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剑桥雅思阅读7原文难度解析（test3）
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剑桥雅思阅读7原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Ant IntelligenceWhen we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, ‘Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids_as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.’However, in ants there is no cultural transmission —everything must be encoded in the genes — whereas in humansthe opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can’t digest the cellulose in leaves — but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as ‘weeds’, and spread waste to fertilise the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants’ nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles — the forcing house of intelligence — the evidence suggests thatants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson’s magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This ‘megalopolis’ was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged incontact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a ‘left-right’ se quence of turns or as a ‘compass bearing and distance’ message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals — even without the paint spots used to mark them. It’s no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, ‘In the company of ants’, advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: ‘Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.’Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.2 City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.3 Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.4 Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.5 In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use theirsense of smell to find food.6 The essay, ‘In the company of ants’, explores ant communication.Questions 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants as farmersAnts have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert 7..............into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural 8..............as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9.............. . Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10..............species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11..............methods, they do not affect the12..............and do not waste 13.............. .A aphidsB agriculturalC celluloseD exchangingE energyF fertilizersG foodH fungiI growing J interbreeding K natural L other specesM secretions N sustainable O environmentREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.Choose the correct headings for sections A-F from the list ofheadings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The results of the research into blood-variantsii Dental evidenceiii Greenberg’s analysis of the dental and linguistic evidence iv Developments in the methods used to study early population movementsv Indian migration from Canada to the U.S.A.vi Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory vii Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to Americaviii Conflicting views of the three-wave theory, based on non-genetic evidenceix Questions about the causes of prehistoric migration to Americax How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the relationship between different populations14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section D18 Section E19 Section FExample AnswerSection G viiiPopulation movements and geneticsA Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. Anumber of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the ‘archaeology of the living body’, the clues to be found in genetic material.B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonisers of the New World1. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place? In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans2.C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein — immunoglobin G — found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins ‘drift’, or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic ‘distance’, which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3 formed a thirdgroup. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.E How far does other research support these conclusion? Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA4 in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams’s work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-lndian) population.F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots5 have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor6 shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars6 and triple-rooted lower firstmolars6.According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo-Aleut.G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single ‘Amerind’ family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut — a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.1 New World: the American continent, as opposed to the so-called Old World of Europe, Asia and Africa2 modern Native American: an American descended from the groups that were native to America3 Inuit and Aleut: two of the ethnic groups native to the northern regions of North America (i.e. northern Canada and Greenland)4 DNA: the substance in which genetic information is stored5 crown/root: parts of the tooth6 incisor/premolar/molar: kinds of teethQuestions 20 and 21The discussion of Williams’s research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certainroutes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on map below.Complete the table below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.Route Period (number of years ago)20.................. 15,000 or more21.................. 600 to 700Early Population Movement to the AmericasQuestions 22-25Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA the first waveB the second waveC the third waveWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.Name of group Wave numberInuit 22..................Apache 23..................Pima-Papago 24..................Ticuna 25..................Question 26Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.Christy Turn er’s research involved the examination ofA teeth from both prehistoric and modern Americans andAsians.B thousands of people who live in either the New or the Old World.C dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D the eating habits of American and Asian populations.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe’s forests over the las t decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them. European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe’s forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the coordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be thesubject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a ‘green lung’ for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man — wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.The myth of the ‘natural’ forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining ‘primary’ forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration wasmade that ‘a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained’.That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree’s needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30% and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the ‘genetic material’ of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanentpopulation and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference’s main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Questions 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting or experts.28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.30 The biological