北京外国语大学(357)英语翻译基础2018年真题
北外翻译专业考研试题及答案
北外翻译专业考研试题及答案试题：北外翻译专业考研模拟试题一、词汇翻译（每题2分，共20分）1. 请将下列中文词汇翻译成英文：- 创新- 可持续发展- 人工智能- 国际贸易- 文化多样性2. 请将下列英文词汇翻译成中文：- Globalization- E-commerce- Biodiversity- Climate change- Human rights二、句子翻译（每题5分，共30分）3. 将下列中文句子翻译成英文：- 随着科技的不断进步，我们的生活变得越来越便捷。
- 教育是提升一个国家整体素质的关键。
- 保护环境是每个公民的责任。
4. 将下列英文句子翻译成中文：- "Knowledge is power" is a well-known proverb that encourages continuous learning.- The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.- Environmental protection should be a priority for governments worldwide.三、段落翻译（每题25分，共50分）5. 将下列中文段落翻译成英文：随着全球化的深入发展，跨国公司在世界经济中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
它们不仅推动了国际贸易的增长，还促进了文化交流和技术创新。
6. 将下列英文段落翻译成中文：In the face of climate change, it is imperative that we take immediate action. Sustainable practices must be adopted to reduce our carbon footprint, and international cooperation is essential to address this global challenge.答案：一、词汇翻译1. 创新 - Innovation可持续发展 - Sustainable development人工智能 - Artificial intelligence国际贸易 - International trade文化多样性 - Cultural diversity2. 全球化 - Globalization电子商务 - E-commerce生物多样性 - Biodiversity气候变化 - Climate change人权 - Human rights二、句子翻译3. 随着科技的不断进步，我们的生活变得越来越便捷。
北外英语学院翻译考研真题
北外英语学院翻译考研真题一、英译汉Passage 1:The Price of EducationThe fact that university education has become such a lucrative business has attracted much attention. Universities in the United States, for example, constantly compete to attract students, and they do so by offering various inducements.Some universities offer better facilities, and try to create an attractive environment in which to live and study. Increasingly, however, the quality of education is also being judged by the percentage of graduates who are able to find employment after graduation. Employers, it seems, are no longer satisfied with a university education per se, but want to be assured that graduates will have the skills necessary for the job. To ensure this, some universities are offering simulated work experience as part of their degree programs. Some universities even venture into the realm of industry and commerce, regarding themselves as training colleges rather than as scholarly institutions.The motives behind this new emphasis on practical training are not entirely altruistic. Many universities in the United Kingdom, for example, rely heavily on government funding. The thinking is that by producing employable graduates, universities are not only ensuring that their graduates get good jobs and earn good money, they are also reducing the burden on thestate. Indeed, in some countries, universities that fail to achieve high levels of graduate employment are actually penalized financially.But what is sacrificed in this obsession with practicality? The traditional concept of a university is based on the belief that knowledge is valuable in itself, and that the purpose of education is the pursuit of truth. To surrender this belief and degrade the university to the role of industry training center is to throw the baby out with the bathwater. Certainly, graduates must be able to find employment to support themselves, but a society that puts material gain above all else is a society that has lost its soul.Passage 2:Another Look at Cross-cultural CommunicationThe common expectation of much cross-cultural training is that it is designed to help business people improve their cross-cultural communication competence, thus increasing performance in a variety of multicultural or international contexts. Cross-cultural training often takes the form of brief seminars, sometimes with hands-on experiential exercises and is meant to be enjoyable, eye-opening and informative. Many authors believe that by offering such training, organizations are doing the right thing for their employees because effective cross-cultural communication skills can be a competitive advantage in business.However, less attention has been given to understanding the linkage between the skills and competencies that have been delineated and measured and the ability of learners to effectively apply such knowledge and abilities in specific situations they are likely to encounter at work. Despite the proliferation of studies advocating the use of cross-cultural training toenhance global management effectiveness, very little is known about how training may affect the actual performance of individuals or groups that are experiencing business or mission/aid-related challenges outside of their native cultural contexts.In today’s globalized and technological world, businesses and individuals are more connected across cultural boundaries than ever. In fact, almost all businesses from small to multinational employ individuals who have some form of cross-cultural interactions on a daily basis. By increasing our understanding of the linkages between knowledge, skills and abilitiesand desired training outcomes, we may be able to help individuals and organizations more effectively navigate the challenges associated with increasingly dynamic and complex cross-cultural task environment in which they operate.二、汉译英翻译 Passage 1：教育的代价大学教育已成为一个利润丰厚的生意，这一事实引起了广泛关注。
