货币金融学第11、12章
米什金《货币金融学》第11章

重点知识1.金融创新有哪些类型?经济环境的变化推动金融机构寻求金融创新。
金融创新的三种基本类型为:①适应需求变化的创新:利率波动性利率风险的上升增加了对能够控制这种风险的金融产品和服务的需求,促进了新金融工具的诞生:可变利率抵押贷款、金融衍生产品。
②适应供给变化的金融创新:信息技术信息技术降低了处理金融交易的成本,提高了金融机构通过为公众创建新金融产品和提供新服务所获取的利润;此外,它使得投资者更容易获取信息,从而为企业发行证券提供了便利。
信息技术的迅速发展导致了很多新金融产品和服务的诞生:银行信用卡和借记卡、电子银行业务、垃圾债券、商业票据市场、证券化。
③规避现行监管的金融创新:主要为了规避两类监管:法定准备金、对存款利息支付的限制。
因此导致了两个重要的金融创新:货币市场共同基金和流动账户。
2.网络银行的发展为何不尽如人意?(第九版)①银行储户希望了解他们的存款是安全的,因此不愿意将自己的钱交给没有长期记录的新机构。
②客户担心在线交易的安全性和私密性。
在私人信息保管方面,一般认为传统银行的安全性更好,信誉更高。
③客户可能愿意接受由有形营业机构所提供的服务。
例如,银行客户更愿意面对面地购买长期储蓄产品。
④网络银行存在一些技术难题,如服务器瘫痪、互联网速度慢与交易操作失误等,随着技术的发展,这些问题可能会逐渐消失。
3.传统银行业务的规模为什么出现萎缩?①资金获取(负债)的成本优势的下降。
在过去根据《Q条例》,对支票存款不得付息,对定期存款支付的最高利率水平只能略高于5%。
而支票存款是银行资金的主要来源于支票存款零利率的规定意味着银行资金成本非常低。
因此,这些限制性政策是有利于银行的。
随着通货膨胀率的上升导致了高利率环境,投资者对不同资产之间的收益率差异更为敏感,结果就是脱媒过程,即人们将资金从银行低利率的支票存款和定期存款账户中提取出来,转而投资于收益率较高的资产。
同时《Q条例》导致了货币市场共同基金的金融创新,从而将银行拖入更为不利的境地。
货币金融学·第十一章 货币制度

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信用货币制度
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纸币本位制
纸币本位制是以中央银行或国家指定机构发行的纸币 作为本位货币的货币制度,纸币本位制又称作信用本位制。
纸币本身并无价值,它之所以能成为本位币其原因在于:
货币金融学
首先,磨损了的铸币还 可在相当时期内继续充 当本位币,商业银行发 行的银行券也可以代表 金银货币在市场上流通
在当代世界各国已无金属货币流通的情况下,黄金准备的后两项 用途已经消失,但黄金作为国际支付的准备金这一作用仍继续存在, 各国也都储备一定量的黄金作为准备。
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金属货币制度
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银本位
银本位制是以白银为本位货币材料的货币制度。有银 两本位和银币本位两种类型。
货币金融学
目前各国信用货币的发行权都由法律规定集中于中央银行 或指定机构,由国家垄断发行。
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货币的流通和支付能力
本位币
非本位币
面值与实际金属价值是 一致的,是足值货币, 各国法律规定,本位币 具有无限法偿能力。
货币金融学
各国一般规定辅币只具 有有限法偿力,但可以 与本位币自由兑换。
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准备金制度
黄金储备是准备金制度的重要内容。在金属货币流通 的条件下,黄金储备主要有三项用途:
第一,作为国际支付手段的准备金,也就是作为世界货币的准备金
货币金融学_朱新蓉__课后习题答案(修改后)

第一章课后习题答案三、思考题1.为什么说货币形式从实物货币到金属再到信用货币是必然规律?货币形式的演变过程体现着一个基本规律,即货币形式的发展必须适应生产力水平的发展。
在所有经济因素中,生产力因素是决定性的,货币同其他因素一样,都要适应生产力海水平。
不管是形式多样的实物货币,还是曾经发挥过巨大促进作用的金属货币,都不可避免地被淘汰,而信用货币则是适合当前生产力水平的货币形式。
2.支付手段职能导致货币危机性的原因何在?它与通货膨胀有何关系?⑴支付手段可能引发债务链条,从而导致货币流通和商品流通的不正常。
并且,货币具有相对独立运行的能力,在无发行信用保证时,可能引发货币的超量发行从而导致货币危机的发生。
⑵从表面上看,支付手段是货币进行单方面的转移,与商品脱离了关系,所以容易给人一种错觉,认为货币本身就是一种财富,货币越多财富就越多,导致货币量急剧增长,严重偏离商品和劳务总量,最终的结果只可能是物价上涨引致通货膨胀。
3.金属货币的贮藏手段职能为什么可以自发调节货币流通量,而信用货币不能?在金属货币条件下,当经济中出现一定的物价上涨时,人们会倾向于收藏货币等待物价回落,而金属货币“窖藏”的贮藏方式可以使流通中货币实实在在地减少,从而使物价回落;在信用货币的条件下,由于信用货币本身是价值符号,人们面对物价上涨就会尽可能地将货币换成商品,而且即便人们愿意贮藏,信用货币的主要贮藏方式是存款,存款不仅不会减少流通中货币量,相反还可能通过银行信用创造出更多货币,所以,自发调节货币流通量的功能就不存在了。
4.电子货币的发展会对货币层次和货币范围产生怎样的影响?在传统的货币理论中,根据金融资产流动性的高低,将货币划分为四个不同的层次,然而,对货币层次进行划分要具备两个基本的前提:一是要客观存在具有明显不同流动性和收益的金融资产;二是各种金融资产之间的界限十分明显并且在统计时点前后的一段时间内保持相对稳定性。
在电子货币条件下,传统货币层次的划分前提受到了挑战。
参考答案:第十一章货币需求

第十一章货币需求一、填空1.流通速度2.商品价格商品价格水平3.资产4.现金交易现金余额5.利率6.预防动机投机动机7.收入利率8.预防性货币需求9.恒久性收入10.物价变动11.机会成本12.保值生利13.规模机会成本二、判断1.错2.对3.对4.错5.错6.对7.对8.对9.对10.错三、单选1.C 2.A四、多选1.ABD 2.BCD 3.AD 4.BCD 5.ABC6.ABCD 7.AB四、问答1.阐明马克思关于流通中货币量的理论。
答:首先,马克思是以完全的金币流通为假设条件。
他的论证是:(1)商品价格取决于商品的价值和黄金的价值,而价值取决于生产过程,所以商品是带着价格进入流通的;(2)商品价格有多大,就需要有多少金来实现它;(3)商品与货币交换后,商品退出流通,金却留在流通之中可以使另外的商品得以出售,从而一定数量的金,流通几次,就可使相应倍数价格的商品出售。
因此,有:执行流通手段职能的货币量=商品价格总额/同名货币的流通次数公式表明,货币量取决于价格的水平、进入流通的商品数量和货币的流通速度三个因素。
马克思在分析这个问题时还有一个极其重要的假设,即在该经济中存在着一个数量足够大的黄金贮藏:流通中需要较多的黄金,金从贮藏中流出,流通中有一些黄金不需要了,多余的金退出流通,转化为贮藏。
也正是由于假设存在这样一个调节器,所以流通需要多少货币,就有多少货币存在于流通之中。
但在实际经济生活中,并不一定必然存在这样的假设条件。
其次,马克思进而分析了纸币流通条件下货币量与价格之间的关系。
他指出,纸币是由金属货币衍生来的。
纸币所以能流通,是由于国家的强力支持。
同时,纸币本身没有价值,只有流通,才能作为金币的代表。
如果说,流通中可以吸收的金量是客观决定的,那么流通中无论有多少纸币也只能代表客观所要求的金量。
也就是说,纸币流通规律与金币流通规律不同:在金币流通条件下,流通所需要的货币数量是由商品价格总额决定的;而在纸币为惟一流通手段的条件下,商品价格水平会随纸币数量的增减而涨跌。
《货币金融学》复习选择题+答案(删减版)

第1章为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场1. 外汇市场是A. 决定利率的场所;B. 用其他国家货币表示的一国货币的价格决定的场所;C. 决定通货膨胀率的场所;D. 出售债券的场所。
3. 以下哪种属于债务证券,即承诺在一个特定的时间段中进行定期支付?A. 债券;B. 股票;C. 金融中介;D. 外汇。
4. 如果股票市场价格迅速上升,可能会出现以下哪种情况?A. 消费者愿意购买更多的商品和服务;B. 公司会增加购置新设备的投资支出;C. 公司会通过发行股票筹资,来满足投资支出的需要;D. 上述所有选项。
5. 如果外汇市场上的美元变得十分疲软(即美元相对于外币的价值下跌),下列哪种表述是正确的?A. 用美元所衡量的欧洲旅行费用会变得便宜;B. 福特公司会向墨西哥出口更多的汽车;C. 在美国购买德国产的宝马汽车的成本会减少;D. 美国居民会从国外进口更多的产品和服务。
6. 如果一家公司发行股票,意味着它A. 在向公众借款;B. 引入了新的合伙人,这个合伙人会拥有公司一部分资产和收益;C. 买入了外国货币;D. 承诺在一个特定的时间段中对证券持有人进行定期支付。
7. 下列哪种是金融中介的案例?A. 储户在信用社存款,信用社向成员发放新车贷款;B. 一个退休的人购买了IBM公司所发行的债券;C. 一个大学生购买了IBM所发行的普通股;D. 上述都是金融中介的案例。
8. 在美国,下列哪种是最大的金融中介机构?A. 保险公司;B. 财务公司;C. 银行;D. 共同基金。
10. 货币供给增长率下滑最可能与下列哪种情况联系在一起?A. 总产出和通货膨胀率双双下降;B. 总产出和通货膨胀率双双上升;C. 总产出下降,通货膨胀率上升;D. 总产出上升,通货膨胀率下降。
11. 如果加拿大的通货膨胀率高于美国,那么可能出现下述哪种情况?A. 加拿大的总产出高于美国;B. 加拿大的货币供给增速高于美国;C. 美国的财政赤字更高;D. 美国的利率更高;E. 上述所有选项都正确。
米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter11英文习题

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter11英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 11 Banking Industry: Structure and Competition11.1 Historical Development of the Banking System1) The modern commercial banking system began in America when theA) Bank of United States was chartered in New York in 1801.B) Bank of North America was chartered in Philadelphia in 1782.C) Bank of United States was chartered in Philadelphia in 1801.D) Bank of North America was chartered in New York in 1782.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) A major controversy involving the banking industry in its early years wasA) whether banks should both accept deposits and make loans or whether these functions should be separated into different institutions.B) whether the federal government or the states should charter banks.C) what percent of deposits banks should hold as fractional reserves.D) whether banks should be allowed to issue their own bank notes.