英语二模拟四测评卷 钱静

英语（二）模拟测评（四）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of 1 ,crime, poverty and moral 2 . Their distrust was caused, 3 , by a national ideology that 4 farming the greatest occupation and rural living 5 to urban living. This attitude 6 even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential 7 of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands 8 the precarious(不稳定的) life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people 9 from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicions with them. These new urbanities already convinced that cities were 10 with great problems; eagerly 11 the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the 12 of the city.One of many reforms came 13 the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by 14 governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utilities companies would 15 exorbitant (过度的) rates for these essential services and 16 them only to find who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by 17 the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. 18 of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would 19 widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a 20 price.1.[A] eruption [B] corruption [C] interruption [D] provocation2.[A] disgrace [B] deterioration [C] dishonor [D] degradation3.[A] by origin [B] in part [C] at all [D] at random4.[A] proclaimed [B] exclaimed [C] claimed [D] reclaimed5.[A] superb [B] super [C] exceptional [D] superior6.[A] predominated [B] dominated [C] commanded [D] prevailed7.[A] feature [B] peculiarity [C] quality [D] attribute8.[A] deserted [B] departed [C] abolished [D] abandoned9.[A] reallocated [B] migrated [C] replaced [D] substituted10.[A] overwhelmed [B] overflowed [C] overtaken [D] preoccupied11.[A] embraced [B] adopted [C] hugged [D] contained12.[A] chaos [B] chores [C] chorus [D] outbreaks13.[A] at [B] by [C] out [D] in14.[A] public [B] municipal [C] republican [D] national15.[A] charge [B] take [C] cost [D] spend16.[A] distribute [B] deliver [C] transfer [D] transport17.[A] degenerating [B] generating [C] regenerating [D] regulating18.[A] Proponents [B] Opponents [C] Sponsors [D] Rivals19.[A] secure [B] ensure [C] reassure [D] incur20.[A] fair [B] just [C] square [D] objectiveSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believes, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there.”Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the bio-chemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he: “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.”And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens—a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “We’ve got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not take much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the long-supply chain, from fields to processing plants tokitchens.21. What does the author think of the Americans’ view about their food?[A] They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry.[B] They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.[C] They overestimate the hazards of their food.[D] They overlook the risks of the food they eat.22. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food in that ___.[A] no food is free from pollution in the environment[B] pesticides are widely used in agriculture[C] many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals[D] almost all foods have additives23. By saying “they employ chemicals warfare” (Para. 2), Bruce Ames means ____.[A] plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases[B] plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth[C] farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants[D] farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases24. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ____.[A] the government[B] the processor[C] the consumer[D] the grower25. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?[A] Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.[B] Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.[C] Health food is not a dream in modern society.[D] There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.Text 2It is official: the American consumer, for so long the main force driving the global economy, has cracked. Figures released on Thursday October 30th showed that America’s economy shrank at an annualized rate of 0.3% in the third quarter. The story behind the breakdown was a far sharper decline in consumer spending, which makes up around two-thirds of GDP. It fell at an annualized rate of 3.1%, the first decline since 1991 and the biggest drop since 1980. Capital spending by firms also dropped, with house building still the weakest link.Spending growth is unlikely to resume soon. Earlier in the week the Conference board, a research firm, said that its index of consumer confidence fell to its lowest level since the survey began in 1967. The drop is alarming but not surprising. American consumers couldn’t withstand repeated blows to their financial well-being indefinitely. Household wealth has shriveled. Stock-markets are down by around a third since the start of the year. House prices in 20 big cities fell in August at an annual rate of 16.6% according to the S&P/Case-Shiller measure. The continued fallin property prices has left a large and growing fraction of households underwater on their home loans.The unemployment rate has risen to 6.1% and is set to continue upwards. Ford and General Motors, as well as Whirlpool, an appliance manufacturer, are among big American firms that have announced job cuts recently. Employment figures due for release on November 7th are likely to show that around another 175,000 jobs were lost in October, pushing the unemployment rate up to 6.3%, according to a survey of forecasts by Bloomberg. Fewer jobs mean lost income and less spending.During past recession scares any shortfall in income from jobs and investments could be bridged by a bank overdraft or loan. But credit is now scarce. Banks, fearful for their own survival, are willing to lend to anyone(even each other). Consumers are hardest hit by the dearth of credit partly because the value of the homes used as security for loans has depreciated. Unsecured loans are harder to come by. Before the crisis, consumer credit had grown by around 5% a year. In the year to August, it fell by 3.7%. In any case lost wealth is likely to encourage consumers to save harder and curb spending further.The upshot is that the economy’s backwards step in the latest quarter is likely to followed by another, far bigger one as the year ends. Economists at Morgan Chase recon that America’s GDP will decline at an annualized rate of 4% in the fourth quarter and fall again by 2% in the first three months of 2009. Household spending is set to follow a similar pattern. After a long unbroken spell of spending growth, consumers in America are finally shopped out.26. It can be inferred that American GDP would go up if ___.