2015年北京外国语大学357英语翻译基础真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年北京外国语大学357英语翻译基础真题及详解I. Translate the following terms into Chinese. (15 points, 1 point each)1. Bogor Goals【答案】茂物目标2. FTAAP【答案】亚太自由贸易协定/区（全称：Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific）3. zero-sum game【答案】零和博弈4. ALS【答案】自动着陆系统（全称：Automatic Landing System）5. NASA【答案】美国航空航天局（全称：National Aeronautics and Space Administration）6. genomic variation【答案】基因组变异7. ozone depletion8. sinology【答案】汉学9. bitcoin【答案】比特币10. UNCED【答案】联合国环境与发展会议（全称：United Nations Conference on Environment and Development）11. paparazzi【答案】狗仔队12. amino acid【答案】氨基酸13. digital divide【答案】数字鸿沟14. existentialism15. silver-spoon kids【答案】富二代II. Translate the following terms into English. (15 points, 1 point each) 1. 十八届四中全会【答案】the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee2. 亚太经合组织【答案】APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation3. 互联互通【答案】interconnection and interworking4. 量化宽松政策【答案】quantitative easing policy5. 公使衔参赞【答案】minister-counselor6. 埃博拉病毒7. 自闭症【答案】Autism8. 防空识别区【答案】ADIZ: Air Defense Identification Zone9. 负面清单【答案】Negative List10. 房产税【答案】housing property tax11. 专利技术【答案】patented technology12. 和而不同【答案】harmony in diversity13. 地沟油【答案】swill-cooked dirty oil14. 真人秀【答案】reality show15. 逆袭【答案】counteroffensiveIII. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (60 points)The 1992 Rio conference was a high watermark for environmental law. Despite all the many accomplishments since then, we must now acknowledge that Rio has not fulfilled the promises with which the world invested it. After 50 years of diligent and sophisticated work by environmental lawyers on legislation, regulation, principles, treaties, and judicial decisions, how is it that the “actual landscape” of the world’s resources is still “slipping two steps backward for each forward stride”?Part of the explanation for that disappointing result can be found in the statements issued by a distinguished international collection of prosecutors, judges, and legal scholars at the Rio+20-related World Congress on Justice, Governance, and Law for Environmental Sustainability. They focused almost exclusively on matters of substantive doctrine and legal procedure. Recommitment to enhancing “law” in this narrow sense—a body of formal rules and principles and the judicial and prosecutorial mechanisms for their application and enforcement —certainly has great value, and that work should go forward vigorously. But theongoing ecological deterioration is traceable in large part to pervasive social and political attitudes favoring a growth-based model of economic “development” that steadily intensifies humanappropriation of planetary resources.To address the root of the problem, it will be argued here, environmental law needs a more expansive society-based conception of “law,” one that activates law as a social institution engaged broadly with the habits and customs, the expectations and aspirations, of people and organizations in their daily lives. Environmental lawyers, then, need a fresh and bold reimagination of their mission, to hone and use their persuasive and analytical skills in creative ways to alter the social dynamic underlying environmental change and to foment a deep commitment to effective stewardship of resources.【参考译文】1992年的里约会议标志着环境法达到了最高水平。
北外大三汉译法经典例题解析
1. 一定要不断提高人民的生活水平。
应该说这是一个国人耳熟能详的句子，看似简单，但要译成准确、地道的法语，应注意避免下面的翻译：[误] Il faut augmenter sans cesse le niveau de vie du peuple.最主要的问题是，augmenter与其宾语名词le niveau属于比较常见的法语动宾搭配不当，因为augmenter虽然有“提高、增加”的意思，但其宾语一般都是内含数字或数量概念的名词，如augmenter le salaire，augmenter la température，augmenter le prix等，而本句中的“水平”显然指的是生活质量，属抽象或概念化名词。
另外，“人民”这个词法译时，要尽可能少用le peuple，因为le peuple在法语里具有很强的政治和国家色彩，是个非常郑重的字眼。
即便希拉克讲话，也常用诸如Fran?aises et Fran?ais, mes chers compatriotes, la population等词语替代。
其实，汉语里所说的人民，多数情况下就是“民众、大众、老百姓”的意思。
所以，建议将上面那句汉语改译成：[正] Il faut que le niveau de vie de la population s'élève sans cesse / s'améliore de plus en plus. // Il faut rendre la vie de la population de meilleure en meilleure.2. 这场报告抓住了很多听众的心。
[误] Ce rapport a saisi le coeur de beaucoup d'auditeurs.首先，法语的rapport纵然有“报告”之意，也多为书面的总结报告，而且写了是用来“看”和“审读”的，不是用作“听”的。
北京邮电大学2018年《357英语翻译基础》考研专业课真题试卷
markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be
tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout
Section One English-Chinese Translation (15 points) Directions: 将下列缩略语、 习语、 术语和专有名词译成汉
