维多利亚时代【英文】
• Sewing Machine (1844) – Elias Howe
• Diesel Engine (1892) – Rudolf Diesel
• The Light Bulb (1877) – Thomas Edison
(“Industrial Revolution Inventors”)
Key Factors of Change:
Advancements in Technology The Industrial Revolution The Growth of the British Empire Scientific Discovery Questioning of Religious Authority Mandatory Education and Increased Literacy
Technological Advancements
In science and technology, the Victorians developed the modern idea of invention based on the belief that man could create solutions to problems in order to better himself and his environment. Here are some of the key inventions of the era: • The Steam Engine (1775) James Watt – making possible steam-powered trains and ships. • The Cotton Gin (1794) Eli Whitney - allowed for the removal of cotton from its seeds. (“Industrial Revolution Inve
Victoria's long reign witnessed the expansion of the British Empire as well as political and social reforms In England and abroad. Indeed, a feeling of national pride was connected with the name of Victoria; however, this era was also a time shaken by various social, political, religious, technological and scientific developments, all of which had an impact on the literature of the time. Over time, these rapid changes deeply affected the country's mood: an age that began with a confidence and optimism leading to economic boom and prosperity eventually gave way to uncertainty and doubt regarding Britain's place in the world”(“Victorian England: An Overview”).
The Queen's own ethics and personal tastes (“Queen Victoria - 1819-1901”) have perhaps lead to our association of the word Victorian with things that are “prudish”, “repressed” and “old fashioned”. In part, Victoria herself encouraged her own identification with the qualities we associate with the word Victorian – earnestness, moral responsibility, and domestic propriety. In general, when we think of “Victorian” values today, we often think of sobriety, hard work, and joyless abstinence from worldly pleasures (Abrams 1044-1045).
The Victorian Age
Queen Victoria 1837-1901
•The term “Victorian” literally describes things and events from the reign of Queen Victoria. •She is England’s longest reigning queen, having ruled from 1837 to 1901. •Her husband was Prince Albert of Sax-Coburg-Gotha, her German cousin. The two had a very close and affectionate relationship; Albert was instrumental in Victoria’s decision making as Queen. Together, they had nine children (“Queen Victoria - 1819-1901”).
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
• The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.
orian value; Irish question (爱尔兰的问题);bad working
condition ; Inequality Between
men and women ; Karl Marx’s theory (卡尔·马克思理论);
unsettling of Religious belief (令人不安的宗教信仰)
• American Notes 《美国札记》（1842） • Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·瞿述伟》（1843） • Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》（1848） • David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》（1852）
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评
Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义
vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造
Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
Reform bill （改革法案）of 1832; Chartist Movement（宪章运动）.
Mid-Victorian period: economic prosperity
and relative stability
Victorian Era 维多利亚时代
TYPICAL INCOMES (YEARLY)
Aristocrats £30,000 Merchants, bankers £10,000 Middle-class (doctors, lawyers, clerks) £300-800 Lower middle-class (head teachers, journalists, shopkeepers, etc.) £150-300 Skilled workers (carpenters, typesetters,etc.) £75100 Sailors and domestic staff £40-75 Laborers, soldiers £25
19TH CENTURY ENGLAND
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It accelerated the migration of the population from country to overcrowded c 1876 the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell The radio was invented in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi. The camera, toilet, sewing machine, vacuum, train and stamp were all created during the Victorian Era. Factories began to be powered by steam. The police force was created during this period.
Great Expectations
维多利亚时代
The Last Period
England was called “the empire on which the sun never sets”. It was a period of serenity and security. Writers such as Mattew Aonord (1882-1888), Samuel Butler (1835-1902), Thomas Hardy, and Bernard Shaw exposed the cant and hypocrisy of the Victorian complacency. In the 80s there appeared the school of art for art’s sake, Walter Pater (1839-1894) and Oscar Wilde (1854-1900). In the 90s, melancholy became the spirit of the time and the intellectuals were tainted by a feeling of fin-de-siecle.