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The government institution that has responsibility for theamount of money and credit supplied in the economy as a whole is theA) central bank.B) commercial bank.C) bank of settlement.D) monetary fund.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Because of the abuses by state banks and the clear need for a central bank to help the federal government raise funds during the War of 1812, Congress created theA) Bank of United States in 1812.B) Bank of North America in 1814.C) Second Bank of the United States in 1816.D) Second Bank of North America in 1815.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) The Second Bank of the United States was denied a new charter byA) President Andrew Jackson.B) Vice President John Calhoun.C) President Benjamin Harrison.D) President John Q. Adams.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Currency circulated by banks that could be redeemed for gold was calledA) junk bonds.B) banknotes.C) gold bills.D) state money.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) To eliminate the abuses of the state-chartered banks, the ________ created a new banking system of federally chartered banks, supervised by the ________.A) National Bank Act of 1863; Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyB) Federal Reserve Act of 1863; Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) National Bank Act of 1863; Office of Thrift SupervisionD) Federal Reserve Act of 1863; Office of Thrift SupervisionAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) The belief that bank failures were regularly caused by fraud or the lack of sufficient bank capital explains, in part, the passage ofA) the National Bank Charter Amendments of 1918.B) the Garn-St. Germain Act of 1982.C) the National Bank Act of 1863.D) Federal Reserve Act of 1913.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) Before 1863A) federally-chartered banks had regulatory advantages not granted to state-chartered banks.B) the number of federally-chartered banks grew at a much faster rate than at any other time since the end of the Civil War.C) banks acquired funds by issuing banknotes.D) banks were required to maintain 100% of their deposits asreserves.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Prior to 1863, all commercial banks in the United StatesA) were chartered by the U.S. Treasury Department.B) were chartered by the banking commission of the state in which they operated.C) were regulated by the Federal Reserve.D) were regulated by the central bank.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) Although the National Bank Act of 1863 was designed to eliminate state-chartered banks by imposing a prohibitive tax on banknotes, state banks were able to stay in business byA) issuing credit cards.B) ignoring the regulations.C) acquiring funds through deposits.D) branching into other states.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) The National Bank Act of 1863, and subsequent amendments to itA) created a banking system of state-chartered banks.B) established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.C) broadened the regulatory powers of the Federal Reserve.D) created insurance on deposit accounts.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge13) Which regulatory body charters national banks?A) the Federal ReserveB) the FDICC) the Comptroller of the CurrencyD) the U.S. TreasuryAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) The regulatory system that has evolved in the United States whereby banks are regulated at the state level, the national level, or both, is known as aA) bilateral regulatory system.B) tiered regulatory system.C) two-tiered regulatory system.D) dual banking system.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Today the United States has a dual banking system in which banks supervised by the________ and by the ________ operate side by side.A) federal government; municipalitiesB) state governments; municipalitiesC) federal government; statesD) municipalities; statesAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) The U.S. banking system is considered to be a dual system becauseA) banks offer both checking and savings accounts.B) it actually includes both banks and thrift institutions.C) it is regulated by both state and federal governments.D) it was established before the Civil War, requiring separate regulatory bodies for the North and South.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 required thatA) state banks be subject to the same regulations as national banks.B) national banks establish branches in the cities containing Federal Reserve banks.C) national banks join the Federal Reserve System.D) state banks could not join the Federal Reserve System.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge18) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 required all ________ banks to become members of the Federal Reserve System, while ________ banks could choose to become members of the system.A) state; nationalB) state; municipalC) national; stateD) national; municipalAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) Probably the most significant factor explaining the drastic drop in the number of bank failures since the Great Depression has beenA) the creation of the FDIC.B) rapid economic growth since 1941.C) the employment of new procedures by the Federal Reserve.D) better bank management.