土地供应等，但这些措施在一定程度上反而造成市场供应不足，在市场投机力量巨大购买力作用下，房价一路蹿升。
普通购房者也被裹挟而进，被迫接受高房价。
现在宏观经济出现调整，宏观调控政策的积累效应也显示了巨大威力，特别是“9.27新”政的实施，基本上消灭了市场上的投机需求。
房地产成交量、价格都出现了较大调整，“买涨不买跌”规律的发挥了明显作用。
2.4 金融紧缩压制房地产企业融资世界金融危机影响房地产行业的另一个渠道是金融机构相关资产减值，对房地产信贷意愿不足。
同时，房地产金融调控政策并未有效放松，虽然央行在增加流动性，国务院办公厅“ 131号文”支持合理的房地产开发贷款，但商业银行“惜贷”心理严重。
房地产企业融资渠道不畅，在市场成交量持续低迷的情况下，一些房地产开发企业面临生存问题。
从开发资金来源角度看， 1-12 月，房地产开发企业本年资金来源 38146 亿元，同比增长 1.8%。
其中，国内贷款 7257 亿元，增长 3.4%；企业自筹资金 15081 亿元，增长 28.1%；其他资金 15082 亿元，同比下降 16.4%。
其中 ,个人按揭贷款 3573 亿元，下降 29.7%。
在开发资金来源结构中，个人按揭贷款下降比例最大，这部分资金实际上对开发企业现金流非常重要。
在宏观经济形势恶化的情况下，房地产企业面临的挑战也越来越大，全国一些城市出现了房地产企业“退地”和“土地流拍”的现象。
房地产市场频繁出现“退地”和“土地流拍”的现象，其根本原因无非是两个，其一是开发商对市场走势持有悲观的判断，不愿意在市场调整当口去冒险投资；其二是开发商没有财力去拿地或保有土地的使用权，客观存在的资金短缺让这些企业面对市场毫无办法。
2.5 房地产行业政策稳定性自 1998 年住房体制改革以来，国家出台了一系列有关房地产行业的调控政策。
大体说来有两类，其一是在市场低迷时期出台刺激住房消费的与关政策；其二是在市场高涨阶段出台紧缩政策以防止房地产泡沫的形成。
在住房改革以来，短短的十年里面，可以说关于房地产调控的政策是最密集的，这就引发了一个关于房地产行业政策稳定性问题的思考。
房地产行业是一个特殊的行业，其高负债比率决定了房地产行业与金融业的紧密联系，因而房地产行业的健康发展与否直接关系到国家的经济安全。
自 2000 年以来的房地产调控政策都在鼓励与紧缩之间徘徊，这就反映出政府对房地产行业发展方向上的定位模糊，也就导致了房地产行业发展的周期性。
当前房地产市场的低迷状态除了受国际金融危机大环境的影响以外，也与自 2007 年以来的宏观调控政策有关。
值得庆幸的是，在最近出台的房地产调控政策中，政府的调控目标越来越明确，将房地产调控的重点放在了经济适用房、廉租房等保障性住房上。
因此，一旦政府对房地产行业发展方向判断清晰，调控政策的稳定性就能得到保障，未来房地产行业必能平稳发展。
2.6 金融危机对房地产行业市场竞争格局的影响金融危机向实体经济的逐步蔓延，房地产行业的市场竞争格局也发生了巨大的变化，呈现出强者越强的态势。
受此轮金融危机和宏观调控政策的影响，一些小的房地产开发商由于资金链断裂逐渐退出市场。
随着市场竞争的下降，大量土地拍卖价格下跌，一些大的房地产开发商，特别是具有国资背景的开发企业凭借与银行的良好关系和自身雄厚的资金实力乘机低价拿地，可以说金融危机的爆发反而成就了这些大的房地产开发企业，房地产行业市场集中度明显提高。