《经济学原理·曼昆·第三版》第23章
宏观经济学(初级 第23章)

导言
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学内容分类及研究的主要问题
内容分类
宏观经济理论:包括国民收入决定理论、消费理论、投资理论、 货币理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、开 放经济理论等。
宏观经济政策:包括经济政策目标、经济政策工具、经济政策机制、 经济政策效应与运用。
宏观经济计量模型:用于理论验证、经济预测、政策制定,以及政 策效应检验。
4.所有的:新增的产品和劳务;存量GDP的衍生服务(如存 量住房服务的市场价值,国外更适合,因为租房住;写字楼GDP)
能够统计的有限的“所有”。家务劳动、黑市交易、非法交 易等在实际中都没有办法统计进入GDP。
家庭生产中雇主跟雇员的婚姻:减少GDP。经济活动从市场 交易变成家务劳动。
2014-5-28
2014-5-28
税收
拉弗曲线
税率
导言
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学主要流派及观点
5. 理性预期学派
代表人物:卢卡斯、萨金特、华莱士、巴罗、泰勒和普雷斯科特等。 理论特征:在引入理性预期假说的基础上,全面恢复新古典经济学的 传统反对凯恩斯主义的宏观经济理论和政策主张。 基本理论观点:理性预期假说:理性预期是有效利用一切信息而进行 的预期;自然率假说:任何一个社会都存在一个自然失业率,长期而言, 经济总是趋向于自然失业率,尽管短期内,经济政策能够使得实际失业率 不同于自然失业率;李嘉图等价定理:举债与征税等价。 政策主张: 宏观经济政策无效论、政策目标单一论、信誉重于规则
导言
什么是宏观经济学
现代经济学两大分支之一
经济学的两个分支:微观经济学和宏观经济学。
微观经济学(Microeconomics)(“微观”是希腊文 “ μικρο ”的意译,原意是“小")又称个体经济学,小经济学, 主要以单个经济单位(单个生产者、单个消费者、单个市场经 济活动)作为研究对象的一门学科。价格分析是微观经济学的 核心,故微观经济学又被称为价格理论。
曼昆经济学原理宏观部分二十三章

Households
16
The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue (=GDP)
G&S sold
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP) G&S bought
Firms
Factors of production Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
example:
Inflation and unemployment in election years
The Science of Macroeconomics
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
CHAPTER 1
slide 11
Outline of this book
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
14
The Circular-Flow Diagram
• a simple depiction of the macroeconomy • illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income • Preliminaries:
CHAPTER 1
The Science of Macroeconomics
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Important issues in macroeconomics
Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, addresses many topical issues:
曼昆经济学原理课件 (23)

Individual Income Taxes 个人所得税
uThe marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to each additional dollar of income.
n Budget Deficit
äA budget deficit is an excess of government spending over government receipts.
联邦政府
n 预算盈余
ä预算盈余——政府收入大于政府支出。
n 预算赤字
ä预算赤字—— 政府支出大于政府收入 。
联邦政府的收入...
个人所得税, 50% 社会保障税, 35% 公司所得税, 8% 其他, 8%
Federal Government Spending
uGovernment spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services.
联邦政府支出: 2001
社会保障, 23% 国防, 17% 净利息, 11% 收入保障, 14% 医疗, 12% 保健, 9% 其他, 14%,
The Federal Government
n Financial Conditions of the Federal Budget
ä A budget deficit occurs when there is an excess of government spending over government receipts.
《经济学原理·曼昆·第三版》第23章

补充:GDP的测算法
现在通常采用三种测算法:生产法,收入法,支出法,
1.生产法:GDP=∑各产业部门的总产出-∑各产业部门的中间 消耗 2.收入法:GDP=∑各产业部门劳动者报酬+∑各产业部门固 定资产折旧+∑各产业部门生产税净额+∑各产业部门营业利 润 或:GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税+企业转移支付+折 旧+误差
chapter23measuringanationsincomechapter23measuringanationsincome考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值gdp了解实际考虑gdp了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值了解实际gdp考虑是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标gdpgdp与名义gdp是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标与名义gdpgdp之间的区别之间的区别说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量解释gdp定义消费定义消费投资投资用基期和当年价格计算实际gdp列出许多中并不包括解释gdp定义中的关键词汇和短语政府购买和净出口政府购买和净出口定义中的关键词汇和短语用基期和当年价格计算实际列出许多gdpgdp和名义但能提高福利的活动但能提高福利的活动和名义gdpgdpgdp中并不包括prologueasyoumayrecallfromchapter2economicsisdividedintotwobranches
23.2.1 “GDP是市场价值…” “GDP Is the Market Value . . .”