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) With the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, member banks of the Federal Reserve System ________ to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks ________ to buy deposit insurance.A) could choose; were requiredB) could choose; were given the optionC) were required, could chooseD) were required; were requiredAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge21) With the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationA) member banks of the Federal Reserve System were given the option to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks were required to buy deposit insurance.B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System were required to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks could choose to buy deposit insurance. C) both member and non-member banks of the Federal Reserve System were required to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors.D) both member and non-member banks of the Federal Reserve System could choose, but were not required, to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) The Glass-Steagall Act, before its repeal in 1999, prohibited commercial banks fromA) issuing equity to finance bank expansion.B) engaging in underwriting and dealing of corporate securities.C) selling new issues of government securities.D) purchasing any debt securities.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) The legislation that separated investment banking from commercial banking until its repeal in 1999 is known as theA) National Bank Act of 1863.B) Federal Reserve Act of 1913.C) Glass-Steagall Act.D) McFadden Act.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge24) Which of the following statements concerning bank regulation in the United States is TRUE?A) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has the primary responsibility for state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System.B) The Federal Reserve and the state banking authorities jointly have responsibility for the state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System.C) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has sole regulatory responsibility over bank holding companies.D) The state banking authorities have sole regulatory responsibility for all state banks. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking25) Which bank regulatory agency has the sole regulatory authority over bank holding companies?A) the FDICB) the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) the FHLBSD) the Federal Reserve SystemAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) State banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System are most likely to be examined by theA) Federal Reserve System.B) FDIC.C) FHLBS.D) Comptroller of the Currency.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) State banking authorities have sole jurisdiction over state banksA) without FDIC insurance.B) that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.C) operating as bank holding companies.D) chartered in the 21st century.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge11.2 Financial Innovation and the Growth of the "Shadow Banking System"1) Financial innovations occur because of financial institutions search forA) profits.B) fame.C) stability.D) recognition.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) ________ is the process of researching and developing profitable new products and services by financial institutions.A) Financial engineeringB) Financial manipulationC) Customer manipulationD) Customer engineeringAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) The most significant change in the economic environment that changed the demand for financial products in recent years has beenA) the aging of the baby-boomer generation.B) the dramatic increase in the volatility of interest rates.C) the dramatic increase in competition from foreign banks.D) the deregulation of financial institutions.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) In the 1950s the interest rate on three-month Treasury bills fluctuated between 1 percent and3.5 percent; in the 1980s it fluctuated between ________ percent and ________ percent.A) 5; 15B) 4; 11.5C) 4; 18D) 5; 10Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) Uncertainty about interest-rate movements and returns iscalledA) market potential.B) interest-rate irregularities.C) interest-rate risk.D) financial creativity.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Rising interest-rate riskA) increased the cost of financial innovation.B) increased the demand for financial innovation.C) reduced the cost of financial innovation.D) reduced the demand for financial innovation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) Adjustable rate mortgagesA) protect households against higher mortgage payments when interest rates rise.B) keep financial institutions' earnings high even when interest rates are falling.C) benefit homeowners when interest rates are falling.D) generally have higher initial interest rates than on conventional fixed-rate mortgages. Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Adjustable rate mortgagesA) reduce the interest-rate risk for financial institutions.B) benefit homeowners when interest rates rise.C) generally have higher initial interest rates than conventional fixed-rate mortgages.D) allow borrowers to avoid paying interest on portions of their mortgage loans.