functions of forests were recognized only in the twentieth century.31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.Questions 34-39Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.A All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.B Fragile mountain forests should be given priority in research programs.C The surviving natural forests of Europe de not need priority treatment.D Research is to be better co-ordinated throughout Europe.E Information on forest fires should be collected and shared.F Loss of leaves from trees should be more extensively and carefully monitored.G Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.H Skiing should be encouraged in thinly populated areas.I Soil imbalances such as acidification should be treated with compounds of nitrogen and sulphur.J Information is to be systematically gathered on any declinein the condition of forests.34 Resolution 135 Resolution 236 Resolution 337 Resolution 438 Resolution 539 Resolution 6Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40 What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?A The biological, economic and recreational role of forestsB Plans to protect the forests of EuropeC The priority of European research into ecosystemsD Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management剑桥雅思阅读7原文参考译文(test3)TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 参考译文：蚂蚁智能每当我们想到动物界的智能成员时，头脑中立刻出现的会是猿和猴子。
The Body-Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Capacity Index in COPD
n engl j med 350;10march 4, 2004 The new england journal of medicine1005The Body-Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Capacity Index in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseBartolome R. Celli, M.D., Claudia G. Cote, M.D., Jose M. Marin, M.D., Ciro Casanova, M.D., Maria Montes de Oca, M.D., Reina A. Mendez, M.D.,Victor Pinto Plata, M.D., and Howard J. Cabral, Ph.D.From the COPD Center at St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston (B.R.C., V .P.P.); Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bay Pines,Fla. (C.G.C.); Hospital Miguel Servet, Zara-goza, Spain (J.M.M.); H ospital Nuestra Senora de La Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain (C.C.); Hospital Universitario de Caracas and Hospital Jose I. Baldo, Caracas, Vene-zuela (M.M.O., R.A.M.); and Boston Uni-versity School of Public H ealth, Boston (H.J.C.). Address reprint requests to Dr.Celli at Pulmonary and Critical Care Medi-cine, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, 736Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02135, or at bcelli@.N Engl J Med 2004;350:1005-12.Copyright © 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society.backgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an incompletely re-versible limitation in airflow. A physiological variable — the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) — is often used to grade the severity of COPD. However, patients with COPD have systemic manifestations that are not reflected by the FEV 1 . We hypoth-esized that a multidimensional grading system that assessed the respiratory and sys-temic expressions of COPD would better categorize and predict outcome in these pa-tients.methodsWe first evaluated 207 patients and found that four factors predicted the risk of death in this cohort: the body-mass index (B), the degree of airflow obstruction (O) and dys-pnea (D), and exercise capacity (E), measured by the six-minute–walk test. We used these variables to construct the BODE index, a multidimensional 10-point scale in which higher scores indicate a higher risk of death. We then prospectively validated the index in a cohort of 625 patients, with death from any cause and from respiratory caus-es as the outcome variables.resultsThere were 25 deaths among the first 207 patients and 162 deaths (26 percent) in the validation cohort. Sixty-one percent of the deaths in the validation cohort were due to respiratory insufficiency, 14 percent to myocardial infarction, 12 percent to lung can-cer, and 13 percent to other causes. Patients with higher BODE scores were at higher risk for death; the hazard ratio for death from any cause per one-point increase in the BODE score was 1.34 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.26 to 1.42; P<0.001), and the hazard ratio for death from respiratory causes was 1.62 (95 percent confidence inter-val, 1.48 to 1.77; P<0.001). The C statistic for the ability of the BODE index to predict the risk of death was larger than that for the FEV 1 (0.74 vs. 0.65).conclusionsThe BODE index, a simple multidimensional grading system, is better than the FEV 1at predicting the risk of death from any cause and from respiratory causes among pa-tients with COPD.The new england journal of medicine1006hronic obstructiv e pulmonarydisease (COPD), a common disease char-acterized by a poorly reversible limitationin airflow,1 is predicted to be the third most fre-quent cause of death in the world by 2020.2 Therisk of death in patients with COPD is often gradedwith the use of a single physiological variable, theforced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).1,3,4However, other risk factors, such as the presenceof hypoxemia or hypercapnia,5,6 a short distancewalked in a fixed time,7 a high degree of functionalbreathlessness,8 and a low body-mass index (theweight in kilograms divided by the square of theheight in meters),9,10 are also associated with anincreased risk of death. We hypothesized that a mul-tidimensional grading system that assessed the res-piratory, perceptive, and systemic aspects of COPDwould better categorize the illness and predict theoutcome than does the FEV1 alone. We used datafrom an initial cohort of 207 patients to identifyfour factors that predicted the risk of death: thebody-mass index (B), the degree of airflow ob-struction (O) and functional dyspnea (D), and exer-cise capacity (E) as assessed by the six-minute–walk test. We then integrated these variables into amultidimensional index — the BODE index — andvalidated the index in a second cohort of 625 pa-tients, with death from any cause and death from859 outpatients with a wide range in the severityof COPD were recruited from clinics in the UnitedStates, Spain, and Venezuela. The study was ap-proved by the human-research review board at eachsite, and all patients provided written informed con-sent. COPD was defined by a history of smokingthat exceeded 20 pack-years and a ratio of FEV1 toforced vital capacity (FVC) of less than 0.7 measured20 minutes after the administration of albuterol.1All patients were in clinically stable condition andreceiving appropriate therapy. Patients who werereceiving inhaled oxygen had to have been takinga stable dose for at least six months before studyentry. The exclusion criteria were an illness otherthan COPD that was likely to result in death withinthree years; asthma, defined as an increase in theFEV1 of more than 15 percent above the base-linevalue or of 200 ml after the administration of a bron-chodilator; an inability to take the lung-functionand six-minute–walk tests; a myocardial infarctionwithin the preceding four months; unstable angi-na; or congestive heart failure (New York Heart As-sociation class III or IV).variables selected for the bode indexWe determined the following variables in the first207 patients who were recruited between 1995 and1997: age; sex; pack-years of smoking; FVC; FEV1,measured in liters and as a percentage of the pre-dicted value according to the guidelines of theAmerican Thoracic Society11; the best of two six-minute–walk tests performed at least 30 minutesapart12; the degree of dyspnea, measured with theuse of the modified Medical Research Council(MMRC) dyspnea scale13; the body-mass index9,10;the functional residual capacity and inspiratorycapacity11; the