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• The Building Code of Australia (BCA) is
produced and maintained by the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) on behalf of the Commonwealth Government and each State and Territory Government. • The BCA is a uniform set of technical provisions for the design and construction of buildings and other structures throughout Australia. It allows for variations in climate and geological or geographical conditions.
1. a prospective owner must arrange the financing necessary to
build the structure; 2. for a building, an architect and an engineer must study the applicable building by-laws and building codes to ensure that byfire protection, health and safety requirements are met; 3. for a bridge, an engineer must ensure that navigation clearances, and highway or railway geometric requirements are met; 4. the structural designer must investigate the site to determine how site conditions will affect the structure (e.g., buried water mains on a building site); 5. the form, shape and size of the structure must be determined; 6. the probable loads (wind, earthquake, occupancy loads, snow, etc) must be estimated by the designer; 7. the most suitable structural material, or materials, must be selected, with due consideration of required performance, cost, supply, transportation to the site and construction on the site;
11.
12.
• The above twelve steps briefly summarise the
major portions of the design process for a structure. These notes will deal with several of these steps, but will cover in detail only Steps 6, 7 and 8. • The course CIVL 2230 Introduction to Structural Design will introduce Item 10. • Item 9 is covered in CIVL 3204 Structural Analysis. For simplicity, most explanations and examples will deal specifically with the design of elements of buildings.
• Australian standards govern the design and 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
construction of most Australian structures. Several of the more important are: “Steel Structures” AS 4100-1998 4100“Concrete Structures” AS 3600-2001 3600“Residential slabs and footings-construction” footingsAS 2870 “SAA Timber Structures”, AS 1720-1997 Part 17201 Design Methods “Masonry Structures”, AS 3700 “Composite Structures”, AS 2327-1996 2327-
Loads (Actions) on Structures
• Dead load (permanent action) (AS/NZS 1170.1): the • •
weight of the structure plus the weight of permanently installed equipment,. Live load (imposed action) includes the loads for various uses and occupancies, AS 1170.1. Wind loads (actions) (AS/NZS 1170.2). For most structures, wind load can be treated as a static load. Tall, slender buildings may be designed with the aid of wind tunnel tests. Earthquake loads (actions) (AS 1170.4). Conventional earthquake (seismic) design procedures replace the dynamic earthquake loads with equivalent static loads.
8. the structural designer must compare various structural 9. 10.
systems and arrangements of structural members; a structural analysis must be performed to determine the forces which the anticipated loads will impose on the structural members; the structural designer must arrange and proportion the elements of the structure so that the expected loads are carried safely, and the elements and the structure as a whole perform satisfactorily; the structural designer must convey to the fabricator and erector, and also to the general contractor, his concept of the structure, principally by means of drawings and specifications; and the structural designer must inspect the work of the fabricator and erector, and the general contractor, to ensure that the structure is built in accordance with his plans and specifications.
1. provide a safe, reliable structure that performs
satisfactorily the function for which it was intended; 2. provide a structure that is economical to build and to maintain; 3. Provide a structure that is aesthetically pleasing. The design process for any structure contains many steps, not all of which involve the structural designer, although he/she should be involved in most of them. These steps are:
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Codes, Specifications and Standards
• Building codes are written for the purpose of
protecting the public. • An Australian Standard represents the consensus of opinion of experienced engineers, architects and others. It does not cover in detail every situation which a structural designer may encounter, and the designer often must exercise judgment in interpreting and applying the requirements of a standard.
The University of Sydney Department of Civil Engineering CIVL 2230 Introduction to Structural Concepts & Design
LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION
A structural designer must endeavour to:
•
Methods of Analysis
• For statically determinate structures, the structures,
analysis is relatively simple, and the laws of statics can be used to determine the forces and moments on each member. • For statically indeterminate structures, the structures, procedure is more complex. Numerous analytical methods have been developed, such as slope-deflection, moment-distribution, slopemomentenergy methods, and matrix force and displacement methods.