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) The agreement to provide a standardized commodity to a buyer on a specific date at a specific future price isA) a put option.B) a call option.C) a futures contract.D) a mortgage-backed security.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) An instrument developed to help investors and institutions hedge interest-rate risk isA) a debit card.B) a credit card.C) a financial derivative.D) a junk bond.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) Financial instruments whose payoffs are linked to previously issued securities are calledA) grandfathered bonds.B) financial derivatives.C) hedge securities.D) reversible bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge12) Both ________ and ________ were financial innovations that occurred because of interest rate volatility.A) adjustable-rate mortgages; commercial paperB) adjustable-rate mortgages; financial derivativesC) sweep accounts; financial derivativesD) sweep accounts; commercial paperAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) The most important source of the changes in supply conditions that stimulate financial innovation has been theA) deregulation of financial institutions.B) dramatic increase in the volatility of interest rates.C) improvement in information technology.D) dramatic increase in competition from foreign banks.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) New computer technology hasA) increased the cost of financial innovation.B) increased the demand for financial innovation.C) reduced the cost of financial innovation.D) reduced the demand for financial innovation.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology15) Credit cards date back toA) prior to the second World War.B) just after the second World War.C) the early 1950s.D) the late 1950s.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) A firm issuing credit cards earns income fromA) loans it makes to credit card holders.B) subsidies from the local governments.C) payments made to it by manufacturers of the productssold in stores on credit card purchases.D) sales of the card in foreign countries.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The entry of AT&T and GM into the credit card business is an indication ofA) government's efforts to deregulate the provision of financial services.B) the rising profitability of credit card operations.C) the reduction in costs of credit card operations since 1990.D) the sale of unprofitable operations by Bank of America and Citicorp.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) A debit card differs from a credit card in thatA) a debit card is a loan while for a credit card purchase, payment is made immediately.B) a debit card is a long-term loan while a credit card is a short-term loan.C) a credit card is a loan while for a debit card purchase, payment is made immediately.D) a credit card is a long-term loan while a debit card is a short-term loan.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) Automated teller machinesA) are more costly to use than human tellers, so banks discourage their use by charging more for use of ATMs.B) cost about the same to use as human tellers in banks, so banks discourage their use by charging more for use of ATMs.C) cost less than human tellers, so banks may encourage their use by charging less for using ATMs.D) cost nothing to use, so banks provide their services free of charge.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge20) The declining cost of computer technology has made ________ a reality.A) brick and mortar bankingB) commercial bankingC) virtual bankingD) investment bankingAnswer: CAACSB: Information Technology21) Bank customers perceive Internet-only banks as beingA) more secure than physical bank branches.B) a better method for the purchase of long-term savings products.C) better at keeping customer information private.D) prone to many more technical problems.Answer: DAACSB: Information Technology22) A disadvantage of virtual banks (clicks) is thatA) their hours are more limited than physical banks.B) they are less convenient than physical banks.C) they are more costly to operate than physical banks.D) customers worry about the security of on-line transactions.Answer: DAACSB: Information Technology23) So-called fallen angels differ from junk bonds in thatA) junk bonds refer to newly issued bonds with low credit ratings, whereas fallen angels refer to previously issued bonds that have had their credit ratings fall below Baa.B) junk bonds refer to previously issued bonds that have had their credit ratings fall below Baa, whereas fallen angels refer to newly issued bonds with low credit ratings.C) junk bonds have ratings below Baa, whereas fallen angels have ratings below C.D) fallen angels have ratings below Baa, whereas junk bonds have ratings below C.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Newly-issued high-yield bonds rated below investment grade by the bond-rating agencies are frequently referred to asA) municipal bonds.B) Yankee bonds.C) "fallen angels."D) junk bonds.