大学英语写作课件4-Composing--essays
实用英语写作第五章教案 Composing Essays
1.Planning a CompositionA. When a topic is assigned, the student should first try to think of as manyrelevant facts as he can and write down them on a piece of paper.B.At the same time, he should try to find a proper thesis or theme. Thethesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from the facts to be presented in the composition.C.After that, he should look at the list of facts again, eliminate thoseunnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2.Types of OutlinesAn outline subdivides the controlling idea or thesis of the essay into smaller parts, which are then developed into separate paragraphs. Roman and Arabic numerals and letters of the alphabet are generally used to number and order ideas. There are two commonly used types of outline: the topic outline and the sentence outline.A.Topic OutlineAll entries in a topic outline consist of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents, that is, gerund phrases or infinitive phrases. A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper.B.Sentence OutlineThe entries in a sentence outline are complete sentences. A sentenceoutline provides a more detailed plan of the paper.3.Writing the First DraftIt is necessary to write a first draft, in which there should be enough space between lines for future corrections and improvements. While writing the draft, the writer need not be afraid of the departing form theout line at one place or another. But he had better stop to revise his outline or work out a new one if he finds his original outline entirely impracticable.4.Revising the First DraftIf possible, a student should write the first draft one to two days before the time when he has to hand in the composition to the teacher. He will then have enough time for revising the draft, and be able to examine it more objectively.While revising a composition, the student should keep in mind that revision does not mean a simple correction of mistake in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics.5.Making the Final CopyThe very last step in writing a composition, a step that should never be forgotten, is to check the final copy. In doing so the writer is likely to find that he has made careless mistakes in grammar and spelling, and he may also want to change a word here and there.II Organization1.Some PrinciplesA.Like a paragraph, a composition must have unity. A speaker may beallowed to digress from his main subject for a little while, but a writer is not given such freedom.B. A composition consists of several paragraphs, each of which has onecentral thought. They must be arranged in some kind of order, so that one paragraph leads naturally to another to form an organic whole.C.Proportion is as important to an essay as it is to a painting. Main facts orideas deserve full treatment; minor ones should be given less space. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part about seven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.2.The BeginningA.The beginning rouses the reader’s interest in and secures his attention tothe subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information.B.The middle gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideasthe writer intends to put forth.C.The end winds up the essay often with an emphatic and forcefulstatement to influence the reader’s final impression of the essay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short, forceful, substantial, and thought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed. No new ideas should be introduced in a concluding paragraph.Sometimes it is good to link the concluding paragraph to the introductory. If. For instance, a question is raised in the introductoryparagraph, an answer should be given in the concluding paragraph.III Types of Writing1.DescriptionA description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or theimpressions of one’s senses—sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones.A. Description of a personWhile describing a person, the writer should try to reveal the person’s character, thoughts, and feelings, which may be shown in what theperson does and says, or in how he behaves to others. And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people.B. Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describinga person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the thingsthat make it different from other places.C. Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it plays in a person’s life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.D. Description of a sceneA scene usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people,and the actions. It is also possible to describe the scene of some natural phenomenon.The writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene. Before he begins to write, he must make up his mind as to what effect he wants the description to achieve. This will help him to decide which details to delete and which to include.2.NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In itsbroadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary,biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. When planning anarrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selectionof details, organization, point of view, and purpose.3.ExpositionExposition means expounding or explaining. Exposition mainly dealswith processes and relationships. We are writing a descriptive essaywhen we describe the appearance of an object; but we are writing an expository essay when we explain how it is made, how it is used, and how it may change. Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast, and analysis of their causes and effects or definition.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this the writer should:A.Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, or it is impossible to explainmany things clearly in a short essay:B.Prepare enough material to help his explanation; the ordinary reader oftenfinds abstract discussions hard to follow if they are not illustrated by concrete examples;C.Present his facts and views in proper order.D.Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoidornamental as well as ambiguous expressions.4.ArgumentationThe purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes know something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it. Argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:A.A debatable pointB.Sufficient evidenceC.Good logicD.Clear logicE.Good use of the other three types of writingF.An honest and friendly attitude。
大学英语四级写作专题讲解.ppt
not many, to make opportunities is more essential to
his
success.
