西方文化第一次作业90分
西方文化概论考试题及答案
《西方文化概论》期末作业之一：请以教材各章为中心，就其中你所感兴趣的内容列举十五则思考题，并分别试作简要回答（每题6分且限100字以内，共90分）。
问题一：两河流域有什么特殊之处导致人类文明在此首先出现？答案：根据“地理环境决定论”（1）两河流域自然环境恶劣，农业生产需依靠人工灌溉体系，这促进了群体合作，导致社会分工、职业专门化和新型社会组织形态出现。
（2）两河流域自然资源贫乏，促进了该地区贸易的发展，进而推动了文明进步。
问题二：尼罗河孕育了灿烂的古埃及文明，谈谈尼罗河对埃及文明特征的影响。
答案：埃及文明以恒久和宁静著称（1）尼罗河有规律的定期泛滥为来年带来丰收的期盼，使人们有一种稳定和乐观感。
（2）尼罗河特殊的地理位置，使埃及与外部世界相对隔绝，不易遭受外族侵扰，社会生活呈现安宁、稳定和同一的特征。
问题三：从实用文化层面上，简谈近东文明是从哪些方面对西方文明产生影响的？答案：（1）书写艺术（2）技术方面，包括建筑学、测量学，军事技术，制陶、雕刻艺术等（3）科学方面，包括文学、数学、几何学、修辞学等（4）贸易的艺术，钱币的使用，以法组织、规范社会，外交手段的运用都由两河流域和埃及人首创。
问题四：古希腊文明的特点是什么？答案：（1）古希腊指的是一个文化地理概念，没有同一国家的概念。
（2）不存在拥有很大政治权利和干预世俗生活的宗教力量。
（3）关注人类自身问题，对人本主义和理性精神的不懈追求是希腊文化的根本特征。
问题五：雅典是如何成为希腊地区一大强盛城邦的？答案：雅典被视为希腊民主制的典范，其新形式的政体有两个鲜明特征：任期限制和责任制，将权力与责任联系起来。
雅典所推行的一系列带有首创性的政治改革使其摆脱了长期内政的困扰，经济实力和政治影响均得到加强。
问题六：戏剧被誉为古希腊文学的最高成就，简述你对希腊戏剧的认识。
答案：希腊戏剧以一种舞台表演艺术形式出现，包括悲剧和喜剧。
悲剧主要表现的是主人公的英雄行为，其形象高大雄伟，气势壮烈磅礴，具有永恒的艺术魅力和道德教化作用。
南京大学网络教育(南大网院)西方文化第1次作业标准答案100分-第4次试卷
标准答案：d说明：题号:6 题型:判断题本题分数:3文艺复兴在字面上是指“古希腊罗马文化的复兴”，而实质上是欧洲社会转型期（15-17世纪）发生的一次重大的思想文化运动。
在“复兴”古希腊罗马文化的旗帜下，文艺复兴运动运用“人文主义”的思想武器对当时的封建主义和宗教神学思想进行了批判，为欧洲进入现代工业社会奠定了文化思想的基础。
•1、错•2、对标准答案：2说明：题号:7 题型:判断题本题分数:3北美殖民地时期的文学是在印第安人文学的基础上发展起来的。
虽然这时期没有产生较高水平的文学作品，但也出现了具有清教主义特色，或带有类似圣经风格、或宣传人道主义思想的文学作品。
•1、错•2、对标准答案：1说明：题号:8 题型:判断题本题分数:319世纪五六十年代．英国的现实主义正处于巅峰状态，文坛上就响起了与之迥然相异的另类声音。
“为艺术而艺术”，还是“为现实而艺术”，人们为艺术的发展竖起了截然相反的方向标。
•1、错•2、对标准答案：2说明：题号:9 题型:判断题本题分数:32100 BC 以后移居在意大利半岛中部拉丁姆平原上的拉丁部落人创立了拉丁文化，他们后来接受了希腊文化，并在753 BC 建立了罗马城，是一个实行军事民主的农业社会。
•1、错•2、对标准答案：2说明：题号:10 题型:判断题本题分数:3莫里哀(1622-1673)是英国最杰出的喜剧家之一。
他是古典主义作家，但并不拘泥于古典主义法则。
他的喜剧具有鲜明的反封建、反教会的特色，但也带有宫廷色彩。
•1、错•2、对标准答案：1说明：题号:11 题型:判断题本题分数:3荷马时代正是希腊神话的形成时期，古希腊人信奉多神教，赫西俄德曾创作了一部神的史诗——《神谱》，主要描写“奥林匹斯神系”，前后两辈。
•1、错•2、对标准答案：1说明：题号:12 题型:判断题本题分数:3苏格拉底是开创希腊哲学研究新方向的划时代的思想家，他把研究对象从自然转向了社会和人类的内心世界，专门探讨人类的心灵智慧与活动能力.•1、错•2、对标准答案：2说明：题号:13 题型:判断题本题分数:3在公元313年君士坦丁颁布“米兰赦令”，宣布给基督教以合法地位。
西方文化第1次作业
学 员答 案 :1 本 题得 分 :3 题号:23 题型:判断题 本题分数:3 内容: 《塔木德》还是一部传世的文学著作。它再现了巴勒斯坦和巴比伦的犹太人 2000 多年 来的生 活。 1、 错 2、 对
学 员答 案 :2 本 题得 分 :3 题号:13 题型:判断题 本题分数:3 内容: 在公元 313 年君士坦丁颁布“米兰赦令”，宣布给基督教以合法地位。到 11 世纪下半期， 西方基督 教 也取得了对 东正教 和伊 斯兰教世 界 的优势。 1、 错 2、 对