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge25) In 1977, he pioneered the concept of selling new public issues of junk bonds for companies that had not yet achieved investment-grade status.A) Michael MilkenB) Roger MillikenC) Ivan BoeskyD) Carl IcahnAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) One factor contributing to the rapid growth of the commercial paper market since 1970 isA) the fact that commercial paper has no default risk.B) improved information technology making it easier to screen credit risks.C) government regulation.D) FDIC insurance for commercial paper.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking27) The development of money market mutual funds contributed to the growth of ________ since the money market mutual funds need to hold liquid, high-quality, short-terms assets.A) the commercial paper marketB) the municipal bond marketC) the corporate bond marketD) the junk bond marketAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking28) The process of transforming otherwise illiquid financial assets into marketable capital market instruments is known asA) securitization.B) internationalization.C) arbitrage.D) program trading.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge29) ________ is creating a marketable capital market instrument by bundling a portfolio of mortgage or auto loans.A) DiversificationB) ArbitrageC) ComputerizationD) SecuritizationAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge30) The driving force behind the securitization of mortgages and automobile loans has beenA) the rising regulatory constraints on substitute financial instruments.B) the desire of mortgage and auto lenders to exit this field of lending.C) the improvement in information technology.D) the relaxation of regulatory restrictions on credit card operations.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology31) Securitization is a process of asset transformation that involves a number of different financial institutions working together. These financial institutions are known collectively as theA) transformers.B) amalgamation.C) movers and shakers.D) shadow banking system.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge32) Which of the following is NOT part of the shadow banking system?A) the transformerB) the servicerC) the bundlerD) the distributorAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge33) Because of securitization, a new class of residential mortgages offered to borrowers with less-than-stellar credit records developed. These mortgages are known asA) risk-enhanced mortgages.B) subprime mortgages.C) bundled mortgages.D) adjustable-rate mortgages.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge34) According to Edward Kane, because the banking industry is one of the most ________ industries in America, it is an industry in which ________ is especially likely to occur.A) competitive; loophole miningB) competitive; innovationC) regulated; loophole miningD) regulated; innovationAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge35) Loophole mining refers to financial innovation designed toA) hide transactions from the IRS.B) conceal transactions from the SEC.C) get around regulations.D) conceal transactions from the Treasury Department.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge36) Prior to 2008, bank managers looked on reserverequirementsA) as a tax on deposits.B) as a subsidy on deposits.C) as a subsidy on loans.D) as a tax on loans.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge37) Prior to 2008, the bank's cost of holding reserves equaledA) the interest paid on deposits times the amount of reserves.B) the interest paid on deposits times the amount of deposits.C) the interest earned on loans times the amount of loans.D) the interest earned on loans times the amount on reserves.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking38) Prior to 1980, the Fed set an interest rate ________, a maximum limit, on the interest rate that could be paid on time deposits.A) floorB) ceilingC) wallD) windowAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge39) The process in which people seeking higher yielding securities take their funds out of the banking system thus restricting the amount of funds banks can lend is calledA) capital mobility.B) loophole mining.C) disintermediation.D) deposit jumping.AACSB: Application of Knowledge40) Money market mutual fundsA) function as interest-earning checking accounts.B) are legally deposits.C) are subject to reserve requirements.D) have an interest-rate ceiling.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge41) In September 2008, the Reserve Primary Fund, a money market mutual fund, found itself in the situation know as "breaking the buck." This means thatA) they could no longer afford to redeem shares at the par value of $1.B) they required shareholders to contribute a dollar more in fees each month.C) shareholders were able to redeem shares for more than a $1.D) shares earned more than a dollar in interest.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge42) In this type of arrangement, any balances above a certain amount in a corporation's checking account at the end of the business day are "removed" and invested in overnight securities that pay the corporation interest. This innovation is referred to as aA) sweep account.B) share draft account.C) removed-repo account.D) stockman account.AACSB: Application of Knowledge43) Sweep accounts which were created to avoid reserve requirements became possible because of a change inA) deposit ceilings.B) technology.C) government rules.D) bank mergers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking44) Sweep accountsA) have made reserve requirements nonbinding for many banks.B) sweep funds out of deposit accounts into long-term securities.C) enable banks to avoid paying interest to corporate customers.D) reduce banks' assets.