[A] global economy is recovered[B] consumer spending rises[C] services make more profit[D] more houses can be built27. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true?[A] Consumer confidence has declined since the 1960s.[B] Stock-markets have dropped to the historical low.[C] Americans have experienced several financial hits.[D] In August the houses began to be sold more cheaply.28.In the past people could pull through crisis due to ___.[A] employment expansion[B] growth of consumer credit[C] assistance from the banks[D] dramatic cut in spending29. Experts at Morgan believe that ____.[A] the fourth quarter will see a greater decline[B] American consumers will willingly stop shopping[C] there is a sign of recovery for the coming year[D] consumer credit is likely to rise after the crisis30.The most appropriate of this passage is ____.[A] Financial crisis ahead[B] Unemployment drop[C] Saving for tomorrow[D] Consumer spending cutText 3On Wednesday, the Iowa Department of Public Health reported the first confirmed case of H1N1 in a house pet, a 13-year-old domestic shorthaired cat. The animal likely contracted the virus from its owners, veterinarians say, since two of the three family members living in the cat's household had recently suffered from influenza-like illness. Late last week, when the cat came down with flu-like symptoms --malaise, loss of appetite--its owners brought it to Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine for treatment. The family mentioned to the vet that they had also recently battled illness, which led to testing the pet for H1N1.It's not yet clear how vulnerable cats, dogs and other household animals may be to the new virus, but the Iowa cat's case reinforces just how different H1N1 is from seasonal flu viruses. Although some household cats and certain wild cats in zoos have gotten ill with avian influenza, and dogs have their own canine version of the flu virus, pets don't normally get sick with the regular human flu. "There has never been a report of human seasonal influenza affecting cats or dogs," says Dr. Julie Levy, director of Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program at the College of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Florida.It's possible that the Iowa cat's case may be a bellwether of future pet disease, but it's also possible it was just a fluke event. At the cat's advanced age, its immune system may not have been as adept at fending off influenza as that of a younger animal---similar to the vulnerability seen in aging humans. Still, says Dr. Ann Garvey, state public-health vet at the Iowa Department of Public Health, “We just don't know, we really don't.”Garvey notes that despite nearly 25,000 cases of positive, lab-confirmed H1N1 in people reported in the U.S. since last spring, the Iowa cat is the first pet to be documented with the virus. But before pet owners start suspecting Fido and Fluffy of being H1N1 hotbeds, Garvey stresses that so far, no cases of influenza of any kind in pets---including cases of bird flu---are known to have moved from animals into people. And even among the animals, the virus does not appear to spread easily, which may further suggest that pets are not ideal reservoirs for influenza.That's good news for pet lovers and flu worriers. And so is the fact that the cat seems to be recovering well from its bout with H1N1. "Both the owners and the cat are recovering," says Garvey. As for anyone else who is worried about spreading H1N1 flu to their pets, vets recommend following the same guidelines that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest for protecting family members ---wash your hands frequently, cover your coughs and try to avoid close contact with your furry friends until you're well.31. Which of the following can be diagnosed as flu according to the passage?A. constant coughB. running noseC. decreased desire for eatingD. loss of weight32. Dr. Levy maintains that ______.A. human virus is unlikely to pass on to household pets.B. H1N1 can be treated likewise to regular seasonal flu.C. Wild cats can be particularly vulnerable to flu virus.D. Canine version of the flu virus is shared among cats.33. From paragraph 3, we may learn that ______.A. H1N1 may not be the sole contributor to the Iowa cat’s conditionB. Smaller animals are more proficient to defeat the invasion of fluC. The fact that aged people have higher risk is not proved true yetD. The immune system of the Iowa cat has already been destroyed34. According to Dr. Garvey, the flu virus _____.A. was first documented in the Iowa catB. could be easily transferred to human beings.C. spread faster than any other type of bird fluD. might be effortlessly fended off by various pets.35. The tone used by the author seems to be_____.A. neutralB. optimisticC. subjectiveD. worriedText 4“The purpose of this law is simple,” said President Lyndon Johnson on July 2nd 1964, as he prepared to sign the Civil Rights Act. It would forbid segregation at hotels and restaurants, he explained, and ban discriminatory rules for voter registration. It had passed both chambers of Congress with a two-thirds majority, meaning that both Democrats and Republicans had supported the bill. The law’s bulwark, he added, would be “voluntary compliance”. That was a wish as well as warning.The law may have been simple, but Johnson intended its effects to be profound: “to promote a more abiding commitment to freedom, a more constant pursuit of justice, and a deeper respect for human dignity”. And he knew that many whites, particularly in the South and in his home state of Texas, would resist its implementation.In the second week of April the Lyndon B. Johnson President library in Austin, the Texas capital, hosted a summit on civil rights, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the law’s passage. The speakers included advocates, athletes and artists; blacks, whites and Hispanics; leaders of the movement and people born years later; and politicians from both parties, including the heaviest hitter available. Only five people alive have held the office of president of the United States. Four of them, including the incumbent, spoke at the summit.The fact that the Civil Rights Act can now be the subject of a major conference is, in itself, a sign of how much the country has changed since its passage. In the early1960s opposition to racial equality was widespread, brutal and sometimes lethal. It was also a more or less mainstream political position at the time the law was passed, and for years thereafter, at least in parts of the country.Former president Jimmy Carter, who spoke on the first day of the summit, recalled that when he was elected governor of Georgia in 1970, segregation in public services such as schools was the norm, even though it was illegal. Even today, he continued, racial inequality can be seen in employment statistics and education outcomes. “Too many people”, he warned, “are at ease with the still existing disparity.”36. According to the first paragraph, the Civil Rights Act would ___.