学 员答 案 :2 本 题得 分 :3 题号:14 题型:判断题 本题分数:3 内容: 波斯位于美索不达米亚西面由高山环绕的高原上，以公元前 538 年占领巴比伦并继承 亚述帝国 的人种 而命 名，现在 这个国 家叫伊 朗。 1、 错 2、 对
学 员答 案 :1 本 题得 分 :3 题号:8 题型:判断题 本题分数:3 内容: 19 世纪五六十年代．英国的现实主义正处于巅峰状态，文坛上就响起了与之迥然相异 的另 类声音。“为 艺术而 艺 术”，还是“为 现实而 艺 术”，人们为 艺术 的发展竖 起 了截然 相反 的方向标。 1、 错 2、 对
学员答案:1 本题得分:3 题号:28 题型:判断题 本题分数:3 内容: 16 世纪 30 年代中期，瑞士宗教改革的中心转移到日内瓦。领袖是 U·慈温利。 1、 错 2、 对
学员答案:1 本题得分:3 题号:29 题型:判断题 本题分数:3 内容: 在伯里克利统治时期，希腊一度繁荣强盛，因此又被称作希腊的“白银时代”。 1、 错 2、 对
西方文化第1次作业4次
考生答题情况作业名称：西方文化第1次作业出卷人：SA作业总分：100 通过分数：60详细信息：题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:在瓜分了西罗马帝国的各个蛮族政权中，（）是持续时间最长、最有势力且最早皈依正统派基督教信仰的日耳曼王国。
A、德意志王国B、法兰克王国C、不列颠王国D、奥匈王国学员答案:B本题得分:2题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:( )是唯心主义辩证法的集大成者， 18世纪末到19世纪初的德意志古典哲学的著名代表人物。
A、海德格尔B、费尔巴哈C、康德D、黑格尔学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:( )是西班牙作家塞万提斯一部小说中的主人公，一个真诚的、然而是脱离实际的理想主义者。
A、堂吉诃德B、伽西莫多C、格列佛D、夏洛克学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:公元313年，罗马皇帝（）颁布了《米兰敕令》，标志着基督教在罗马帝国中取得了合法地位。
A、凯撒B、屋大维C、汉尼拔D、君士坦丁学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:在古希腊历史上，第一次用哲学语言代替神话语言来说明万物的本原的哲学学派是（）。
A、米诺斯学派B、米利都学派C、希腊学派D、经院学派学员答案:B本题得分:2题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:古罗马共和国的最后一任执政官和第一位皇帝是（）。
A、凯撒B、屋大维C、汉尼拔D、君士坦丁学员答案:B本题得分:2题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:马其顿亚历山大大帝是古希腊著名哲学家（）的弟子。
A、苏格拉底B、巴门尼德C、希罗多德D、亚里士多德学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:十三世纪最杰出的经院哲学家和神学家是（）。
西方文化 试题及答案
西方文化试题及答案题一：列举西方文化的特点，并分别举例说明。
西方文化的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传统与现代相结合：西方文化在长期的发展过程中，历经多个时期和重大事件的冲击、变革。
因此，它既保留了许多传统文化的元素，又与现代社会相结合，形成了独特的文化风貌。
例如，西方艺术中的古典主义和现代艺术中的抽象主义、概念艺术等风格并存。
2. 科技与创新：西方文化注重科学技术的发展与应用，强调创新和实用性。
西方国家在工业、医学、信息技术等领域取得了世界领先地位。
比如，西方国家在航天技术、人工智能、医学影像等领域的创新和突破。
3. 个人价值与自由：西方文化强调个人的价值和权利，主张尊重个体的自由和独立思考的能力。
西方国家的法律制度、民主制度、言论自由等都是基于这一价值观建立的。
例如，美国宪法中明确规定的人权和自由权利。
4. 多元开放与国际交流：西方文化接纳多元文化，促进国际交流，以开放的心态对待其他文化。
它倡导多元文化的融合与共存，培养全球化视野。
例如，欧洲国家通过欧盟的建立，实现了政治和经济的整合。
题二：从西方文化的角度，分析现代社会中存在的挑战和机遇。
西方文化在现代社会中既面临挑战，也有机遇。
1. 挑战：全球化带来的文化冲击。
随着全球化的推进，西方文化面临来自不同文化的冲击和竞争。
如何保持自身独特性、传统和核心价值面临挑战。
2. 机遇：文化多元促进创新与发展。
西方国家借助全球文化的融合，可以不断吸取其他文化的创新与发展经验。