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking45) Since 1974, commercial banks importance as a source of funds for nonfinancial borrowersA) has shrunk dramatically, from around 40 percent of total credit advanced to around 25 percent by 2014.B) has shrunk dramatically, from around 70 percent of total credit advanced to below 50 percent by 2014.C) has expanded dramatically, from around 50 percent of total credit advanced to above 70 percent by 2014.D) has expanded dramatically, from around 30 percent of total credit advanced to above 50 percent by 2014.AACSB: Reflective Thinking46) Thrift institutions importance as a source of funds for borrowersA) has shrunk from around 40 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to below 30 percent by 2014.B) has shrunk from over 20 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to around 3 percent by 2014.C) has expanded dramatically, from around 15 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to above 25 percent by 2014.D) has expanded dramatically, from around 15 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to above 30 percent by 2014.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking47) Since 1980A) banks have decreased risk taking to offset the decline in profits.B) banks have offset the decline in profits from traditional activities with increased income from off-balance-sheet activities.C) banks have offset the decline in profits from off-balance-sheet activities with increased income from traditional activities.D) bank profits have grown rapidly due to deregulation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking48) Financial innovation has causedA) banks to suffer declines in their cost advantages in acquiring funds, although it has not caused a decline in income advantages.B) banks to suffer a simultaneous decline of cost and income advantages.C) banks to suffer declines in their income advantages in acquiring funds, although it has not caused a decline in cost advantages.D) banks to achieve competitive advantages in both costs and income.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking49) Disintermediation resulted fromA) interest rate ceilings combined with inflation-driven increases in interest rates.B) elimination of Regulation Q (the regulation imposing interest rate ceilings on bank deposits).C) increases in federal income taxes.D) reserve requirements.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking50) The experience of disintermediation in the banking industry illustrates thatA) more regulation of financial markets may avoid such problems in the future.B) banks are unable to remain competitive with other financial intermediaries.C) consumers no longer desire the services that banks provide.D) markets invent alternatives to costly regulations.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking51) Banks responded to disintermediation byA) supporting the elimination of interest rate regulations, enabling them to better compete for funds.B) opposing the elimination of interest rate regulations, as this would increase their cost of funds.C) demanding that interest rate regulations be imposed on money market mutual funds.D) supporting the elimination of interest rate regulations, as this would reduce their cost of funds.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking52) One factor contributing to the decline in cost advantages that banks once had is theA) decline in the importance of checkable deposits from over60 percent of banks' liabilities to 2 percent today.B) decline in the importance of savings deposits from over60 percent of banks' liabilities to under 15 percent today.C) decline in the importance of checkable deposits from over40 percent of banks' liabilities to15 percent today.D) decline in the importance of savings deposits from over40 percent of banks' liabilities to under 20 percent today.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking53) The most important developments that reduced banks cost advantages includeA) the growth of the junk bond market.B) the competition from money market mutual funds.C) the growth of securitization.D) the growth in the commercial paper market.Answer: B。
《米什金 货币金融学 第9版 笔记和课后习题 含考研真题 详》读书笔记思维导图

《米什金 货币金融学 第9版 笔记 和课后习题 含考研真题 详》
PPT书籍导读
读书笔记模板
最
新
版
本
本书关键字分析思维导图
真题
分析
笔记
货币
名校
典型
部分
复习
题
习题 教材
第版
视频
金融学
知识
货币政策 米什金
学习 书
目录
01 视频讲解教师简介
03 第2篇 金融市场
02 第1篇 引 言 04 第3篇 金融机构
讲...
第14章 货币供给过 程[视频讲解]
第15章 货币政策工 具[视频讲解]
第16章 货币政策操 作:战略与战术[视 频...
13.2 课后习题详解
13.1 复习笔记
13.3 考研真题与典 型题详解[视频讲
解...
14.2 课后习题详解
14.1 复习笔记
14.3 考研真题与典 型题详解[视频讲
3.2 课后习题详解
3.1 复习笔记
3.3 考研真题与典 型题详解[视频讲解]
第2篇 金融市场
第4章 理解利率[视 频讲解]
第5章 利率行为[视 频讲解]
第6章 利率的风险结 构与期限结构[视频 讲...
第7章 股票市场、理 性预期理论与有效市 场...
4.2 课后习题详解
4.1 复习笔记
4.3 考研真题与典 型题详解[视频讲解]
第24章 货币与通货 膨胀[视频讲解]
第23章 货币政策传 导机制的实证分析
19.2 课后习题详解
19.1 复习笔记
19.3 考研真题与典 型题详解[视频讲
解...
第十二章 通货膨胀与通货紧缩 货币金融学 蒋先玲版

我国的CPI构成
➢ 我国的CPI构成是8类产品:即食品、烟酒、衣着、家庭设备用品及维修 服务、医疗保健和个人用品、交通和通信、娱乐教育文化用品及服务、 居住在各类产品中,权数的确定主要根据居民家庭用于各种商品或服务 的开支在所有商品或服务总开支中所占的比重来计算。现行制度规定, CPI中的权数每五年调整一次。
➢ 当经济达到充分就业后,由于产出已经达到最大化,这时货币量增加或货 币流通速度加快而形成的过度需求就会使一般物价水平与货币数量同比例 上升,产生“真正的通货膨胀”
.
P
S
D3
P2 D2
P1
D1 D0 P0
O
Y0 Y1
Yf
Y
.
(2)货币学派的“需求拉上论”
➢ 该理论假定生产量恒等于充分就业时的产量,货币流通速
.
2020/4/27
.
恶性通货膨胀
市民用自行车纸币购日用品
.