The First Period:
The first reform bill made industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. The Reform Bill of 1832 extended the right to vote to all men owning property. With the introduction of the steam engine, it was possible for the capitalists to hire unskilled workers. The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1838,1842, and 1848. The philosophy of Utilitarianism(功利主义) was founded by Jeremy Bentham (1772-1832) and continued by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Opposed to the Utilitarian philosophy were thinkers and writers such as Thomas Carlyle (1759-1881), Charles Dickens (1812-1870), Charles Kingsley (1819-1875), Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), and Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
维多利亚时代文化英语介绍
维多利亚时代文化英语介绍维多利亚时代文化英语介绍For much of this century the term Victorian， which literally describes things and events in the reign of Queen Victoria （1837-1901），conveyed connotations of “prudish，” “repressed，” and “old fashioned.” Although such associations have some basis in fact， they do not adequately indicate the nature of this complex， paradoxical age that was a second English Renaissance. Like Elizabethan England， Victorian England saw great expansion of wealth， power， and culture. （What Victorian literary form do you think parallels Elizabethan drama in terms of both popularity and literary achievement？）In science and technology，the Victorians invented the modern idea of invention ——the notion that one can create solutions to problems，that man can create new means of bettering himself and his environment.In religion， the Victorians experienced a great age of doubt，the first that called into question institutional Christianity on such a large scale. In literature and the other arts，the Victorians attempted to combine Romantic emphases upon self， emotion，and imagination with Neoclassical ones upon the public role of art and a corollary responsibility of the artist.In ideology， politics， and society， the Victorians created astonishing innovation and change：democracy，feminism，unionization of workers，socialism，Marxism，and other modern movements took form. In fact，this age of Darwin，Marx，and Freud appears to be not only the first that experienced modern problems but also the first that attempted modern solutions. Victorian， in other words， can be taken tomean parent of the modern —— and like most powerful parents，it provoked a powerful reaction against itself.The Victorian age was not one，not single，simple，or unified， only in part because Victoria's reign lasted so long that it comprised several periods. Above all， it was an age of paradox and power. The Catholicism of the Oxford Movement，the Evangelical movement， the spread of the Broad Church， and the rise of Utilitarianism， socialism， Darwinism， and scientific Agnosticism，were all in their own ways characteristically Victorian； as were the prophetic writings of Carlyle and Ruskin，the criticism of Arnold， and the empirical prose of Darwin and Huxley；as were the fantasy of George MacDonald and the realism of George Eliot and George Bernard Shaw.More than anything else what makes Victorians Victorian is their sense of social responsibility， a basic attitude that obviously differentiates them from their immediate predecessors，the Romantics. T ennyson might go to Spain to help the insurgents， as Byron had gone to Greece and Wordsworth to France；but Tennyson also urged the necessity of educating “the poor man before making him our master.” Matthew Arnold might say at mid-century thatthe world，which seems T o lie before us like a land of dreams，So various， so beautiful， so new，Hath really neither joy， nor love， nor light，Nor certitude， nor peace， nor help for pain.but he refused to reprint his poem “Empedocles on Etna，” in which the Greek philosopher throws himself into the volcano，because it set a bad example；and he criticized an Anglican bishop who pointed out mathematical inconsistencies in the Bible not on the grounds that he was wrong，but that for abishop to point these things out to the general public was irresponsible.。
维多利亚时期家具分类
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二、维多利亚时代中期
19世纪中叶以后的趋势是减少曲线的使用，其结果是提高 了人们对直线和软包的兴趣，这样就增加了木质部件外露 的部分。到19世纪60年代后期，由于路易十四复兴风格的 影响，进一步使镶嵌细木工、瓷片饰板和仿金铜箔的镶嵌 工艺得到复苏。
一起， 结果是产生了各种风格的混合物。
• 简介：维多利亚时期的家具在造型上一般都体积大、 饱满，有舒适的曲线及圆角，装饰不拘一格。从
各种 复古风格中衍生的样式应用较广，如罗可可式涡
卷纹、
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• 特点特征：
• 1880年后，家具由机器制作，采用了新材料和新技术，如金 属管材、铸铁、弯曲木、层压木板。椅子装有螺旋弹簧，装 饰包括镶嵌、油漆、镀金、雕刻等。采用红木、橡木，青龙 木、乌木等。这时期是19世纪混乱风格的代表，不加区别地 综合历史上的家具形式，设计趋于退化，构件厚重，家具有 舒适的曲线及圆角。
计上 歪曲了哥特建筑的特点，他认为在家具上应用连拱扶垛、卷叶形
花饰 和角塔是不协调的，在装饰上是过度的。他认为，如果一个人不
用哥 特式的风格来进行室内装修，就可以幸运地避开烦琐过度的装饰
细节。 1835年他出版了一本画册《15世纪风格的哥特式家具》（Gothic Furniture in the Style of the Fifteenth Century），尽管他做了很多
• 亚当式样的缎木柜反映了维多利亚后期的设计师专注于复兴18世纪前人 所做的家具，这种橱柜在1867年的巴黎博览会展出过。表面装饰用了 多种色彩的楔形木块来镶嵌（右下）
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•床
19世纪下半叶，青铜床和铁床已使用得十分普遍。第一个关 于金属
加拿大与维多利亚时代【英文】
Native Peoples/First Nations
The Native Peoples
Native peoples were pushed to the outskirts of society. They were forgotten and ignored unless the Europeans wanted to buy “Indian” lands to employ “Indian” labourers. The Indian way of life was changed due to this displacement. For example Algonquians, had traditionally relied on hunting and fishing for food. However, they had to turn to small-scale fruit and vegetable gardening and even started to shop at the local food stores due to the growth of immigrant settlements throughout the Eastern woodlands.