语。
1. SOHO 2. URL 3. BT 4. UPS 5. API 6. Look before you leap. 7. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 8. emerging economies 9. foreign exchange market 10. tax threshold 11. unapproved construction 12. base station 13. on-demand services 14. binge-watching 15. a grassroots delegate
北京邮电大学
2018 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：英语翻译基础
请考生注意：所有答案（包括选择题和填空题）一律写在答题纸上，
否则不计成绩。
口需使用计算器
·不使用计算器
PART ONE ABBREVIATIONS, IDIOMS, TERMS AND PROPER NAMES TRANSLATION (one point each, 30 points)
英语翻译二级笔译实务真题2018年5月及答案解析
英语翻译二级笔译实务真题2018年5月及答案解析(1/2)Section ⅠEnglish-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following two passages into Chinese.Part A Compulsory Translation第1题At one of the better colleges in India´s capital, there is just one large room for 140 faculty members to sit and have a cup of tea or grade papers. "If even half show up, there aren´t enough chairs," said Amin, a history professor there. "There is no other place to work. In this situation, how do you expect teachers to work?"The lack of amenities for faculty members is not the only issue. After 30 years at Mary College, which is one of dozens administered by the University of Delhi, Ms. Amin makes the equivalent of $22,000 a year - less than half of what some of her better students will make in their first jobs. New opportunities offer not just more money for graduates but also mobility and flexibility, which are virtually unheard of for faculty at most of India´s colleges and universities.All this means that India is facing a severe shortage of faculty members. But it is not just low pay and lack of facilities that are being blamed. According to a government report published last year, a massive expansion in higher education combined with a poor supply of PhD´s, delays in recruitment and the lack of incentives to attract and nurture talent has led to a situation in which 40 percent of existing faculty positions remain vacant. The report´s authors, mostly academics, found that if the shortfall is calculated using the class size recommended by the government, this figure jumps to 54 percent.Experts say this is the clearest sign that India will fail to meet the goal set by the education minister, who has pledged to more than double the size of the country´s higher education system by 2020. They say that while the ambition is laudable, the absence of a long-term strategy to develop faculty will ensure that India´s education dream remains just that.Mr. Balakrishnan of Indian institute of technology in Delhi, meanwhile, was more optimistic. He felt India could enroll as much as 25 percent of eligible students in colleges and universities - about twice the current figure - by the end of this decade. "Tangible changes are happening," he said. "The debate that has happened in the last few years has taken people out of their comfort zones. There is more consensus across the board that we need to scale quality education."_____________下一题(2/2)Section ⅠEnglish-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following two passages into Chinese.Part A Compulsory Translation第2题Millions of tourists come here every year to visit the ancient ruins of Angkor Wat, an influx that has helped transform what once resembled a small, laid-back village into a thriving and cosmopolitan town with thumping nightlife and more than 10,000 hotel rooms.But the explosion of the tourism industry here has also done something less predictable. Siem Reap, which had no universities a de cade ago, is now Cambodia’s second-largest hub for higher education, after the capital, Phnom Penh. The sons and daughters of impoverished rice farmers flock here to work as tour guides, receptionists, bartenders and waitresses.When their shifts are o ver, they study finance, English and accounting.“ The establishment offive private universities here is helping to transform the work force in this part of Cambodia.Employers say that English proficiency is rising and that workers who attend universities stand out for their ability to express themselves and make decisions.A generation of students who would otherwise have had little hope to study beyond high school are enduring grueling schedules to get a degree and pursue their dreams.Khim Borin, a 26-year-old tour guide by day and law student by night, says he wants to become a lawyer. But he sometimes has trouble staying awake in class during the high tourist season, when he spends hours scaling vertiginous temple steps and baking in the tropical sun. There was no master plan for work and study life. It was driven largely by supply and demand: universities opened to cater to the dreams of Cambodia’s youth; and the freedom of time provided for the rhythm of the peak season.After