经济学原理曼昆PPT课件

▪ 生产可能性边界与机会成本有什么联系?它还表示了什么其他概念? ▪ How is the Production Possibilities Frontier related
to opportunity cost? What other concepts does it illustrate?
15
主动学习 1
不在生产可能性边界上的点
A.在图上找出代表100台电脑和3000吨小麦的点, 并标作F。问:经济能生产出这样的两种产品数 量组合吗?为什么?
B. 找出代表300台电脑和3500吨小麦的点,并标作 G。问:经济能生产出这样的两种产品组合吗? 为什么?
16
主动学习 1
参考答案
▪ F点:代表100台电
The Circular-Flow Diagram
经济学的第一个模型:循环流量图
▪ The Circular-Flow Diagram :a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars
flow through markets among households and firms
5
Some Familiar Models(熟悉的模型)
飞机模型 A model airplane
6
Some Familiar Models(熟悉的模型)
牙医办公室里的牙齿模型
The model teeth at the dentist’s office
不要忘了刷 牙!
7
The First Model:
▪ 微观和宏观经济学,实证的和规范的经济学有何不同? ▪ What is the difference between microeconomics and
曼昆宏观经济学第23章(2)PPT课件

经济的收入与支出
• 对一个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出, 因为:
– 每一次交易都有买者和卖者 – 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元
收入
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue
Goods and services sold
• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
MARKETS FOR
GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
Spending
Goods and services bought
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
经济的收入与支出
• 当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时,观察经济中 所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
曼昆经济学原理(宏观分册)第23章课后习题答案(英文版)
Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in theeconomy and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of final goods and services.It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in the economy ends up assomeone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound ofhamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of apound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measure ofeconomic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer and aseller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy carbecause the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order formilitary aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Many otherexamples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because realGDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts beingproduced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused by increasedproduction or higher prices.7.405The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is anundesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investmentdecreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an investment gooduntil it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plussales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold morethan once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in one yearand resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $400 Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDP deflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This means that thepercentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but not in2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise but prices did.5. a. C alculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. C alculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. T he growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentage changein the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure the percentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This is thevalue of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is notincluded in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure, itwould not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult to measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350 –$100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。
曼昆宏观经济学第23章(2)PPT课件
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell •Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
= Flow of dollars
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
经济循环流向图
收入=(DGP)
销售商品 和服务
▪ Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
一国收入的衡量