小孩用纸币搭积木
2.根据通货膨胀的表现形式不同分:
➢ 公开型通货膨胀:
指完全通过一般物价水平上涨形式反映出来的通货膨胀。在这种类型 的通货膨胀过程中,物价总水平明显地、直接地上涨,通货膨胀率就 等于物价上涨率。
➢ 隐蔽型通货膨胀:
物价水平的上涨并没有完全通过公开的物价指数上涨表现出来。由于 价格被政府管制而不能或不能完全、充分地上涨
.
(1)凯恩斯学派的“需求拉上论”
➢ 一般物价水平的上升是由于总需求的过度增加所造成的, 而总需求的增加却不一定导致通货膨胀
➢ 将经济区分为充分就业和非充分就业
➢ 当经济尚未达到充分就业状态时,总需求增加的部分不会使一般物价水平 上升,而只能促进就业增加和产出增加。但是如果总需求增加的速度过快, 超过总供给可能的增加速度,也会引起通货膨胀
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二、传统的货币数量说
2.理论假定
(1)货币流通速度(V)是由人们的支付习惯、社 会信用制度、运输与通讯条件以及人口密度等 制度因素决定, 所以在短期内可以将货币流通 速度(V)视为常数。
(2)商品和劳务的总交易量(T)则取决于资本、 劳动力及自然资源的供给状况和生产技术水平 等非货币因素。因而在充分就业条件下,商品 和劳务的总交易量或实际国民收入在短期内也 将保持不变。
二、传统的货币数量说
第三,剑桥方程式更强调经济当事人的个人选择 行为。 费雪方程式探究的是什么决定整个社会在一定 时期内为实现商品交易所需要的货币量,排除 了在短期内利率对货币需求的任何可能的影响。 剑桥方程式探究的是什么决定个人希望持有的 货币量,没有排除利率对货币需求的影响。
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
V PT
Y
Y
M L1(Y ) L2(i) L(Y ,i)
凯恩斯得出结论,货币需求函数是不稳 定的,货币流通速度也是不稳定的。
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
凯恩斯货币需求理论的最显著特点: ( 1 ) 对 投 机 动 机 货 币 需 求 M2 的 分 析 , 抛
弃了货币纯粹作为交换媒介的观点,第 一次将货币作为一种资产进行研究。
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
(2)揭示了M2与利率之间的关系,也为 金融管理当局货币政策的实施奠定了基 础。
(3)提出“流动性陷阱”和“古典区域” 的假说。
四、凯恩斯货币理论的发展
(一)鲍莫尔模型
又称为“货币需求的存货管理模型”。 1.理论表述 交易性货币需求与利率有关,“凯恩斯
贬低利率对现金的交易需求的影响可能是错 误的”。
11.1 货币供给理论
一般根据金融资产流动性来划分不同层 次的货币供应量。 以我国为例: M0 = 流通中现金 M1 = M0 +活期存款 (狭义货币供应量) M2= M1 +定期存款和储蓄存款 (广义) M3= M2 +金融债券、商业票据、大额可 转让定期存单等
11.1 货币供给理论
三、基础货币 (一)基础货币的定义 所谓基础货币(monetary base),又称为
11.1 货币供给理论
(二)货币乘数
1.m1,m2具有明显的顺周期波动的特征。 2.在影响货币乘数变动的因素中,超额 准备率的影响最大。
11.2 货币需求理论
一、货币需求的涵义与测量
(一)货币需求的涵义 货币需求就是指在一定时间内社会各经 济主体为满足正常的生产、经营和各种 经济活动需要而应该保留或占有一定货 币的动机或行为。
利
M1=L1(Y)
率
M2=L2(i)
O
货币需求
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
凯恩斯认为,投机动机层面上的货币需 求是当前利率的反函数。其函数式表示 为:
M2=L2(i) 将上二式合并,则得货币需求总函数:
M=M1+M2=L1(Y)+L2(r)
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
由于货币流通速度V等于PT/M,因此可得 下式:
二、传统的货币数量说
(一)现金交易数量说
1.理论的来源及表述 美国经济学家Irving.Fisher1911年出
版的《货币的购买力》一书中,提出了如 下的交易方程:
MV=PT
二、传统的货币数量说
由于所有商品或劳务的总交易量资料不 容易获得,而且人们关注的重点往往也 在于国民收入,而不在于总交易量,所 以交易方程式通常被写成下面的形式:
四、货币乘数
反映货币供应量(M)与基础货币(B) 之间或它们增量之间倍数关系的量称为 货币乘数,即货币供给量相对于基础货 币的倍数。用公式表示:
m=M/B
11.1 货币供给理论
设货币供给是指M1,即流通中现金与银 行活期存款之和。则:
M1=C+D 而B=C+R,则有:
m M1 C D B CR
11.1 货币供给理论
中央银行对商业银行创造存款货币的 控制: 1.通过现金发行制约商业银行派生存 款的能力。 2.通过法定准备金率的变动以及央行 的资产业务,影响商业银行的存款货 币供给。
11.1 货币供给理论
二、货币供应量的构成和层次划分 货币供应量是指一个国家在一定时点上 流通中的现金和银行存款货币的总和, 它是包括个人、企业、政府及各金融机 构等的货币总存量。