graduation, students who work and study at the same time often have an edge over fresh graduates who have never worked before, for whom starting a career can be difficult, Ms. Chan and others say. University students are “more communicative,” she said. “If they don’t like so mething, they speak out.” Ms. Chan and others say they are lucky that Angkor’s temples have proved so popular with tourists. If it were not for the sandstone structures nestled in the jungles, Siem Reap would probably have remained a backwater. Last year, 3.3 million tourists visited Siem Reap, half of them foreigners, according to the Cambodian Ministry of Tourism._____________ 上一题下一题(1/2)Section ⅡChinese-English TranslationTranslate the following two passages into English.Part A Compulsory Translation第3题2000多年前，亚欧大陆上勤劳勇敢的人民，探索出多条连接亚欧非几大文明的贸易和人文交流通路，后人将其统称为“丝绸之路”。
北外大三 汉译法 经典例题解析
1. 一定要不断提高人民的生活水平。
应该说这是一个国人耳熟能详的句子，看似简单，但要译成准确、地道的法语，应注意避免下面的翻译：[误] Il faut augmenter sans cesse le niveau de vie du peuple.最主要的问题是，augmenter与其宾语名词le niveau属于比较常见的法语动宾搭配不当，因为augmenter虽然有“提高、增加”的意思，但其宾语一般都是内含数字或数量概念的名词，如augmenter le salaire，augmenter la température，augmenter le prix等，而本句中的“水平”显然指的是生活质量，属抽象或概念化名词。
另外，“人民”这个词法译时，要尽可能少用le peuple，因为le peuple在法语里具有很强的政治和国家色彩，是个非常郑重的字眼。
即便希拉克讲话，也常用诸如Fran?aises et Fran?ais, mes chers compatriotes, la population等词语替代。
其实，汉语里所说的人民，多数情况下就是“民众、大众、老百姓”的意思。
所以，建议将上面那句汉语改译成：[正] Il faut que le niveau de vie de la population s'élève sans cesse / s'améliore de plus en plus. // Il faut rendre la vie de la population de meilleure en meilleure.2. 这场报告抓住了很多听众的心。
[误] Ce rapport a saisi le coeur de beaucoup d'auditeurs.首先，法语的rapport纵然有“报告”之意，也多为书面的总结报告，而且写了是用来“看”和“审读”的，不是用作“听”的。
2018北京外国语大学基础英语真题
2018北京外国语大学基础英语真题第一部分：改错When Rudyard Kipling died on Jan. 18, 1936, just three weeks after his 70th birthday, he had been one of Britain's most heralded writers for no fewer than 47 years. During much of this time, he also used his fame to intervene in politics as a propagandist, prophet and doomsayer. His standing in Britain was exceptional: for almost his entire adult life, he wrote in the knowledge that he would be read and he spoke with the expectation of being heard.His life's cause was defense of the British Empire, but he also opined of →on every imaginable topic. A conservative by instinct, a rebel at heart, his views were unpredictable: many echoed on (去掉) the mood of the street, some were stridently pugnacious, a few unapologetically eccentric.His immense popularity guaranteed himfor （去掉）a lifelong pulpit. Yet how did he achieve this power at so young an age? Born in India in 1865, he was just 5 when he was shipped back to England and installed unhappily in a boarding house in Southsea. At 12 he was packed off to one of myriad boarding schools preparing boys to running →run the empire. Then at 16 he returned to India, there→where his father found him a job on a newspaper in Lahore. So →Yet only seven years later, when he arrived back in England, he was proclaimed as (去掉) Tennyson's successor.His precocious talent, it seems, was born of sharp powers of observation, an ability to empathize ＋with ordinary people, and a fearless and fluent pen. His early political views reflected a belief that India was well served by British rule. Thus, moves to give Indians＋a greater say in running the country stirred his fury. At 17, young Rud had the gall to assail the British viceroy of India in print. Soon, he was also publishing poems and stories, beginning with clever parodies of well-known British poets, then moving into political and social satire.第二部分：阅读理解1The Current State of the U.S. DebtAs of June 7, 2016, the U.S. national debt stood at $19.279 trillion, which is 101% of our nation’s gross domesti c product (GDP). This is more than double the national debt from 10 years ago, when it was 61% of GDP. However, when broader measures of debt are included, such as entitlement payments and government pensions, the actual debt load rises to a staggering 288% of GDP. The good news is that the rate of growth in national debt is slowing. The bad news is, even with a slowing growth rate, federal budget experts suggest that the high national debt may not be sustainable without significant reductionsin government spending and an increase in tax revenues, a feat not likely to happen anytime soon with a polarized U.S. Congress. Under current circumstances, the national debt will soar to more than $30 trillion in 2026.How the National Debt Grew So LargeThe increase in national debt comes from the government spending more than it takes in, which creates a fiscal deficit in the year when it occurs. The fiscal deficit is added to the national debt every year. A surplus would reduce the national debt, but the government has not generated