hematocrit; and the albumin level.The validated Charlson index was used to deter-mine the degree of comorbidity. This index hasbeen shown to predict mortality.14 The differenc-es in these values between survivors and nonsur-vivors are shown in Table 1.Each of these possible explanatory variableswas independently evaluated to determine its as-sociation with one-year mortality in a stepwise for-ward logistic-regression analysis. A subgroup offour variables had the strongest association — thebody-mass index, FEV1 as a percentage of the pre-dicted value, score on the MMRC dyspnea scale,and the distance walked in six minutes (general-ized r2=0.21, P<0.001) — and these were includ-ed in the BODE index (Table 2). All these variablespredict important outcomes, are easily measured,and may change over time. We chose the post-bron-chodilator FEV1 as a percent of the predicted value,classified according to the three stages identifiedby the American Thoracic Society, because it can beused to predict health status,15 the rate of exacer-bation of COPD,16 the pharmacoeconomic costs ofthe disease,17 and the risk of death.18,19 We chosethe MMRC dyspnea scale because it predicts thelikelihood of survival among patients with COPD8and correlates well with other scales and health-status scores.20,21 We chose the six-minute–walktest because it predicts the risk of death in patientswith COPD,7 patients who have undergone lung-reduction surgery,22 patients with cardiomyopa-thy,23 and those with pulmonary hypertension.24In addition, the test has been standardized,12 theclinically significant thresholds have been deter-mined,25 and it can be used to predict resource uti-cn engl j med 350; march 4, 2004n engl j med 350;10march 4, 2004 a multidimensional grading system in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1007lization. 26 Finally, there is an inverse relation be-tween body-mass index and survival 9,10 that is not linear but that has an inflection point, which was 21 in our cohort and in another study. 10validation of the bode indexThe BODE index was validated prospectively in two ways in a different cohort of 625 patients who were recruited between January 1997 and January 2003. First, we used the empirical model: for each threshold value of FEV 1 , distance walked in six min-utes, and score on the MMRC dyspnea scale shown in Table 2, the patients received points ranging from 0 (lowest value) to 3 (maximal value). For body-mass index the values were 0 or 1, because of the unique relation between body-mass index and survival described above. The points for each varia-ble were added, so that the BODE index ranged from 0 to 10 points, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of death. In an exploratory analysis, the various components of the BODE index were as-signed different weights, with no corresponding increase in predictive value.study protocolIn the cohort, patients were evaluated with the use of the BODE index within six weeks after enroll-ment and were seen every three to six months for at least two years or until death. The patient and family were contacted if the patient failed to return for appointments. Death from any cause and from specific respiratory causes was recorded. The cause of death was determined by the investigators at each site after reviewing the medical record and death certificate.statistical analysisData for continuous variables are presented as means ± SD. Comparison among the three coun-tries was completed with the use of one-way analy-sis of variance. The differences between survivors and nonsurvivors in pulmonary-function variables and other pertinent characteristics were established with the use of t-tests for independent samples.To evaluate the capacity of the BODE index to pre-dict the risk of death, we performed Cox propor-tional-hazards regression analyses. 27 We estimat-ed the hazard ratio, 95 percent confidence interval,and P value for the BODE score, before and after adjustment for coexisting conditions as measured by the Charlson index. We repeated these analyses using the BODE index as the predictor of interest in*FVC denotes forced vital capacity, FEV 1 forced expiratory volume in one sec-ond, and FRC functional residual capacity.†Scores on the modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale can range from 0 to 4, with a score of 4 indicating that the patient is too breathless to leave the house or becomes breathless when dressing or undressing.‡The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.§Scores on the Charlson index can range from 0 to 33, with higher scores indi- cating more coexisting conditions.*The cutoff values for the assignment of points are shown for each variable. The total possible values range from 0 to 10. FEV 1 denotes forced expiratory volume in one second.†The FEV 1 categories are based on stages identified by the American Thoracic Society.‡Scores on the modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale can range from 0 to 4, with a score of 4 indicating that the patient is too breathless to leave the house or becomes breathless when dressing or undressing.§The values for body-mass index were 0 or 1 because of the inflection point in the inverse relation between survival and body-mass index at a value of 21.The new england journal of medicine1008dummy-variable form, using the first quartile as thereference group. These analyses yielded estimatesof risk similar to those obtained from analyses us-ing the BODE score as a continuous variable. Thus,we focus our presentation on the predictive charac-teristics of the BODE index and present only bivari-ate results for survival according to quartiles of theBODE index in a Kaplan–Meier analysis. The statis-tical significance was evaluated with the use of thelog-rank test. We also performed bivariate analysison the stage of COPD according to the validatedstaging system of the American Thoracic Society.3In the Cox regression analysis, we assessed thereliability of the model with the body-mass index,degree of airflow obstruction and dyspnea, and ex-ercise capacity score as the predictor of the time todeath by computing bootstrap estimates using thefull sample for the hazard ratio and its 95 percentconfidence interval (according to the percentilemethod). This approach has the advantage of notrequiring that the data be split into subgroups andis more precise than alternative methods, such ascross-validation.28Finally, in order to determine how much moreprecise the BODE index is than the FEV1 alone, wecomputed the C statistics29 for a model containingFEV1 or the BODE score as the sole independentvariable. We compared the survival times and esti-mated the probabilities of death up to 52 months.In these analyses, the C statistic is a mathematicalfunction of the sensitivity and specificity of theBODE index in classifying patients by means of theCox model as either dying or surviving. The nullvalue for the C statistic is 0.5, with a maximum of29patients (Tables 3 and 4) with all degrees of severityof COPD. The FEV1 was slightly lower among pa-tients in the United States than among those in Ven-ezuela or Spain. The U.S. patients also had morefunctional impairment, more severe dyspnea, andmore coexisting conditions. The 27 patients (4 per-cent) lost to follow-up were evenly distributed ac-cording to the severity of COPD and did not differsignificantly from the rest of the cohort with respectto any measured characteristic. There were 162deaths (26 percent) over a median follow-up of 28months (range, 4 to 68). The majority of patients(61 percent) died of respiratory insufficiency, 14percent died of myocardial infarction, 12 percentof lung cancer, and the rest of miscellaneouscauses. The BODE score was lower among survi-vors than among those who died from any cause(3.7±2.2 vs. 5.9±2.6, P<0.005). The score was alsolower among survivors than among those whodied of respiratory causes, and the difference be-tween the scores was larger (3.6±2.2 vs. 6.7±2.3,P<0.001).Table 5 shows the BODE index as a predictor ofdeath from any cause after correction for coexistingconditions. There were significantly more deathsin the United States (32 percent) than in Spain (15percent) or Venezuela (13 percent) (P<0.001). How-ever, when the analysis was done separately foreach country, the predictive power of the BODE in-dex was similar; therefore, the data are presentedtogether. Table 5 shows that the BODE index wasalso a predictor of death from respiratory causesafter correction for coexisting conditions (hazardratio, 1.