[A] ban voters from registration[B] prohibit racial discrimination[C] receive welcome from the public[D] gain the support of all Americans37. It can be implied in the second paragraph that ___.[A] the law was so ambitious that it would fail[B] the implementation of the law would be easy[C] a majority of black people would resist the law[D] the law might be more popular among the black38. The word “heaviest hitter”(Line 5, para.3) most probably means ___.[A] the heaviest persons[B] the eldest politicians[C] the most excellent killers[D] the most important persons39.The Civil Rights Act has become the theme of a meeting because .[A] it has had profound influence[B] it has cultivated many leaders[C] it has changed the whole world[D] it has eliminated racial inequality40.It can be learned from the last paragraph that .[A] racial discrimination has been eliminated at present[B] segregation in public services are still common now[C] many people are indifferent to racial inequality today[D] disparity can still be seen in most places of the countryPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45). There are two subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] MBA program boom in South Africa[B] Current assessment of MBA programs[C] Views on the rankings of MBA programs[D] Abundance of MBA programs worldwide[E] Rankings are misleading[F] Variation in MBA courses[G] Prominence as a factor in assessmentChoosing a MBA ProgramBusiness school enrollment has jumped in the past few years as increasing numbers of students seek careers in the world. The rising demand has encouraged intense competition and growth among business programs.41. ______________________________________Students find deciding on a MBA program to be a daunting task. This is in part due to the proliferation of options. There are now more than 1,000 MBA programs in the United States, 700 in Europe---including over 300 in Britain--- and some 525 in the rest of the world, with the greatest concentration in the Asia-Pacific region. The boom has recently hit South Africa as well, where ten years ago, the nation offered half a dozen programs. Now more than 40 are provided, most by foreign business schools. In some respects, the schools differ little--- 75 percent of them are general management programs. But the options remain, with full-time programs accounting for only 42 percent of the total, the rest being part-time, modular and distance learning.42. ______________________________________Some full-time programs are delivered through evening-only lectures, and some modular programs are full-time because of so much project work. More than 90 percent of the programs are in English, the others being offered in 23 languages with Spanish the most common. Many programs---especially the executive ones---require years of experience before admission. Yet “executive”can also define a part-time, accelerated program. The potential student---prepared to spend around﹩15,000 per year--- faces a bewildering array of products, often described in inconsistent terminology but with no essential difference in instruction.43. ______________________________________Business schools, with a few notable exceptions, have not clearly explained their assessment comparison criteria. They argue that a MBA is a MBA, differing only in the name and cost of the issuing school. In order to help the layman, newspapers have often stepped in to shed light on this confusion, judging schools and programs, and providing rankings.44. ______________________________________Applicants prefer rankings, but the school for them most part do not. European schools, in particular, argue that rankings are misleading as they may use a narrow range of often-inappropriate measures which fail to reveal the true competence of unique programs. Several schools have contested and boycotted league tables. Nevertheless, the number of business schools which participate in rankings is actually growing, in part because rankings tell potential customers what they need to know. Since business schools must market to applicants as if they were consumers, most take rankings seriously.45. ______________________________________A ranking is just one factor that underpins the success of schools and MBA programs. The programs must not only rank highly, they must also be known. Schools want their programs---and graduates want their degrees---to receive instant recognition and respect. Until recently, prominence has been largely overlooked in the assessment of MBA programs, but the Internet now provides another channel of communication and reputation for schools and their market.The MBA is the principal product in the most market-oriented sector of higher education. Given the globalization of business, increased communication, and the ability to deliver content to individuals wherever they are, the complexity and competitiveness of this pioneering educational marketplace can only increase.Section ⅢTranslation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)It is a well-known fact that there are constant conflicts among different groups of people, and that people tend to blame their misfortunes on some outside other groups for their misfortunes. What are the causes of group prejudice?There seems to be little doubt that one of the principal causes of prejudice is fear: in particular the fear that the interests of our own group are going to be endangered by the actions of another. This is less likely to be the case in a stable, relatively unchanging society in which the members of different social and occupational groups know what to expect of each other, and know what to expect for themselves. In times of rapid social and economic change, however, new occupations and new social roles appear, and people start looking jealously at each other to see whether their own group is being left behind.Section ⅣWritingPart A47.Directions:You are scheduled to head for a job interview tomorrow. However, you have just been informed that there will be an important lecture then, and you must attend. So write a letter to the interviewer to1)express your apology, explain the reason, and2)request your appointment be scheduled for another time.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should1)interpret the table, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Financial Sources of College StudentsstudentsAmerican Students Chinese Students FinancialSourcesParents 45% 90%Part-time jobs 40% 5% Scholarship 15% 5%。