宏观经济学回答以下问题:
▪ 为什么一些国家平均收入高,而另一些国家平 均收入低?
▪ 为什么一些时期物价上升迅速,而另一些时期 物价较为稳定?
▪ 为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大,而另一些年 份收缩?
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
▪ Why is average income high in some countries and low in others?
▪ Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第23章--一国收入的衡量)
第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、经济的收入与支出1.微观经济学与宏观经济学(1)微观经济学(microeconomics)研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。
(2)宏观经济学(macroeconomics)研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
2.国内生产总值(1)含义国内生产总值简称GDP,它衡量的是一国的总收入,被认为是衡量社会经济福利最好的一个指标。
(2)对经济的衡量GDP同时衡量两件事:经济中所有人的总收入和用于经济中物品与劳务产出的总支出。
对一个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出。
因为每一次交易都有两方:买者和卖者。
某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1美元收入。
因此,交易对经济的收入和支出做出了相同的贡献。
用图23-1所示的循环流量图也可以说明收入必定等于支出。
假设所有物品与劳务由家庭购买,而且家庭支出了他们的全部收入,这些支出通过物品与劳务市场流动;企业用销售得到的收入来支付工人的工资、地主的租金和企业所有者的利润,这些收入通过生产要素市场流动。
货币不断地从家庭流向企业,然后又流回家庭。
GDP等于家庭在市场上为物品和劳务支付的总额,也等于企业在市场上为生产要素支付的工资、租金和利润的总额。
图23-1 循环流量图现实经济比图23-1所说明的经济要复杂得多。
家庭并没有支出其全部收入,也并没有购买经济中生产的全部物品与劳务。
但基本经验是相同的:无论是家庭、政府还是企业购买物品或劳务,交易总有买者与卖者。
人大经济学考研必备:曼昆《经济学原理》(第二十三章)
人大经济学考研必备:曼昆《经济学原理》(第二十三章)所以说,什么叫做先下手为强。
同样的两个能力差不多的人,也许你早下手一些,你要占据的优势可能就要明显的多。
阿罗不可能定理:数学结论表明:在某些假设情况下,没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。
中值选民是王:多数规则将选出中值选民最偏好的点。
这里会发生一个奇怪的事情哦。
我们看下面这个图就知道了。
我们需要记住的是,少数人的观点不会被过多的人重视。
我们看到。
黄色的区域是中值部分,尽管他的人数不是最多。
但是选择他的优势最大,因为它会赢得60个人的支持(小于10亿美元的选择)。
如果你选择绿色的15亿美元的话,只能得到40个人支持,尽管选择绿色的人数最多。
但是它不是中值选民。
这样的话,我们以后再投票的时候就要小心了。
注意,你的观点不是要得到最多的人的支持,而是要得到中间选民的支持。
这样才是对的。
第三节行为经济学经济学和心理学结合出现了行为经济学。
经济学十大原理里面我们就假定了人们总是理性的。
但是,果真如此么?在博弈论的研究当中,我们就说过,人们总是习惯去惩罚不遵守规定的人......因为人们关心社会的公正。
你能保证你10岁以前你一直认为是对的观点现在还有效么——我基本上可以保证这个世界不需要这么多的总统,国家主席之类的官——哈哈,现在你可能不这么想了吧,因为你的观点在变化。
有这样的一些观点:1)人们并不总是理性的a.人们总是过于自信。
b.人们过分注意观察到的小数。
你已经知道了一个1000的样本通过了测试,但是你突然发现有第1001个样本没有通过测试,实际上的通过率已经很高了。
但是人们过于关注小的数字,而忘记了大局的观念。
c.人们拒绝改变自己的思想。
还记得华氏911这部电影么,他的结果使得支持戈尔的更加支持戈尔,支持布什的更加支持布什,其余并没有改变什么。
2)人们关心公正恩。
博弈理论那一章我们有提到一个观点就是这样的,人们会去惩罚不遵守规定的人。
3)人并不总是一致的第二十三章一国收入的衡量相信大家或多或少的关注过GDP(gross domestic product)。
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补充:GDP的测算法
现在通常采用三种测算法:生产法,收入法,支出法,
1.生产法:GDP=∑各产业部门的总产出-∑各产业部门的中间 消耗 2.收入法:GDP=∑各产业部门劳动者报酬+∑各产业部门固 定资产折旧+∑各产业部门生产税净额+∑各产业部门营业利 润 或:GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税+企业转移支付+折 旧+误差
说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量
解释GDP定义中的关键词汇和短语
定义消费、投资、政府购买和净出口 用基期和当年价格计算实际GDP和名义GDP 列出许多GDP中并不包括,但能提高福利的活动
Prologue
As you may recall from Chapter 2, economics is divided into two branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. In this chapter and the next one, we discuss some of the data that economists and policymakers use to monitor the performance of the overall economy. These data reflect the economic changes that macroeconomists try to explain. This chapter considers gross domestic product, or simply GDP, which measures the total income of a nation. GDP is the most closely watched economic statistic because it is thought to be the best single measure of a society’s economic well-being.
另一种统计数字称为国民生产总值(GNP),这个数字在处理 外国人生产的物品与劳务时采用了一种不同的方法。
就大多数情况而言,GDP和GNP之间的区分并不十分重要。 在美国和大多数其他国家,国内居民从事大部分国内生产, 因此,GDP和GNP非常接近。
23.2.7 “在某一既定时间内 …” “. . . In A Given Period of Time”
23.1 经济的收入和支出 The Economy’s Income and Expenditure
GDP同时衡量两件事:经济中所有人的总收入和用 于经济中物品与劳务产量的总支出。GDP既衡量总 收入又衡量总支出的秘诀在于这两件事实际上是相 同的。
对一个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出。为什么 这是正确的呢?一个经济的收入和其支出相同的原 因就是每一次交易都有两方:买者和卖者。
23.2 国内生产总值的衡量 The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product
我们已经在一般意义上讨论了国内生产总值的含义, 现在可以更准确地说明如何衡量这个统计数字。
国内生产总值(GDP)是在某一既定时期一个国家内 生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 这个定义看来是相当简单的,但实际上在计算一个 经济的GDP时产生了许多微妙的问题。因此,我们 来仔细探讨这个定义中的每个词。
小结:其他衡量收入的指标
GNP=GDP+国外支付净额
NNP=GNP-折旧
NI=NNP-企业间接税 PI=NI-公司利润-社保+政府转移支付+利息+红利 DPI=PI-个人所得税
23.3 GDP的组成部分 The Components of GDP
为了了解经济如何使用自己的稀缺资源,经济学家对研究 GDP在各种类型支出的构成总是很感兴趣。为了做到这一点, GDP(用Y代表)被分为四个组成部分:消费(C),投资(I)、 政府购买(G)和净出口(NX):
23.2.3 “最终的…” “Final . . .”