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.48 to1.80; P<0.001). The Kaplan–Meier analysis of sur-*Because of rounding, percentages do not total 100. Thethree stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) were defined by the American Thoracic Society.FEV1 denotes forced expiratory volume in one second.†Higher scores on the body-mass index, degree of airflowobstruction and dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE)index indicate a greater risk of death. Quartile 1 was de-fined by a score of 0 to 2, quartile 2 by a score of 3 to 4,quartile 3 by a score of 5 to 6, and quartile 4 by a scoreof 7 to 10.n engl j med 350; march 4, 2004n engl j med 350;10march 4, 2004 a multidimensional grading system in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1009vival (Fig. 1A) shows that each quartile increase in the BODE score was associated with increased mor-tality (P<0.001). Thus, the highest quartile (a BODE score of 7 to 10) was associated with a mortality rate of 80 percent at 52 months. These same data are shown in Figure 1B in relation to the severity of COPD according to the staging system of the Amer-ican Thoracic Society. The C statistic for the ability of the BODE index to predict the risk of death was 0.74, as compared with a value of 0.65 with the use of FEV 1 alone (expressed as a percentage of the pre-dicted value). The computation of 2000 bootstrap samples for these data and estimation of the haz-ard ratios for death indicated that for each one-point increment in the BODE score the hazard ratio for death from any cause was 1.34 (95 percent confi-dence interval, 1.26 to 1.42) and the hazard ratio for death from a respiratory cause was 1.62 (95 per-the BODE index — and validated its use by show-ing that it is a better predictor of the risk of death from any cause and from respiratory causes than is the FEV 1 alone. We believe that the BODE index is useful because it includes one domain that quan-tifies the degree of pulmonary impairment (FEV 1 ),one that captures the patient’s perception of symp-toms (the MMRC dyspnea scale), and two indepen-dent domains (the distance walked in six minutes and the body-mass index) that express the systemic consequences of COPD. The FEV 1 is essential for the diagnosis and quantification of the respirato-ry impairment resulting from COPD. 1,3,4 In addi-tion, the rate of decline in FEV 1 is a good marker of disease progression and mortality. 18,19 Howev-er, the FEV 1 does not adequately reflect all the sys-temic manifestations of the disease. For example,the FEV 1 correlates weakly with the degree of dys-pnea, 20 and the change in FEV 1 does not reflect the rate of decline in patients’ health. 30 More impor-tant, prospective observational studies of patients with COPD have found that the degree of dyspnea 8 and health-status scores 31 are more accurate pre-dictors of the risk of death than is the FEV 1 . Thus,although the FEV 1 is important to obtain and essen-tial in the staging of disease in any patient with COPD, other variables provide useful information that can improve the comprehensibility of the eval-uation of patients with COPD. Each variable should*Plus–minus values are means ±SD.†Analysis of variance was used to calculate the P values.‡Scores on the modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea scale can range from 0 to 4, with a score of 4 indicating that the patient is too breathless to leave the house or becomes breathless when dressing or undressing.§Scores on the Charlson index can range from 0 to 33, with higher scores indi-cating more coexisting conditions.¶Scores on the body-mass index, degree of airflow obstruction and dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index can range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of death.*The Cox proportional-hazards models for death from any cause include 162 deaths. The Cox proportional-hazards models for death from specific respira-tory causes include 96 deaths. Model I includes the body-mass index, degree of airflow obstruction and dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index alone. The hazard ratio is for each one-point increase in the BODE score. Model II includes coexisting conditions as expressed by each one-point increase in the Charlson index. CI denotes confidence interval.The new england journal of medicine1010correlate independently with the prognosis ofCOPD, should be easily measurable, and shouldserve as a surrogate for other potentially importantvariables.In the BODE index, we included two descriptorsof systemic involvement in COPD: the body-massindex and the distance walked in six minutes. Bothare simply obtained and independently predict therisk of death.7,9,10 It is likely that they share somecommon underlying physiological determinants,but the distance walked in six minutes contains adegree of sensitivity not provided by the body-massindex. The six-minute–walk test is simple to per-form and has been standardized.12 Its use as a clin-ical tool has gained acceptance, since it is a goodpredictor of the risk of death among patients withother chronic diseases, including congestive heartfailure23 and pulmonary hypertension.24 Indeed, thedistance walked in six minutes has been acceptedas a good outcome measure after interventions suchas pulmonary rehabilitation.32 The body-mass in-dex was also an independent predictor of the riskof death and was therefore included in the BODEindex. We evaluated the independent prognosticpower of body-mass index in our cohort using dif-ferent thresholds and found that values below 21were associated with an increased risk of death, anobservation similar to that reported by Landbo andcoworkers in a large population study.10The Global Initiative for Chronic ObstructiveLung Disease and the American Thoracic Societyrecommend that a patient’s perception of dyspneabe included in any new staging system for COPD.1,3Dyspnea represents the most disabling symptomof COPD; the degree of dyspnea provides informa-tion regarding the patient’s perception of illnessand can be measured. The MMRC dyspnea scale issimple to administer and correlates with other dys-pnea scales20 and with scores of health status.21Furthermore, in a large cohort of prospectively fol-lowed patients with COPD, which used the thresh-old values included in the BODE index, the scoreon the MMRC dyspnea scale was a better predictorof the risk of death than was the FEV1.8The BODE index combines the four variables bymeans of a simple scale. We also explored whetherweighting the variables included in the index im-proved the predictive power of the BODE index. In-terestingly, it failed to do so, most likely becauseeach variable included has already proved to be agood predictor of the outcome of COPD.Our study had some limitations. First, relative-ly few women were recruited, even though enroll-ment was independent of sex. It probably reflectsthe problem of the underdiagnosis of COPD inwomen. Second, there were differences among thethree countries. For example, patients in the UnitedStates had a higher mortality rate, more severe