分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”
对于成功的重要性，点明主题。
常用的开头段的表达方法
• ●引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics） 当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做 法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分 析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。 如： As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002. 分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万 这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性， 很有说服力。
opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer
once remarked. But it still has a profound significance
now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are
大学英语四级写作专题
四级作文解析
大学英语四级作文框架结构 ppt课件
的必要性。第三段为描述文：以“人”
为中心描述一个“做”的过程。跟上两
段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词。它 要与第二段相呼应进行描述。
大学英语四级作文框架结构
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二、主题句
• 通过审题，我们知道了写作的思路。下 边我们就谈怎么样写。第一步就是要写 主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提， 只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题 句最保险的方法就是把各要求句译成英 语。例如上述作文的三段主题句分别为：
大学英语四级作文框架结构
9
• 第一段为议论文：它的写作特点是要有 论点和论据，而且往往从正反两面来论 述。例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路 是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从 正面论述）；不能做倒合格大学生，会 怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做 合格的大学生10
• 第二段为说明文：它的写作特点是从几 方面或几条来说明一个问题，就跟某一 机器的说明书一样通过1、2、3说明它的 用途。就以上面的作文而言，我们从三
☆ It is very important to have good health. (将名 词importance变成形容词important) • ☆ There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型) • ☆ My own practices are the following.（采用原 词）
大学英语四级作文框架结构
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• （1） 做合格大学生的必要性（2） 做合格大 学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）（3）
很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。我们认为 说它是议论文是片面的。因为第一段要求写
“...必要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文；第 二段要求写“...必备条件”，这说明本段要求 写说明文；而第三段要求写“...这样做”，说
英语四级作文写作技巧PPT课件
3
三. 写作步骤
◆ 1、审题(确定体裁或写作类型:议论文？应用文？说明
文？描述文？; 确定主题句（论点）
◆ 2、草拟提纲(围绕提示句,扩展Байду номын сангаас示句所提供的信息) ◆ 3、正文写作 ◆ 4、检查修改(时态：时态一致; 主谓关系—单复数; 人
side of the latter view. 4. After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in
favor of the latter view that… 5. If asked to make a decision, I would prefer… 6. Taking into consideration both sides of the issue, I tend
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二. 大学英语四级作文评分标准
◆ 2%……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子 均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
◆ 5%……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的 严重语言错误。
◆ 8%……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强 连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
◆ 11%……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言 错误。
6. With the development of the society, the controversial issue of … is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue. 随着社会的发展，______这个极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关 注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。
大学英语四级应用文写作 PPT
称呼(Salutation) 称呼应比信内地址低两行,靠左边顶格自成一行。
称呼后面美国人习惯加冒号,英国人习惯加逗号, 两种 写法皆可。如:
Dear Proferssor, (英式) Dear President:(美式) 最常用的称呼是:Dear+(头衔)+姓或名,如: Dear Prof 、 Geller, Dear Mr、 Alan:
、 (其
►
Only by
can you 、 (总结)
►
Best wishes!
►
Yours truly,
►
Li Ming
► 范文点评一
► A Letter in Reply to a Friend
► Dear x,
► ⑴ I am very happy to learn that you want to apply to our university、 ⑵ You are wele to be one of us、 ⑶ When it es to which major you should choose, I suggest that you apply for puter Science、 ⑷ To begin with, this is one of the best specialized programs in our university、 ⑸ What’s more, puter Science majors are more likely to find well-paid jobs、
► １)建议报考的专业及理由;
► ２)报考该专业的基本条件;
► ３)应当如何备考。
► 模板一
►
December 27 th, 2003
4大学英语论文写作四PPT课件
Others would like to have their private cars.
I choose to travel.
ThTehseisis stsattaetmemenetnt
Foreign travel helps me to learn about cultures of different nations and make friends all over the world.
n 2. A paragraph
constructed following the
straightforward-line thought
pattern
n A. writing purpose: to express an idea
n
-- to tell sth./ idea
n
-- to make it clear
n
-- conclude to
emphasize the topic
n C. A three-set/ part/ element construction
n
-- the topic sentence
n
-- supporting
sentences
n
-- ( the concluding
sentence)
Lecture Four
Drafting the Essay
How to Construct an Essay
I. The basic structure of a paragraph
II. The basic structure of an essay
英文写作,如何写散文
Chapter 6 Composing Essays6.2 Types of WritingThere are four types of writing: description, narration, exposition and argumentation.1. DescriptionGenerally, description is concerned with people, places and things. It is the art of translating the mental image (意象)of some object , person, place, or scene into words. It is a way of painting images in a certain logical pattern. The writer intends to tell how something looks like, sounds like, smells like, tastes like, or how one feels.2. Basic Elements of DescriptionAll descriptions involve two elements: the object –that which is seen or heard, and the observer— he who also sees or hears it.描写性文章有两大要素——描写对象和观察主体。
3. Basic Types of DescriptionDescriptions can be divided into two basic types: the objective and the subjective. Objective description attempts to report accurately the appearance of the object as a thing in itself, independent of the observer’s perception of it or feeling about it.(描写文可以分为两种：客观描写和主观描写。
大学英语四级写作讲解应用文
Characteristics: Applied writing typologically exhibits the following features
Definition and Characteristics of Applied Writing
01
02
03
Clear and decide language
Practical Writing Explanations for College English
目 录
CONTENCT
Overview and Importance of Applied Writing Common types of applied writing and writing techniques Requirements and grading standards for applied writing in the College English Test Band 4
Property format
Notices and announcements typically follow a standard format that includes a title, date, main body, and conclusion Make sure to include all relevant information in the appropriate sections
Writing guidance for job application articles such as resumes and cover letters
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Requirements and grading standards for applied writing in the College English Test Band 4