多元文化的碰撞与融合，可以再次激发西方文化的活力和创造力。
3. 挑战：社会价值观的多元化和冲突。
随着社会的多元化发展，西方国家内部不同文化群体之间的价值观差异可能带来社会矛盾和冲突。
如何实现价值观的平衡与和谐是一个重要的挑战。
4. 机遇：推动全球性的社会问题解决。
作为先进的文化体系，西方文化具备解决全球性社会问题的能力。
例如，西方国家在气候变化、贫富差距、人权保护等领域的实践和经验可以为其他国家提供借鉴和启示。
西方文化概观自测练习一
《西方文化概观》自测练习一一、填空1、古希腊文明最早产生的爱琴文明，包括克里特文明与迈锡尼文明。
2、古希腊著名史诗荷马史诗是以特洛伊战争为题材的。
3、希腊城邦推翻了王权，实行的是民主制度，大多数城邦是共和制。
4、古希腊的城邦中，最具有特色的是两种：斯巴达城邦与雅典城邦，它们是希腊两种城邦、两种社会政治类型的典型代表。
5、英国哲学家罗素等人认为西方文明有三种重要精神：古希腊精神、基督教宗教、科学技术概念。
二、名词解释1、西方——从地理、经济与政治的意义而言，西方主要指欧洲也北美国家美国与加拿大。
可以分为三个系统，即地中海文化系统、西欧文化系统、东欧文化系统。
2、希波战争——公元前6世纪后期，东方的波斯帝国向外扩张，深入希腊文化的中心地带，即小亚细亚与地中海地区。
公元前500年，亚细亚的城邦米利都发生反抗波斯人的起义，但失败了，从此希腊与波斯开始了长达半个世纪的战争。
直到公元前449年，波斯提出求和，双方签订卡利阿斯和约，这场东西方第一次大战才宣告结束。
从此东西方文化分化成为一种事实，并且东方被看作是专制统治的国度，希腊人认为是民主的希腊战胜了专制的波斯。
3、希腊化时代——即地中海文明与西北非文明汇融在一起，互相影响，共同发展的一个时代，时间从公元前323年至公元前30年罗马灭亡埃及止。
也就是说希腊化时代是从古典时代结束到罗马兴起之间的过渡。
4、人文主义——文艺复兴中的进步观念，其提出原来是一种与礼堂相对的思想观念。
主张肯定人们追求幸福、爱情的权利；主张社会平等与博爱，歌颂个人创造，具有进步意义。
三、简答题1.简述欧洲三大文明系统及其代表。
答：欧洲文明历史悠久，它可以为三个大的文明系统：其一是地中海文明系统。
重要的代表如古希腊、古罗马、意大利文明。
其二是西欧文明系统。
重要的代表如英国、法国、德国、西班牙等。
其三是东欧文明系统。
重要的代表如俄罗斯。
2.简述关于罗马帝国灭亡的几种说法。
答：根据西方历史记载，是欧洲的蛮族入侵最终导致了罗马大帝国的灭亡，但是什么是蛮族，说法不一。
欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。
2020秋电大汉语言文学本科《西方文化概观》形考作业一试题及答案
2020秋电大汉语言文学本科《西方文化概观》形考作业一试题及答案
《西方文化概观》形考作业一
（答案顺序可能会有变动，以文字为主，正确答案已标红加粗）题目1、
克里特文明从公元前（）以后就开始突然衰落了。
选择一项：
A. 14世纪
B. 13世纪C. 16世纪源自D. 15世纪题目2
罗马人认为罗马起源的传说和（）有关。
选择一项：
A. 狼
B. 狮子
C. 狗
D. 豹
题目3
“秤准不准，不是由战败的人说了算的，是由战胜的人说了算”这句话出自（）之间的战争。
选择一项：
A. 罗马和波斯
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作业名称：西方文化第1次作业出卷人：SA作业总分：100 通过分数：60起止时间：2015-4-20 11:29:58 至 2015-4-20 12:04:56学员姓名：14030110608 学员成绩：90标准题总分：100 标准题得分：90详细信息：题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:恺撒是罗马最伟大的军事领袖，他作为独裁官所采取的一系列措施也确实产生了深远的影响，英语中一年的第（）个月也以恺撒的名命名的A、五B、六C、七D、八学员答案:C本题得分:2题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:超验主义是一场思想解放运动，先表现为宗教，哲学思想中的改革，后扩展到文学创作领域，这一派思想的出发点是（）。
A、理性主义B、人文主义C、心理体验D、实验文学学员答案:B本题得分:2题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:( )是后亚历山大时代希腊科学和学术所使用的语言，其时的科学和学术中心已不是雅典，而是尼罗河畔的亚历山大城.A、希腊文B、波斯语C、古希腊共同语D、克里特语学员答案:C本题得分:2题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:泰勒斯、阿纳克西曼德和阿纳克西美尼这三位早期哲学家均来自一个地方，且保持着师承关系，因而被称作（）A、米诺斯学派B、米利都学派C、希腊学派D、经院学派学员答案:B本题得分:2题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:在希波战争中，率领300名斯巴达战士抵抗几十万波斯大军的斯巴达国王是（）。