The Native Peoples Many Native bands had to rent out their prime reserve land due to dire living conditions. Despite many measures to assimilate Native peoples into White society, Native cultures stayed alive by oral histories and traditions passed down by the eles (cont’d)
维多利亚时代英国文学
Gothic Elements in Jane Eyre
As a girl, Jane’s punishment is
to be locked in a red room where a relative had previously died. She later sees the ghost. Some characters hold frightening and dark secrets, contributing to the atmosphere of mystery. Two terrible and destructive fires occur. We eventually discover the fact that a menacing and insane woman has been in the home of Jane’s employer (and love interest) for most of the plot. One character, Rochester, receives disfiguring injuries.
Frankenstein
Story opens on the ship
of an English explorer, Robert Walton, in the Arctic Ocean Walton serves as a framing device for the real action of the story: the creation of a monster by Dr. Victor Frankenstein
Victorian novel
Victorian novels tend to focus on the difficult
victoria
victoria维多利亚是英国历史上一个重要的女性名字，它代表了一个时代的繁荣和变革。
维多利亚女王的统治时期被称为维多利亚时代，被认为是工业化和帝国扩张的高潮期，也是社会变革和文化创新的时期。
维多利亚女王于1837年登基，持续统治了63年，成为当时世界上最长时间执政的君主。
她的统治时期对英国和世界造成了深远的影响。
在她的领导下，英国迅速崛起为一个工业和贸易超级大国，帝国的疆域扩展到全球各地。
在维多利亚时代，英国的工业生产经历了一次革命性变革。
以蒸汽机为代表的机械化生产极大地推动了工业的发展。
英国成为了世界上第一个工业化国家，大规模的工厂涌现出来，生产效率大幅提升。
铁路、电报、电话等交通和通讯设施的建设也使得信息的传递和商品的流通更加便捷。
维多利亚时代还见证了帝国的扩张。
英国开始大规模地征服殖民地，建立了庞大的帝国体系。
英国的殖民地遍布世界各大洲，包括印度、非洲、加勒比海等地。
英国的殖民地带来了大量的资源，也为英国提供了庞大的市场。
这种帝国的扩张对英国经济的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
在维多利亚时代，社会也发生了巨大的变革。
农业社会逐渐向工业社会过渡，城市化进程迅猛发展。
大量农民涌向城市，成为无产阶级工人。
他们在工厂中辛勤劳动，承担着国家工业化进程的重任。
然而，工人阶级也面临着恶劣的生活和劳动条件，社会不公现象日益严重。
维多利亚时代也是社会改革的时期，许多社会问题引发了人们的关注和争议。
随着工业化和城市化的加速推进，城市贫民窟和社会问题日益突出。
通过改革法律和建立福利制度，政府试图解决这些问题。
维多利亚女王本人也支持弱势群体的权益保护，使得英国逐渐形成了一个福利国家。
在文化领域，维多利亚时代也是一段充满创新和探索的时期。
文学、艺术、建筑等领域出现了许多杰出的作品和人物。
查尔斯·狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、塞缪尔·巴克斯特等作家的作品广受欢迎，成为经典的代表作。
建筑风格也发生了变化，维多利亚式建筑成为了当时的主流风格。
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代chapter5thevictorianperiodthevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代backgroundinformationchangesinsocietychangesinpoliticschangesinsciencetechnologychangesinideologythevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代changesinpolitics?politicalpowerpassedfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddleclassindustrialcapitalists
The critical realists were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their works is not of revolution but of reformism.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代
Prose
• Great prose writers: Thomas Carlyle Thomas Babington Macaulay Matthew Arnold John Henry Newman John Stuart Mill John Ruskin Thomas Henry Huxley
• It was welcomed especially by the middleclass industrialists and made cultural values, moral standards less valuable. →the worsening of living condition of poor people
维多利亚时期文学
Part Ⅷ The Victorian Age(维多利亚时代)A.The Victorian Age1.It refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria, from heraccession in 1937 and her death in 1901, but the era of literature is from the Reform Bill（改革法案） in 1932 to the end of the Boer War（布尔战争） in 1902.2.Three phrases :✧The early Victorian Period (1832--1854), the time of troubles,the Reform Bill & Chartism✧Mid—Victorian Period (1855—1879), a time of economicprospering, highest point of development as a world power✧Last Period (1880—1902), a time characterized by decay ofVictorian values (e.g. Self-control, family loyalty, thrift,hard work, etc).B.The backgroundAmid the multitude of social and political forces of this great age, four things stand out clearly.✧First, the age of democracy;✧Second, the age of popular education, of religious tolerance;✧Third, the age of comparative peace;✧Fourth, the age of all the arts and sciences and in mechanicalinventions.C.Chartist Movement(宪章运动)Chartist Movement (1836-1848) was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.D.Literature Current(文学思潮)1.Chartist literature(宪章文学)✧The English working class created a literature of its own whichcan be, in full justice, called the Chartist Literature.✧The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature— the struggle of the proletariat(无产阶级) for its rights.✧Some great Chartist poets are Ernest Jones (1819-1869), ThomasCooper (1805-1892), and William James Linton (1812-1897).2.Critical Realism(批判现实主义文学)✧Critical Realism is one of the literary genres that mainlyflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s in the 19th century.The critical realists not only gave the criticism tobourgeoisie and all ruling classes, bur also showed their deepsympathy for the common people. Hence humor and satire aboundin the English realistic novels of the 19th century. But thecritical realists did not find a way to eradicate(根除) socialevils. They did not realize the necessity of changing thebourgeois society. They were unable to find a good solutionto the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their worksis not of revolution but rather of reformism. Here we see atonce the strength and the weakness of critical realism. Threegreatest representatives of Critical Realism are CharlesDickens(狄更斯), William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷), andGeorge Eliot(艾略特). E.