dys-pnea, more functional limitations, and more co-n engl j med 350; march 4, 2004n engl j med 350; march 4, 2004a multidimensional grading system in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1011existing conditions than patients in Venezuela or Spain, even though the severity of airflow obstruc-tion was relatively similar among the patients as a whole. The reasons for these differences are un-known, because there have been no systematic com-parisons of the regional manifestations of COPD.In all three countries, the BODE index was the best predictor of survival, an observation that renders our findings widely applicable.Three studies have reported the effects of the grouping of variables to express the various do-mains affected by COPD.33-35 These studies did not include variables now known to be important pre-dictors of outcome, such as the body-mass index.However, as we found in our study, they showedthat the FEV 1, the degree of dyspnea, and exercise performance provide independent information regarding the degree of compromise in patients with COPD.Besides its excellent predictive power with re-gard to outcome, the BODE index is simple to cal-culate and requires no special equipment. This makes it a practical tool of potentially widespread applicability. Although the BODE index is a predic-tor of the risk of death, we do not know whether it will be a useful indicator of the outcome in clinical trials, the degree of utilization of health care re-sources, or the clinical response to therapy.We are indebted to Dr. Gordon L. Snider, whose guidance, com-ments, and criticisms were fundamental to the final manuscript.1.Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM,Jenkins CR, Hurd SS. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Work-shop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1256-76.2.Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1269-76.3.Definitions, epidemiology, pathophys-iology, diagnosis, and staging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:Suppl:S78-S83.4.Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1995;8:1398-420.5.Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group.Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:391-8.6.Intermittent positive pressure breathing therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:612-20.7.Gerardi DA, Lovett L, Benoit-Connors ML, Reardon JZ, ZuWallack RL. Variables re-lated to increased mortality following out-patient pulmonary rehabilitation. Eur Res-pir J 1996;9:431-5.8.Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year sur-vival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002;121:1434-40.9.Schols AM, Slangen J, Volovics L, Wout-ers EF. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmo-nary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1791-7.ndbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J,Almdal TP. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:1856-61.11.American Thoracic Society Statement.Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1202-18.12.ATS Committee on Proficiency Stan-dards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Lab-oratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:111-7.13.Mahler D, Wells C. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest 1988;93:580-6.14.Charlson M, Szatrowski T, Peterson J,Gold J. Validation of a combined comor-bidity index. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47:1245-51.15.Ferrer M, Alonso J, Morera J, et al. Chron-ic obstructive pulmonary disease stage and health-related quality of life. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:1072-9.16.Dewan NA, Rafique S, Kanwar B, et al.Acute exacerbation of COPD: factors associ-ated with poor treatment outcome. Chest 2000;117:662-71.17.Friedman M, Serby CW , Menjoge SS,Wilson JD, Hilleman DE, Witek TJ Jr. Phar-macoeconomic evaluation of a combination of ipratropium plus albuterol compared with ipratropium alone and albuterol alone in COPD. Chest 1999;115:635-41.18.Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Hodgkin JE. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmo-nary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:14-20.19.Burrows B. Predictors of loss of lung function and mortality in obstructive lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 1991;1:340-5.20.Mahler DA, Weinberg DH, Wells CK ,Feinstein AR. The measurement of dyspnea:contents, interobserver agreement, and phys-iologic correlates of two new clinical index-es. Chest 1984;85:751-8.21.Hajiro T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Ike-da A, Koyama H, Izumi T. Comparison of discriminative properties among disease-specific questionnaires for measuring health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:785-90.22.Szekely LA, Oelberg DA, Wright C, et al.Preoperative predictors of operative mor-bidity and mortality in COPD patients under-going bilateral lung volume reduction sur-gery. Chest 1997;111:550-8.23.Shah M, Hasselblad V , Gheorgiadis M,et al. Prognostic usefulness of the six-min-ute walk in patients with advanced conges-tive heart failure secondary to ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Car-diol 2001;88:987-93.24.Miyamoto S, Nagaya N, Satoh T, et al.Clinical correlates and prognostic signifi-cance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: compari-son with cardiopulmonary exercise testing.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:487-92.25.Redelmeier DA, Bayoumi AM, Gold-stein RS, Guyatt GH. Interpreting small dif-ferences in functional status: the Six Minute Walk test in chronic lung disease patients.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1278-82.26.Decramer M, Gosselink R, Troosters T,Verschueren M, Evers G. Muscle weakness is related to utilization of health care resourc-es in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 1997;10:417-23.27.Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc [B] 1972;34:187-220.28.Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multi-variate prognostic models: issues in devel-oping models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing er-rors. Stat Med 1996;15:361-87.29.Nam B-H, D’Agostino R. Discrimina-tion index, the area under the ROC curve. In:Huber-Carol C, Balakrishnan N, Nikulin MS,Mesbah M, eds. Goodness-of-fit tests and。
2024年小学3年级上册第1次英语第一单元全练全测(含答案)
2024年小学3年级上册英语第一单元全练全测(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The boy plays the ________.2、What is the opposite of 'hot'?a. Warmb. Coolc. Coldd. Mild答案:c3、听力题：My favorite subject is ________.4、填空题：My dog is very _________ to me. (忠诚)5、填空题：She is a musician, ______ (她是一位音乐家), and plays the piano.6、What do we call the main character in a story?a. Protagonistb. Antagonistc. Supporting characterd. Villain答案:a7、填空题：My favorite thing to do with my friends is ______.8、Which month comes after June?A. MayB. JulyC. AugustD. September答案: B9、Which fruit is known for having seeds on the outside?A. BananaB. StrawberryC. AppleD. Peach答案:B10、填空题：The ________ (生态旅游) promotes conservation.11、填空题：My friend is my best _______ who always supports me.12、填空题：The simplest form of matter is called an _______. (元素)13、What is the name of the famous playwright who wrote "Hamlet"?A. William ShakespeareB. Anton ChekhovC. Tennessee WilliamsD. Arthur Miller答案: A14、What do you call a person who performs magic tricks?A. IllusionistB. MagicianC. WizardD. Enchanter答案:B15、What do we call a baby cat?A. PupB. KittenC. CalfD. Chick答案:B16、填空题：I think kindness is the best _______ (礼物) we can give. It costs nothing but means everything.17、What is the process of a caterpillar becoming a butterfly called?