one since 1998 through 2001. The rapid increase in the national debt can betraced back to 1974, when it grew at an average annual rate of 10.9% through 1978. In 1980, when annual deficits spiked sharply, the rate of growth was 13.4% through 1990. These periods followed the decoupling of the dollar from the gold standard by President Richard Nixon in 1971. Since dollars were no longer redeemable in gold, and were backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, there was no limit on what Congress could spend.That newfound freedom ushered in the era of pork spending, in which politicians could add pet projects to bills to benefit people in their districts or states. These earmarks add billions of dollars to the budget each year. Although Congress imposes debt limits each year, a budget deal between Congress and the administration effectively removed them in 2015, allowing the government to borrow as much as it needs.In 1974, the fiscal deficit was $6.1 billion. By 1983, it mushroomed to $207 billion. Following the surpluses in 1998 to 2001, the deficits grew under President George W. Bush, reaching $459 billion in 2008. In President Barack Obama’s first year of office, the def icit ballooned to $1.4 trillion, due in large part to the stimulus package he enacted during the Great Recession. After four years of trillion-dollar deficits, the combination of a recovering economy, higher taxes and reduced government spending cut the deficit in half. In 2015, the deficit was $438 billion, and the projected 2016 deficit is $500 billion. Although that is a big improvement, the current deficit level is projected to add around $1 trillion to the national debt every two years.Deficits Are Going to Increase From HereSince 2007, the federal government has benefited from near-zero interest rates, which came about through its quantitative easing programs in the wake of the financial crisis. However, as the interest rates rise, the cost of maintaining the debt will increase. Interest on debt is projected to overtake military spending by 2021, which will require major cuts in domestic spending to avoid a dramatic debt increase. Over the next 10 years, interest on debt, Social Security and federal health care programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and Obamacare are expected to account for 83% of the projected increase in spending,driving the federal deficit back up to the trillion-dollar level.Short of drastic changes in the way Congress and the administration approaches the federal budget, the national debt is expected to continue on its current trajectory. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) says we can maintain the current debt-to-GDP level by either raising taxes or cutting spending, or a combination of both, by 1.1% of GDP if it is done today, or 1.9% if it is not done in the next 10 years. In the current political environment, in which neither side has an appetite for compromise, it is more likely to get done later rather than sooner.第三部分:阅读理解2Alibaba sparks China’s consumer revolutionThis Saturday is Singles Day, which Alibaba, the Chinese ecommerce giant, has made into the world’s biggest fashion and gift -buying extravaganza. It is the climax of a “shopping andentertainment f estival” that easily exceeds the sales of Black Friday and Cyber Monday in the US.Chinese shoppers spent $18bn online on November 11 last year, 82 per cent using mobile devices. This year, 140,000 brands, including 60,000 international names, are offering 15m items for sale. Singles Day is an expression of the power of Chinese ecommerce.The numbers, although huge, understate the significance of the phenomenon. China is experiencing a consumer revolution, comparable to the one that happened in Europe in the 18th century, culminating in the 19th-century invention of the department store. Alibaba and competitors such as are making ecommerce not merely efficient but entertaining.Singles Day, which Alibaba calls 11.11, started as a celebration by students in Nanjing and has become an online parade stimulating a frenzy of buying. David Hill, the producer of its countdown show on Friday evening, talks of mounting “a lavish experience that is emotionally satisfying and delivers a psychic reward activating people to go online at midnight”.Note the contrast with online shopping in the US and Europe, which draws its appeal from scale and price, rather than entertainment. If you desire fun, visit a shopping mall or a fashion boutique; if you want something cheaply and conveniently, go to Amazon to get it delivered. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s founder, has done everything he can to eliminate the frictions of shopping.The difference reflects the gulf between the US and China in the development of physicalretailing. Americans have many choices of places to shop, so Mr Bezos first focused on the efficiency that only a digital platform can deliver. China is a less mature market outside the big cities and Alibaba’sTmall and sell global brands online that shopper s cannot otherwise buy.These companies have to offer the entire experience of shopping, including the fun of browsing and discovering things. Alibaba calls this “new retail” —the integration of ecommerce with stores with apps and augmented reality. “I truly believe shopping is fun,” says Chris Tung, Alibaba’s chief marketing officer. “When you open the box, your heartbeat speeds up a little bit.”The growth of shopping in China mirrors the past. “Novelty, fashion, adaptation and innovation — the fuel of consumer societies — were the product of east-west exchange,” Frank Trentmann writes in Empire of Things, his history of global consumerism. The 18th-century revolution started with the import of spices, coffee and tea to Europe, along with porcelain from China.Eur ope’s consumerism grew out of urbanisation: the growth of cities where people could both make and spend money. A similar phenomenon is occurring in China. Morgan Stanleyestimates that private consumption could reach 47 per cent of the countr y’s gross domestic product by 2030, with most consumption growth in lower-tier cities to which people are flowing from rural areas.Consumerism blurred social classes in Europe after the lifting of the sumptuary laws of the late Middle Ages, originally imposed to curb luxury and prevent the masses from dressing like aristocrats. The twist in post-revolutionary China was that everyone had to dress like a peasant; on Singles Day, the new middle class can please itself.This raises a question for a society that still counts itself as being under Communist rule. The 18th-century upsurge in consumerism predated the industrial revolution, and some historians argue that one led to the other —the heavy demand for imported goods provoked technological advances in British manufacturing.But you never know where a revolution will lead, as 18th-century England discovered. There may yet come a clash between Chinese consumer power and party discipline. One era’s retail entertainment is another’s sin.Gap FillingAmong those retired in the EU, women on average receive 39% less in pension income —from state and workplace pensions—than men do (see chart). This puts women at greater risk of old-age poverty. The European Institute for Gender Equality, a think-tank,warned in a study in 2015 that it also makes them more likely to stay with abusive partners. Reforms to European pensions, tying benefits even closer to individual contributions and thus income, mean the gap may widen further.The schism is primarily a reflection of the labour market. Women on average work fewer hours than men, in less well-paid jobs, for fewer years. So of course their workplace pensions are smaller. But retirement is more costly for women. In Europe they retire on average earlier than men and live five years longer. Longer lives are not a problem if the state or a company has promised to pay a fixed income until death. In the EU, annuities are not allowed to discriminate on gender grounds and so are a better deal for women than men. But women also have longer periods of illness and are twice as likely to live alone in old age. And they tend to be more cautious than men, often preferring cash or fixed-income investments. Mercer, a consultancy, found that women are 67% more likely than men to invest in a defensive fund with a lower expected level of growth. So women without a fixed pension tend to be worse off.In Germany the gap is far more pronounced in the west than in the east, where more women work, partly a hangover of the communist past. Then women worked almost as much as men and pensions were tied to years worked, not income. That helps explain the small pension gaps among the retired in former Soviet countries. Such historical legacies must be kept in mind when projecting what the gaps might be in the future, says Ole Beier, from the OECD, a think-tank.A few recent developments, however, may aggravate the problem, notably a steady shift from public to private pensions. This is vital if state pensions are to be affordable as societies age.But unless women earn and save more, the gap will widen. And after years of progress in many countries, the pay differential between men and women has stopped narrowing. Prescriptions for narrowing the gap in workforce pay are well-known. Access to affordable child care, paid parental leave and flexible working all help. Abolishing lower retirement ages for women, as is happening in most OECD countries, will also help. But even so, for the immediate future women are likely to continue to have different career trajectories from men’s, with more breaks—for raising children and caring for the elderly —and fewer promotions. Diane Garnick, from TIAA, a financial-services firm, says that many women think that so long as they put the (default) recommended share of their pay into a savings pot they are on track, even if in absolute terms the number is too low.