………………………………………………………………………………………………. F.…………………………………………………………………………………………………G.………………………………………………………………………………………………….H.Some Exercises1.The precisian may limit the Victorian period to the years betweenthe Queen’s accession in 1837 and her death in 1901, but a newera really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 andclosed at the end of the Bore war in 1902.2.Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took onits quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sacked andcomplex, and reflected both romantically and realistically thegreat changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.3.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trendcritical realism appeared after the romantic poetry, andflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s.4.Critical realism found its expression in the form of novel; mostof the critical realists were novelists.5.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule ofcash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially democraticand humanistic character if critical realism.6.The Chartist Movement appeared in the 30s of the 19th century.7.The most important poet of the Victorian Age was Tennyson, nextto him, were Robert Browning and his wife.8.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature: thestruggle of the proletariat for its rights.9.The Chartist poetry played an important role in the developmentof English proletariat literature; the greatest Chartist poet was Ernest Jones. I.．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．J.Charles Dickens（狄更斯）A.LifeCharles Dickens (1812--1870) was born in a poor family in the Portsmouth. He gave up schooling to work after his father was put into the prison because of the debt. In 1870, he died of overwork.B.The three period of his literary career1.the first period of youthful optimismAt this stage Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedied if only men behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.Main works in this period:Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》Pickwick Paper 《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯尼克贝》Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》Barnaby Rudge 《巴纳比卢杰》2.the second period of excitement & irritationDickens' second period began from 1842, the year after his first visit to America.Main works in this period:American Notes 《美国札记》Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁朱杰尔维特》A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》The Chimes 《钟声》The Cricket on the Hearth 《炉边蟋蟀》Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔》3.the third period of steadily intensifying pessimismThe last period of Dickens's literary career began with the publication of "Bleak House" in 1852-1853.Up to this time Dickens maintained some hope of reform under capitalism but beginning from "Bleak House" there was an "underlying tone of bitterness" which showed the novelist's loss of hope for English bourgeois society.Main works in this period:Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Time《艰难时世》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》A Tale of Two Cites《双城记》Great Expectations 《远大前程》Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》Edwin Drood（unfinished) 《埃德温多鲁德》C.Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire(3) Complicated & Fascinating Plot(4) The Power of Exposurements of DickensCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London..Characterization is the most outstanding feature of his works.Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works.Yet he is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors.E.Some works1.The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Plot2.Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》PlotThe novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.After experiencing an unhappy apprenticeship to an undertaker, he runs away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves.Then he is made to be a pickpocket. A benevolent rich old man called Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him home, but the thieves kidnap him and make him join them once again. A bad person named Monks, who turns out to be Oliver’s half-brother, helps the thieves in keeping Oliver in the gang, in order to ruin him and obtain the whole of his father’s property. Then Oliver i s made to help one the thieves in breaking into a lady’s house. He gets wounded, and comes into the hands of her aunt. Finally the thieves in the gang are punished and Oliver’s half brother is compelled to confess his evil doing and put into prison. Oliver is adopted by Mr. Brownlow.F.Some exercises1. Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English Critical Realism.2. Of all of Dickens’s novels, David Copperfield is regarded as his masterpiece.3. In A Tale of Two Cities, the two cities are London and Paris in the time of revolution.4. The novel Nicholas Nickleby touches upon a burning question of Dickens’s time; the education of children in the private schools.5. The novel Oliver Twist tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist who was born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.6. The novel Hard Times makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois systemof education and the bourgeois philosophy Utilitarianism.G.OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray（萨克雷）A.His worksThe Books of Snobs 《势力人》Vanity Fair《名利场》Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The Newcomers《纽卡母一家》The Rose and the Ring (fairy tale) 《玫瑰与戒指》（通话）Henry Esmond《亨利·艾斯芒德》The Virginians (historical novels) 《弗吉尼亚人》B.Characteristics of Thackeray’s novels1．William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century.The pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life. He is good at describing the life of the upper class with which he is familiar.2．Thackeray is a satirist.3．He is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.C.Vanity Fair《名利场》1．The Origin of the TitleThis title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’sProgress (天路历程) by Bunyan. It means “a fair, wherein aresold all sorts of vanity.”2．The Implication of the Subtitle----Novel Without a Hero✧No exactly positive character✧About women instead of men✧Not about some particular person but about the society3．Theme of the novelIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the upper class of England in the early decade of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individual in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the upper class.4． Characters: A brief comment on Amelia and Becky in Vanity Fair In Vanity Fair Thackeray successfully characterizes two heroines who stand in contrast in their characters and attitudes towards life.Amelia is a character of milk-and-water type, good in nature, tame and moral, sentimental and sympathetic, but unable to master her own fate. Becky, who is more impressively character and can be said to be the real heroine of the novel in a way, is different from Amelia;she is crafty, unscrupulous, and resourceful and she is neverobedient to her destiny and always rebels in order to have a change in her life, regardless of morality and the social judgment of her.The two heroines are, to Thackeray, the victims of the social environment that is inhuman in its nature.5．D.Some exercise1.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece Vanity Fair, whichmarks the peak of his literary career.2.The sub-title of Vanity Fair is Novel without a Hero. The writer’sintention was not to portray individuals, but bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.3.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women:Amelia Sedlley and Rebecca Sharp, whose characters are sharp contrast.E.othersGeorge Eliot（爱略特）----Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.A.Her Works✧Scenes of Clerical Life 《教区生活场景》✧Adam Bede《亚当贝德》✧Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》✧Silas Marner《织工马南》✧Middlemarch《米德尔马奇》✧需要补充B.Some exercises1.George Eliot was the Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.2.The author of The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot.3.George Eliot produced three remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.4.In the novel Adam Bede, Adam falls in love with a village girl calledHetty Sorrel who is seduced and deserted by a squire.C.OthersCharlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte（夏洛特和爱米丽）A.Works of Bronte Sisters✧Charlotte Bronte Professor《教授》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Shirley《雪丽》Villette.《维莱特》✧Emily Bronte Wuthering House《呼啸山庄》✧Ann Bronte Agnes Grey 《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of Wildfell Hall《维尔德·霍的佃户》B.Jane Eyre1．The theme of the novel✧The criticism of the bourgeois system of education✧The position of the women in society ---- the women should theequal rights with men2．The limitation of the novelCharlotte believes that education is the key to all social problems, and that by the improvements of the school system, mostof the social evils could be removed.3．Why the novel is greatly admired?1) Jane’s characteristics.2) Jane’s treatment of her love and marriage.Jane, differentfrom many other women in the mammon worship society, considersmarriage not as a bargain but as a union of kindred souls.3) Jane sticks to her principles, successfully resists theoppression and other social evils in the inhuman world andacquires her own happiness.4) It contains the author’s criticism of bourgeois attitudetoward marriage and love, and her ruthless expose of inhumanmisery in charity schools of her days which were establishedand run in the name of philanthropy. She attacks the terribleeducational system in her day and points out the miserable fateof poor girls as charity school pupils and as governess.4．C.Wuthering HouseD.Some exercises1.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and AnnBronte.2.Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece is Jane Eyre.3.Emily Bronte’s masterpiece is Wuthering House.E.维多利亚女王维多利亚女王是第一个以“大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国女王和印度女皇”名号称呼的英国君主。