A、李奥尼达B、屋大维C、汉尼拔D、君士坦丁学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:柏拉图关于（）与感觉世界二元对立的思想成为基督教神学的重要理论来源。
A、心灵世界B、心理世界C、理念世界D、理想世界学员答案:C本题得分:2题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:发生于公元前480年的萨拉米斯海战是第（）场希波战争中的决定性战役A、第一场B、第二场C、第三场D、无关学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:西方文化中第一个为了灵魂的超越而牺牲肉体的殉道者是（）。
A、苏格拉底B、巴门尼德C、希罗多德D、亚里士多德学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:除了《荷马史诗》之外，古希腊神话较多的保留在（）中。
A、《阿伽门农》B、《神曲》C、《米诺斯》D、《神谱》学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:10 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:古典主义者们认为，“三一律”原系( )的理论。
A、彼得拉克B、埃斯库罗斯C、布瓦洛D、亚里士多德学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:11 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:在特洛伊战争中，希腊方面最勇猛的战士是（）。
A、阿喀琉斯B、赫克托耳C、帕里斯D、阿瑞斯学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:12 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 内容:古希腊神话中，象征狂欢的酒神名叫（）。
A、奥德修斯B、帕里斯C、爱涅阿斯D、狄奥尼索斯学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:13 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:被誉为“西方历史之父”的学者是（）。
A、希罗多德B、巴门尼德C、索福克勒斯D、埃斯库罗斯学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:14 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:最能真实体现罗马特点的艺术是（）A、史诗B、悲剧C、绘画D、建筑和雕刻学员答案:D本题得分:2题号:15 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2内容:古希腊“爱和美之神”是（）。
A、阿弗洛蒂忒B、雅典娜C、狄奥尼索斯D、阿瑞斯学员答案:A本题得分:2题号:16 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:20世纪第一支，也是最重要的文学批评流派是俄国形式主义。
属于该流派的组织有哪些（）A、“莫斯科语言专小组”B、“诗歌语言理论研究会”C、法兰克福学派D、新左派学员答案:AB本题得分:4题号:17 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:在16世纪，南北欧分别出现了两场性质迥然不同的文化变革运动，它们是（）。
A、光荣革命B、文艺复兴C、人文主义D、宗教改革运动学员答案:BD本题得分:4题号:18 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:卢梭的启蒙思想主要反映在（）等著作中A、《论科学与社会》B、《论实业体系》C、《论人类不平等的起源》D、《社会契约沦》学员答案:CD本题得分:4题号:19 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:人们公认莱奥纳多的杰作是 ( )A、《雅典学院》B、《最后的晚餐》C、《蒙娜丽莎》D、《岩间圣母》学员答案:BCD本题得分:4题号:20 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:古代希腊文化包括（）三个发展阶段。