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. TransformationD. Development18、填空题：In the future, I hope to design toys that are both ________ (形容词) and educational.19、听力题：The chemical symbol for chromium is _______.20、What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. Hippopotamus21、填空题：The __________ (历史的探索) is an ongoing journey.22、What is the process of making bread called?A. BakingB. FryingC. BoilingD. Grilling答案:A. Baking23、填空题：The ________ (小溪) runs through our backyard.24、听力题：The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is __________.25、The Great Wall of China was built to:A. Keep out animalsB. Protect against invasionsC. Mark boundariesD. Serve as a road答案:B26、听力题：He ___ (runs) every day.27、填空题：The _____ (植物教育课程) can inspire future botanists.28、填空题：A _____ (水果) tree takes years to mature.29、What is the term for the change of state from liquid to gas?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. CondensationD. Evaporation答案: D30、填空题：I enjoy ________ (走路) in the park.31、What is the capital of Armenia?A. YerevanB. GyumriC. VanadzorD. Artashat答案:A32、听力题：The cat is hiding _____ (under/above) the table.33、听力题：She is _____ (dancing) at the event.34、How many zeros are in one hundred?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4答案:B35、听力题：The _______ can help reduce stress and anxiety.36、听力题：The capital of Faroe Islands is __________.37、What is a baby sheep called?A. CalfB. KittenC. LambD. Puppy答案:C38、What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. Bird39、填空题：The ________ was a defining battle in the history of modern warfare.40、听力题：The chemical formula for bismuth trioxide is _______.41、听力题：Chemical reactions can be influenced by temperature and _____.42、What is the name of the famous sculpture by Michelangelo?A. DavidB. The ThinkerC. The KissD. Venus de Milo答案: A. David43、填空题：I can ______ (游泳) in the lake.44、填空题：The country known for its deserts is ________ (沙特阿拉伯).45、填空题：My friend has a pet _______ (鹦鹉) that can talk!46、填空题：My _____ (外婆) tells great stories.47、听力题：My favorite color is _____ (蓝色).48、听力题：I like to __________ in the pool.49、听力题：The ant builds intricate _____.50、填空题：A _____ is a large area of flat land that is often flooded.51、What do we call the person who helps us when we are sick?A. TeacherB. DoctorC. NurseD. Chef52、听力题：The dog is ________ in the grass.53、填空题：The __________ is a famous mountain range in Italy. (阿尔卑斯山)54、What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Little Red Riding Hood答案:B55、听力题：A saturated solution can be created by adding solute until no more can be ______.56、填空题：The _____ (小海豚) leaps out of the water in joy. 小海豚高高跃出水面，欢快无比。
2024年小学4年级第十一次英语第3单元全练全测(含答案)
2024年小学4年级英语第3单元全练全测(含答案)考试时间：90分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My sister loves to __________ (画画) in her free time.2. 听力题：The __________ is responsible for filtering waste in the body.3. 听力题：The bear lives in a _____ cave.4. ts can live in _____ (极端) climates. 填空题：Some pla5. 填空题：The _____ (butterfly) garden attracts pollinators.6. 选择题：What do you call the tallest building in the world?A. SkyscraperB. TowerC. MonumentD. Edifice答案：A7. 填空题：A rabbit’s teeth are always ______ (生长).8. 听力题：Chemical reactions can occur in ________ environments.9. 听力题：The library is very _______ (quiet).10. 填空题：My dad teaches me how to ________ (骑自行车) without training wheels. It was hard at first, but now I can do it ________ (很好).11. 选择题：What do we call the place where we learn?A. SchoolB. HospitalC. OfficeD. Farm答案:A12. 填空题：The _______ (Labor Movement) fought for workers’ rights and better conditions.13. 选择题：What is the capital of the Czech Republic?A. PragueB. BratislavaC. BudapestD. Ljubljana答案:A14. 听力题：A ______ is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent.15. 选择题：What do we call a baby cow?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: A16. 选择题：What do we call the first ten letters of the alphabet?A. A to JB. A to ZC. A to MD. A to N17. 选择题：What instrument do you blow into to play?A. GuitarB. FluteD. Drums18. 听力题：The Earth's crust can be altered by human ______.19. 听力题：The chemical formula for gallium(III) oxide is _____.20. 填空题：The __________ (全球问题解决) requires teamwork.21. 填空题：I enjoy baking ________ (蛋糕) for my friends.22. 听力题：The element with atomic number is __________.23. 填空题：I wish I could fly like a ________ (鸟).24. 听力题：The children are _____ in the playground. (laughing)25. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. RomeC. VeniceD. Florence答案:A. Pompeii26. 选择题：What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. NarratorD. Author答案:A27. 选择题：How many senses do humans have?A. ThreeB. FourC. Five答案:C28. 听力题：The chemical formula for ammonium phosphate is ______.29. 填空题：The armadillo has a tough ______ (外壳).30. 听力题：The concept of ecological restoration focuses on revitalizing damaged ______.31. 选择题：What is the name of the galaxy we live in?A. Milky WayB. AndromedaC. WhirlpoolD. Triangulum32. 填空题：A rabbit has long ________________ (耳朵).33. 填空题：The __________ was an important trade route in ancient times. (丝绸之路)34. 填空题：The rabbit is a ______ (草食性动物).35. 听力题：A __________ is a large lake in North America.36. 填空题：My cat loves to curl up on a _______ (椅子).37. 听力题：The ______ helps us see light.38. 选择题：What do we celebrate on the Fourth of July in the United States?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. ChristmasD. Memorial Day答案:BA __________ is a type of chemical reaction where new substances are formed.40. trial Revolution changed how _______ were made. (商品) 填空题：The Indu41. 听力题：I love to _____ stories before bedtime. (hear)42. 听力题：The chemical symbol for platinum is ______.43. 听力题：A toy car moves when we _______ it.44. 填空题：Orchids are considered very _____ (美丽) flowers.45. 听力题：The _____ shows the positions of stars and constellations.46. 填空题：It is _______ to share with friends.47. 选择题：What do we call the study of the Earth?A. BiologyB. GeographyC. ChemistryD. History答案:B48. 填空题：The sloth hangs from branches with its _______ (爪子).49. 选择题：Which is the tallest animal?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. LionD. Bear答案:B50. 听力题：The __________ can reveal the relationships between geological layers and formations.Combustion is a reaction that produces ________ and water.52. 选择题：How many colors are there in a rainbow?a. Fiveb. Sixc. Sevend. Eight答案:C53. 小鲸鱼) sings a beautiful song underwater. 填空题：The ___54. ts have _____ (药用) properties. 填空题：Some pla55. 听力题：I see _____ (clouds/stars) in the sky.56. 填空题：The sun shines ______ in the summer.57. 听力题：My brother is a ______. He enjoys modeling.58. 听力题：The main component of vegetable oil is ______.59. 填空题：The discovery of ________ has had significant implications for health and wellness.60. ssance was a period of renewed interest in __________. (艺术与科学)填空题：The Rena61. 听力题：The _____ (玩具) is colorful.62. 听力题：I see a ___ (car/truck) on the road.63. 选择题：What do we call a small, sweet fruit?A. BerryB. PeachC. AppleD. Banana64. 填空题：The ______ (草地) is lush and green.65. 选择题：What do we use to measure time?A. ScaleB. ClockC. RulerD. Thermometer66. 听力题：The _____ (铃铛) chimes softly.67. 填空题：My grandma loves to _______ (动词) in her garden. 她的花园很 _______ (形容词).68. 填空题：The first man-made satellite was named _______. (斯普特尼克)69. 听力题：In chemistry, a reagent is a substance used to cause a _____.70. 填空题：I love to watch ______ while I eat dinner.71. 选择题：What do you call a young horse?A. ColtB. FoalC. MareD. Stallion答案:B72. 选择题：What is the name of the largest desert in the world?A. Sahara DesertB. Arabian DesertC. Gobi DesertD. Kalahari Desert答案:A73. 听力题：The chameleon can be green or _______.74. 选择题：What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. Gray75. 填空题：The country famous for its chocolates is ________ (瑞士).76. 选择题：What is the name of the famous wizard in children's literature?A. GandalfB. DumbledoreC. MerlinD. Harry Potter答案: D77. 填空题：My favorite _________ (玩具) is the one that sings when you hug it.78. 