GDP,只包括最终物品的价值。原因是中间物品的 价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了,把纸的市场 价值与贺卡的市场价值相加就会重复计算。 当生产出来的一种中间物品没有使用,而是增加了 企业以后使用或出售的存货时,这个原则就出现了 例外。在这种情况下,中间物品被暂时作为“最终” 物品,其价值作为存货投资而加到GDP中。当以后 使用或销售中间物品存货时,企业的存货投资是负 的,因此后一个时期的GDP就减少了。
23.2.1 “GDP是市场价值…” “GDP Is the Market Value . . .”
GDP要把许多种不同物品相加为一个经济活动价值 的衡量指标。为了这样做,它使用了市场价格。由 于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量, 所以,市场价格反映了这些物品的价值。
23.2.2 “所有的…” “of All . . .” GDP要成为全面的衡量。它包括了经济中生产并在市场上合 法地出售的所有东西。
23.2.4 “物品与劳务…” “Goods and Services . . .”
GDP既包括有形的物品(食物、衣服、汽车),又包 括无形的劳务(理发、清扫房屋、看病)。当你购买 了你最喜爱的合唱队的CD时,你购买了一种物品, 而且,购买价格是GDP的一部分。当你花钱去听一 个合唱队的音乐会时,你购买了劳务,而且,票价 也是GDP的一部分。
Y=C+I+G+NX 这个等式是一个恒等式,按定义等式中各个变量的方式必定成 立。在这种情况下,由于GDP中包括的每一美元支出属于四 个组成部分中的一个,所以,四个组成部分的总和必然等于 GDP。
23.3.1 消费 Consumption
消费是指家庭用于物品和劳务的支出(不包括购买 新住房)。
“物品”包括家庭用于汽车与家电等耐用品、以及 食物和衣服等耐用品的支出。 “劳务”包括理发和医疗这类无形的东西。家庭用 于教育的支出也包括在劳务消费中。
此外,当政府公布季度GDP时,它提供的是用称为季度调整 的统计程序修改之后的数据。
生产一磅汉堡包或生产一磅鱼子酱,哪一个对 GDP
的贡献更大?为什么?
参考资料:其他衡量收入的指标
国民生产总值(GNP)是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚 到的总收入。它与GDP的不同之处在于:它包括本国公民 在国外赚到的收入,而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。 国民生产净值(NNP)是扣除了折旧损失后一国居民的总 收入。折旧是经济中设备和建筑物的磨损或损耗,例如, 卡车生锈和灯泡烧坏。在商务部提供的国民收入账户中, 折旧称为“固定资本的消费”。
Inputs for production Wages, rent, and profit
Market for Factors of Production
Labor, land, and capital Income
23.1 经济的收入和支出 The Economy’s Income and Expenditure 我们可以用两种方法中的一种来计算这个经济的GDP:加总 家庭的总支出或加总企业支付的总收入(工资、租金和利润)。 由于经济中所有的支出最终要成为某人的收入,所以,无论 我们如何计算,GDP都投资是指用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包 括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
存货处理值得注意。当IBM生产了一台电脑但并不出售时, 则增加其到存货中,假设IBM自己购买了这台电脑,国民收 入会计师会把这台电脑作为IBM投资支出的一部分来处理。 (如果IBM以后卖了这台电脑,这时IBM的存货投资为负的, 抵消了消费者的正支出)。
第二十三章 一国收入的衡量
Chapter 23
Measuring a Nation’s Income
在本章中,你将
考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出
了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值GDP
了解实际GDP与名义GDP之间的区别 考虑GDP是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标
在实现这些目的后,你应该能
参考资料:其他衡量收入的指标
国民收入(NI)是一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总 收入。它与国民生产净值不同的是:它不包括间接的企业 税(例如销售税),但包括企业补贴。两者的不同,还缘 于数据搜集问题的“统计上的不一致性”。 个人收入(PI)是居民户和非公司企业得到的收入。与国 民收入不同,个人收入不包括保留收入,保留收入是公司 赚到,但没有以股息的形式支付给其所有者的收入。与 GDP和NNP不同,个人收入还包括家庭从持有政府债券中 得到的利息收入,以及家庭从政府转移支付中得到收入。
23.1 经济的收入和支出 The Economy’s Income and Expenditure
Revenue Goods & Services sold
Market for Goods and Services
Spending Goods & Services bought
Firms
Households
23.2.5 “生产的…” “Produced . . .”