A、克里特-迈锡尼时代B、希腊城邦时代C、希腊化时代D、罗马时代学员答案:ABC题号:21 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:下列属于俄罗斯文学家的是（）。
A、普希金B、果戈理C、托尔斯泰D、高尔基学员答案:ABCD本题得分:4题号:22 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:晚期希腊哲学的主要派别有（）。
A、犬儒主义B、伊壁鸠鲁主义C、斯多葛主义D、理念主义学员答案:ABCD本题得分:0题号:23 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:下列属于美国文学家的是（）。
A、惠特曼B、马克·吐温C、欧·亨利D、德莱塞学员答案:ABCD本题得分:4题号:24 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:新教的三大主流教派是指（）。
A、路德宗B、加尔文宗C、安立甘宗D、阿奎那宗本题得分:4题号:25 题型:多选题（请在复选框中打勾，在以下几个选项中选择正确答案，答案可以是多个）本题分数:4内容:下列属于美国导演的是（）。
A、希区柯克B、科波拉C、斯皮尔伯格D、让·雷诺阿学员答案:ABC本题得分:4题号:26 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:2100 BC 以后移居在意大利半岛中部拉丁姆平原上的拉丁部落人创立了拉丁文化，他们后来接受了希腊文化，并在753 BC 建立了罗马城，是一个实行军事民主的农业社会。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:0题号:27 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:摩西向众人宣布耶和华在西奈山授予他的十条戒律，即著名的“摩西十诫”，是基督教最基本的教义和信条。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:3题号:28 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:洛可可艺术风格的主要特点有扭曲、刺激、夸张、华丽、求奇求异、气势雄伟、讲究华丽雕琢装饰的风格。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:3题号:29 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:称为“世界七大奇迹”之一的“空中花园”是尼布甲尼撒二世为取悦他的王妃克里奥佩特拉而修建的。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:3题号:30 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:在旧大陆文明中心所有遭受来自欧亚大平原匈奴冲击的国家中，东罗马帝国受到的打击最为惨重。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:3题号:31 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:罗马共和国早期，用两名选举产生的执政官取代国王，社会主要分为两大阶层：自由民和奴隶。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:3题号:32 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:在文艺复兴时期的物理学家之中，站在前列的是莱奥纳多·达芬奇和伽利略。
1、错2、对学员答案:2本题得分:3题号:33 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:巴比伦的最负盛名的是占卜，多得不可数计，最常见的是肝脏占和星占。
1、错2、对学员答案:2本题得分:3题号:34 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:犹大王国包括南方的犹大和便雅悯两个部落的领土，定都耶路撒冷。
1、错2、对学员答案:2本题得分:3题号:35 题型:判断题本题分数:3内容:公元前十世纪末，亚述人重新崛起，建立起了亚述帝国。
1、错2、对学员答案:1本题得分:0。