填空题：A _____ is a large area of water that is deep.79. 听力题：The capital city of Saint Kitts and Nevis is __________.80. 填空题：My mom loves __________ (参与公益活动).81. 填空题：Each plant has a unique _____ (特征).82. 选择题：What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasiliaC. Sao PauloD. Salvador83. 听力题：We will go ______ for a walk after dinner. (outside)84. 选择题：What do you call a young dolphin?A. CalfB. PupC. KitD. Foal答案:A85. 听力题：A __________ is a large area of trees and wildlife.86. 听力题：The _______ of an object can be altered by changing its mass.87. 填空题：I also want to take my pet on ______. We could explore new places and meet other animals. It would be an adventure for both of us! I hope to find parks where pets are allowed to run and play freely.88. 选择题：What do you call the study of weather?A. GeographyB. MeteorologyC. ClimatologyD. Astronomy答案:B89. 填空题：I love to go ______ (滑雪) during winter vacations.90. 听力题：The formula for table salt is _______.91. 选择题：What is the color of a typical pepper?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. All of the above92. 听力题：We had ______ (fun) at the zoo.93. 听力题：I like to draw ______ (cartoons).94. 听力题：A __________ is a substance made up of only one type of atom.95. 听力题：A solution that can conduct electricity is called an ______ solution.96. 听力题：My sister is a ______. She loves to work with children.97. 选择题：What is the opposite of fast?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid答案:B98. 听力题：The ____ is an animal that loves to dig.99. 填空题：They are _______ (去) to the beach this weekend.100. 选择题：What is the term for animals that eat both plants and meat?A. HerbivoresB. CarnivoresC. OmnivoresD. Insectivores答案:C。
培非格司亭中英文介绍
王婕913103860408NEULASTA（PEGFILGRASTIM）|培非格司亭注射液1.Introduction(简介)【产地英文商品名】:NEULASTA－6mg/0.6ml/Syringe【原产地英文药品名】:PEGFILGRASTIM【中文参考商品译名】:纽拉思塔-6毫克/0.6毫升/支【中文参考药品译名】:培非格司亭【生产厂家中文参考译名】:安进【生产厂家英文名】:Amgen, IncAmgen Announces Novel Drugs for Antitumor Chemotherapy Side Effects of FGT (TM) (pegfilgrastim), a drug developed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approval. Amphetamycin, the chief executive of Amgen, says that pemetrexedin will make it easier for healthcare workers to prevent chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and its serious complications. The third drug approved by Amgen in the past six months will significantly improve the prognosis of chemotherapy patients and is expected to enter the market in early April.BUSINESS WIRE 2002年2月1日美国加州THOUSAND OAKS消息，安进公司宣布抗肿瘤化疗副作用新药培非格司亭(TM) (pegfilgrastim)通过美国食品与药品管理局（FDA）的审批。
心脑宁片对D-半乳糖致亚急性衰老模型小鼠脑组织结构的影响
ｒｏ ｇ ｕ ｐ ｓ ｃ ｏ ｕ ｌ ｄ ｓ ｉ ｇ ｎ ｉ ｉ ｆ ｃ ａ ｎ ｔ ｌ ｙ ｉ ｍｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｔ ｏ ｍｏ ｒ ｐ ｈ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ｏ ｆ ｎ ｅ ｒ ｖ ｅ ｃ ｅ ｌ ｌ ｓ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｄ—ｇ ａ ｌ ａ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｓ ｅ ｉ ｎ ｄ ｕ ｃ ｅ ｄ ｓ ｕ ｂ ａ ｃ ｕ ｔ ｅ ａ ｇ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｍ ｏ ｄ ｅ ｌ （ Ｐ＜０ ． ０ １ ） ， ｔ ｈ ｅ
心脑宁片对 Ｄ一 半乳糖致亚急性衰老模型小鼠脑组织结构的影响
马珍珍 ， 刘 艳， 吕宏迪 ， 郝少君 ， 张正 臣
（ 中国人 民解放 军 第 ３ ７ １中心 医院 ， 河南 新乡 ４ ５ ３ ０ ０ ０ ）
摘要 ： 目 的 研 究 心 脑 宁 片对 Ｄ一半乳 糖 致 小 鼠亚 急性 衰 老 模 型 脑 组 织 形 态 的影 响 。 方法 取体重 ｌ ８—２ １ ｇ小 鼠 ７ ２只 （ 雌雄各半 ） ， 随机 分 为 ６组 ， 各１ ２只 （ 雌雄各半 ） ， 其 中 ５组 造 Ｄ一半 乳糖 亚 急 性 衰 老 模 型 。 取 脑 组 织 用 福 尔马 林 固定 ， 石 蜡 包埋 ， 切片 ， Ｈ Ｅ染色， 光 镜观
ｃ ａ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｎ ｅ ａ ｃ ｈ ｇ ｒ ｏ ｕ ｐ （ ｍａ ｌ ｅ ａ ｎ ｄ ｆ ｅ ｍ ａ ｌ ｅ ｉ ｎ ｈ ａ ｌ ｆ ） ， ａ ｍｏ ｎ ｇ ｗ ｈ ｉ ｃ ｈ ５ ｒｏ ｇ ｕ ｐ ｓ ｗ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｍ ａ ｄ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｄ—ｇ ａ ｌ ａ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｕ ｂ ａ ｃ ｕ ｔ ｅ ａ ｇ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｍ ｏ ｄ ｅ １ ． Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｂ ｒ ａ ｉ ｎ
关键 词 ： 心脑 宁片； 小鼠 ； 脑组织 ； 脑安 片 中 图分 类号 ： １ １ ２ ８ ５ ． ５ ： １ １ ２ ８ ６ 文献标识码 ： Ａ 文 章编 号 ： １ ０ ０ ６— ４ ９ ３ １ （ ２ ０ １ ３ ） ２ １— ０ ０ １ ５—０ ３
兰州2024年04版小学四年级上册L卷英语第一单元综合卷[有答案]
兰州2024年04版小学四年级上册英语第一单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What is the opposite of ‘cold’?A. WarmB. HotC. CoolD. Chilly2. 听力题：I enjoy ___ (reading) before bed.3. 选择题：What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. MadridC. ParisD. Rome4. 选择题：What is the term for a scientist who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. Physicist答案:B5. 听力题：The chemical formula for sodium nitrate is _____.6. 填空题：The lynx is known for its tufted _________ (耳朵).7. 填空题：My dog enjoys going for _______ (散步) with me.8. 填空题：My favorite thing to do at night is ______.9. 听力题：I paint with _____ (油漆).10. 选择题：What do we call the art of folding paper into shapes?A. OrigamiB. PaintingC. SculptingD. Drawing答案:A11. 填空题：The _______ (青蛙) croaks loudly at night.12. 听力题：I want to ________ (dance) at the party.13. 填空题：The country known for its historical significance is ________ (以历史重要性闻名的国家是________).14. 选择题：What is the term for the study of stars and planets?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. AstronomyD. Geology15. 选择题：What is the primary ingredient in sushi?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. BreadD. Potatoes16. 选择题：What do we call a story that is not true?a. Factb. Fictionc. Legendd. History答案:b17. 听力题：A ______ is a representation of an experiment's outcome.18. 选择题：Which animal is famous for its long migrations?A. ElephantB. SalmonC. LionD. Tiger答案: B19. 填空题：Her dress is _______ (漂亮的).根据图片提示，选出正确的答案。
给外国朋友介绍中国科学家英语作文
给外国朋友介绍中国科学家英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Foreign Friend, Let Me Tell You About Amazing Chinese Scientists!Hi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. I live in Beijing, the capital of China. Today I want to share with you some really cool stuff about famous Chinese scientists. China has a long history of science and innovation going back thousands of years. Even today, Chinese scientists are working hard and making incredible discoveries! Let me tell you about a few of them.First up is Tu Youyou, a pharmaceutical chemist who in 2015 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Isn't that awesome? She's the first Chinese woman to win a Nobel in science. Tu did super important research on malaria, a horrible disease that has killed millions of people, especially in Africa. By studying ancient Chinese medicine books, she discovered artemisnin and dihydroartemisinin, which are now used aspowerful malaria treatments that have saved countless lives. Way to go Tu Youyou!Next is Pan Jianwei, who is a quantum physicist. He's an expert on something called "quantum entanglement" which has to do with how tiny subatomic particles are connected in weird ways. In 2016, Pan's team was able to achieve quantum entanglement between photons over a distance of over 1,200 km! That's like from Beijing all the way to Shanghai. This was a huge breakthrough that could eventually lead to super-secure quantum communication networks. Isn't that mind-blowing?Another amazing Chinese scientist is Zhang Shoucheng, a physicist at Stanford University in America. Zhang came up with some wild theories about something called "modular functor extensions" and "topological ordered states of matter." From what I understand, his work could open up whole new areas of physics and materials science. Some people even think Zhang's ideas could be a step towards a unified theory of everything in the universe! That's just bananas if you ask me.Then there's the smart computer scientist Yao Qizhi. She designs artificial intelligence algorithms, which are like instructions that help computers solve problems and learn just like humans. Yao has made AI systems that are really good atthings like speech recognition, machine translation between languages, and even writing poems and stories. Her work is helping make AI smarter every day. Maybe one day robots will be writing essays