1.交易动机 是指为了日常交易而产生的持有货币的愿望。 凯恩斯认为,交易动机层面上的货币需求主要 取决于收入的多少、收入与支出之间间隔期的 长短、企业的产量以及这一产量经过多少程序 才能到达消费者手中等因素。
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
2.预防动机
也称为谨慎动机,是指为应付紧急情况而 产生的持有货币的愿望。 凯恩斯认为,预防动机层面上的货币需 求与收入成比例且同向变动。
11.2 货币需求理论
货币需求可以分为微观货币需求和宏观 货币需求。 货币需求还可以分为名义货币需求和实 际货币需求。
11.2 货币需求理论
(二)决定和影响货币需求的主要因素 1.全社会商品和劳务的总量 2. 收入状况 3.价格水平 4.货币流通速度 5. 营业因素 6. 信用的发达程度 7. 居民的资产选择行为 8. 经济体制
(二)影响通货持有比率(k)的因素 1.公众的流动性偏好程度 2.持有通货的机会成本
11.1 货币供给理论
(三)影响定期存款对活期存款比率(t)的 因素
1.定期存款的利率 2.收入和财富
11.1 货币供给理论
五、中国的货币供给
(一)基础货币的影响因素 1.中央银行对中央政府的债权 2.商业银行再贷款数量的变化 3.外汇储备存量的变化
凯恩斯在《就业、利息和货币通论》一书中提 出了独特的货币需求理论——流动性偏好理论。 所谓流动性偏好,就是指人们宁愿持有流动性 高但不能生利的现金和活期存款而不愿持有股 票和债券等虽能生利但较难变现的资产。 凯恩斯提出了构成货币需求的三种动机:
交易动机、预防动机和投机动机。
三、凯恩斯的货币需求理论
11.1 货币供给理论
因为,
C kD, R rdD rt tD eD
则有:
m
kD D
k D rdD rttD eD
k 1
k rd rtt e
11.1 货币供给理论
(一)影响超额准备金比率(e)的因素 1.利率 2.贷款的投资机会 3.借入资金的难易程度以及成本大小
11.1 货币供给理论
二、传统的货币数量说
3.结论 所以,货币数量M的变化将完全体现在 价格P的变化上,即货币数量的变化将引 起一般物价水平的同比例变化。费雪的 结论是“货币数量决定着物价水平”。
二、传统的货币数量说
从交易方程式可导出货币需求的表达式。 只要等式两边同除以V,就可得:
M PY V
在货币市场均衡的情况下,货币存量(M) 就等于人们所愿意持有的货币量,即货 币需求(Md)。因此,我们有:
公式表述为: M=KPY
由于剑桥学派假定,货币供给M和货币需 求Md会很快自动趋于均衡,因此有:
Md = M = KPY
二、传统的货币数量说
(三)两个方程式的比较 剑桥方程式比费雪方程式在货币理论上有三点发
展: 第一,剑桥方程式更为直接地表现了货币的需求。 费雪方程强调V,强调货币数量对币值、物价的 影响不同; 剑桥方程强调K,强调货币存量对币值、物价的 影响,研究人们到底该持有多少货币,才能使 经济保持均衡。
二、传统的货币数量说
持有货币的多少受安全动机、个人的财 富水平、利率、持有和获得货币的便利 程度等多重因素的影响和制约。 货币需求与物价变动的关系: 当货币需求增加时,货币流通速度就会 减慢,物价就会下跌,币值就会上升。 当货币需求减少时,货币流通速度就会 加快,物价就会上涨,币值就会下跌。
二、传统的货币数量说
11.1 货币供给理论
(二)基础货币投放的渠道 (1) 中央银行向商业银行提供贷款; (2) 中央银行收兑黄金; (3) 中央银行收兑外汇; (4) 中央银行对财政透支; (5)中央银行买进有价证券; (6)中央银行对票据再贴现; (7)中央银行支付利息。
11.1 货币供给理论
(三)影响基础货币变化的因素 1.中央银行的资产 中央银行资产项目的增加,是导致准备 金增加的基本因素。 (1)购买政府证券 (2)贷款和贴现 (3)国外资产 (4)中央银行的其他资产
高能货币(high-powered money)或强力货 币,它通常是指流通中的现金和商业银行 在中央银行的准备金存款之和,可用公式 表示为:
B=C+R
11.1 货币供给理论
若按计算口径的宽窄,基础货币可做如下排列: (1)基础货币=银行准备金
(2)基础货币=社会公众手持现金+商业银行的法 定准备金 (3)基础货币=社会公众手持现金+商业银行库 存现金+法定准备金 (4)基础货币=手持现金+库存现金+法定准备 金+超额准备金
11.2 货币需求理论
(三)货币需求的测量 研究货币需求常用的方法是构造货币需 求函数,并对影响货币需求的各种因素 进行计量分析,以此来确定一定时期内 的社会货币需求量。
11.2 货币需求理论
规模变量是指货币需求函数中的那些同 社会经济发展水平有关的,且与货币需 求存量之间具有函数关系和比例关系的 变量,如收入(产量)、交易量或财富等。
11.1 货币供给理论
4.技术和制度性因素 例如:结算中的票据,由于结算时间差
所造成的准备金短暂增加。 又如,政府征税,会使基础货币暂时减
小。
11.1 货币供给理论
5.中央银行的行为 中央银行通过在公开市场买卖证券(主
要是政府债券),调整基础货币量,抵消 其他因素造成的基础货币量的波动。
11.1 货币供给理论
第四篇
货币供求与货币政策
第11章 货币供求理论 第12章 通货膨胀与通货紧缩 第13章 货币政策