第四部分：英汉互译英译汉Accomplishment is often deceptive because we don't see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break, and letourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three. Not that we could all be concert pianists just by exercising enough discipline. Rather, each of us has the making of success in some endeavor, but we will achieve this only if we apply our wills and work at it.How can we acquire stick-to-itiveness? There is no simple, fast formula. But I have developed a way of thinking that has rescued my own vacillating will more than once. Here are the basic elements: "Won't" power. This is as important as will power. The ancient Chinese philosopher Mencius said, "Men must be decided on what they will not do, and then they are able to act with vigor in what they ought to do." Discipline means choices. Every time you say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to many more. Every prize has its price. The prize is the yes; the price is the no. Igor Gorin, the noted Ukrainian-American baritone, told of his early days studying voice. He loved to smoke a pipe, but one day his professor said," Igor, you will have to make up your mind whether you are going to be a great singer, or a great pipesmoker. You cannot be both. " So the pipe went. Delayed gratification. M. Scott Peck, M.D., author of the best-seller the Road less Traveled, describes this tool of discipline as "a process of scheduling the pain and pleasure of life in such a way as to enhance the pleasure by meeting and experiencing the pain first and getting it over with." This may involve routine daily decisions---something as simple as skipping a favorite late-night TV show and getting to bed early, to be wide awake for a meeting the next morning. Or it might involve longer-term resolves. A young widow with three children decided to invest her insurance settlement in a college education for herself. She considered the realities of a tight budget and little free time, but these seemed small sacrifices in return for the doors that a degree would open. Today she is a highly paid financial consultant.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
步入北京园的第一进院，是个四合院式的宫廷园林，依景种植松石、翠竹，还有 以白色花卉为主的牡丹、玉兰、海棠，体现了幽静、典雅的宫廷氛围；第二进院 是自然与人工交汇的山水园，突显堂皇大气，是全园景观的经典；第三进院则是 一处既含蓄又内敛的皇家山地园，北京园的主要建筑万象昭辉就坐落于此。
万象昭辉是北京园的最高点，拾阶而上，登上高处，园内的方池、书楼、廊榭、 亭台、石桥，尽收眼底；放眼园外，可看见京石铁路上的高铁列车飞驰而过，仿 佛预示着繁荣的过去与快速发展的今天。
2018 年北京外国语大学翻译基础真题 1.英译汉 Universiade Ethereum AIIB Grapheme Demographic dividend Flipped classroom Private equity COP INDC CDM UIБайду номын сангаасAI Majority ownership Human-machine interactive On-board infotainment
There were competing narratives on whether agriculture was becoming more desirable to young people as a result. Participants felt that these developments were making agriculture more and more profitable and therefore more appealing. But they felt that there was a huge obstacle in engaging in it —scarcity of land. Although the dominant view was that young people are disinterested in agriculture, some participants pointed out that this was not always the case.
2.汉译英 行政审批 小康社会 名胜古迹
民主集中制
共享单车
上市公司
植树造林
表情包
中共中央军事委员会
食品添加剂
社会主义核心价值观
员工福利
论语
译制片
要有大局意识
3.A survey of rural in- and out-of school young people towards agriculture, based on field-work in two regions in Ethiopia, is remarkably rich and insightful. Life as a farmer was tied to life in a village which most respondents saw as hard and demanding. Yet there was considerable heterogeneity in the views of the young. Participants in both regions concurred that agriculture has changed significantly over the last decade. The introduction and adoption of agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, fertilisers and better farming methods have produced significant increases in productivity and earnings.
A slightly more positive attitude towards agriculture was evident among young people who had left school, either failing to complete high school for various reasons or to qualify for higher level education. Although this group of respondents were equally aware of the grimness of traditional agriculture and the life of the common farmer, many were not dismissive of agriculture as a possible future livelihood, while a few even saw it as a preferred livelihood option, under improved conditions