like this one!I could go on and on, but I don't want this to get too long and boring. There are just so many talented Chinese scientists doing amazing, cutting-edge research in fields like genetics, renewable energy, space exploration, and more. China is getting stronger in science and innovation with each passing year.We Chinese people are very proud of the accomplishments of our scientists. They are working hard to make the world a better place through new knowledge and inventions. I hope you found these examples interesting and inspiring. Who knows, maybe you'll grow up to be a famous scientist yourself someday! Just remember to study hard, stay curious, and never stop learning. Science is so much fun!Your friend,Xiaoming篇2My Friend from Far Away!Hi! My name is Xiaoming and I am 10 years old. I live in Beijing, the capital city of China. Today I want to tell you about some amazing scientists from my country. Scientists study the world around us and make new discoveries. China has many brilliant scientists who have helped make the world better!Let me start by telling you about a scientist named Tu Youyou. She is a woman who made a great discovery about medicine. In the 1960s, many people were getting very sick from malaria, which is caused by tiny creatures called parasites. The regular medicine wasn't working anymore.Tu Youyou was very determined to find a better cure. She spent years carefully reading through ancient books on traditional Chinese herbal medicines. She tested hundreds of different plant recipes from the old books. Finally, after much hard work, she found that an herb called sweet wormwood could treat malaria very effectively when prepared in a special way.Thanks to Tu Youyou's perseverance, millions of lives have been saved from malaria all over the world. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2015, which is the highest honor a scientist can receive. Tu Youyou is an inspiration because she never gave up in her quest to help humanity.Another amazing Chinese scientist is Zhang Heng, who lived almost 2,000 years ago during the Han Dynasty. He was best known as an astronomer who studied the stars, planets and universe. But he also made incredible inventions that were way ahead of their time!Zhang Heng invented the world's first seismometer, which is a device that detects earthquakes. It was essentially a heavy bronze sphere with special markings. When an earthquake happened, the sphere would shake and a tiny ball would drop, making a noise and showing the direction the shaking came from. Isn't that brilliant for something made almost 2,000 years ago?Zhang Heng also mapped the stars and took measurements of the sun and moon that were incredibly accurate, especially without modern telescopes and tools. He invented a remarkable water-powered armillary sphere, which was one of the first models of the entire celestial universe. Zhang Heng was a true genius and pioneer of early science.Do you know how airplanes fly? The idea of aerodynamics, which explains how airflow around objects allows flight, was first discovered by a toy-maker in China named Lu Ban around 500 AD. He realized that light, empty objects caught more airflowand moved further. This helped inspire the development of kites, helicopters and flight itself many centuries later.Lu Ban was considered the greatest builder and engineer of his time. He created numerous wood and bamboo inventions like bridges, palaces, and even an incredibly tall pagoda that was the highest building in the ancient world at over 300 feet high! Lu Ban also wrote books explaining engineering principles like using strong materials like bamboo, distributing weight evenly, and other smart building techniques.The last scientist I want to tell you about is a young woman named Tu Xiaoxin who is only 23 years old. She may become one of the brightest future scientists of our time! Just a few years ago in 2018 when she was only 18, Tu shattered records by becoming the youngest person to ever earn a Ph.D in material science and engineering from a Chinese university.Tu Xiaoxin has already made groundbreaking discoveries in nanotechnology. She invented tiny "nanolayers" thinner than one millionth of a meter that have all sorts of useful applications. For example, her nanolayer materials can be used to coat airplanes and ships to resist erosion and fire. They can also be used to make batteries and solar panels more efficient.Tu Xiaoxin's intelligence and determination at such a young age is truly amazing. I hope that when I grow up, I can become an outstanding scientist like her and all the brilliant Chinese minds that came before. There are so many more incredible Chinese scientific discoveries that I didn't have space to mention here. But I hope I was able to give you a small taste of how China has given so many gifts of knowledge to the entire world. Thank you for letting me share my pride in these icons of Chinese science with you!篇3My Foreign Friend, Let Me Tell You About Amazing Chinese Scientists!Hi there! My name is Lin Lin and I'm 10 years old. I live in Beijing, the capital city of China. Today I want to tell you all about some really cool Chinese scientists who have made amazing discoveries and inventions. Get ready to be impressed!First up is Tu Youyou, a pharmacist who won the Nobel Prize in 2015. That's like winning the Super Bowl of science! Tu studied traditional Chinese medicine and used it to create a new drug that could cure malaria. Malaria is a very nasty disease caused by mosquitos that used to make lots of people sick. But thanks toTu's special medicine made from sweet wormwood plants, many lives have been saved. Isn't that awesome?Next is Qian Xuesen, known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry." When Qian was young, he went to study in America and helped design awesome rockets and missiles there. But then there was some trouble and he had to go back to China. Don't worry though, because once home he designed China's first missiles and launch vehicles to send satellites into space! He even earned the nickname "Dr Tsien" which sounds like "Qian" in Chinese. How cool is launching rockets?You've got to hear about Zhong Nanshan too. He's a doctor who became a huge hero during the SARS outbreak in 2003. SARS was a terrible virus that spread between people really fast and made it hard to breathe. Zhong worked super hard to find ways to contain SARS and treat patients. He wasn't afraid to go into hospitals and high risk areas to help people get better. Zhong is brave and smart - exactly what you want in a top scientist!While we're talking about viruses, let me tell you about the "Bat Woman" Shi Zhengli. She's an expert virus hunter who tracks down weird new viruses in bat caves. Shi has spent years studying bat coronaviruses, which are cousins of the COVID-19virus that caused a global pandemic. Her work helps us understand where diseases come from and how to stop them from spreading. Just imagine going into those dark, smelly,bat-filled caves for science!One more famous scientist is Pan Jianwei, the "Quantum Scientist." His work deals with quantum physics and quantum computers. Those are like super advanced computers that can calculate way faster than regular ones. Pan is the first person in the world to send quantum data from the ground all the way up to a satellite in space! With quantum tech, we could have uncrackable cybersecurity codes and blazing fast communication networks. It's pretty much magic!As you can see, China has produced many brilliant scientists across all different fields. From medicine to rocketry to quantum physics, these men and women are working hard every day to make new discoveries that help people and push the boundaries of human knowledge. I hope you enjoyed learning about just a few of them.Tell your family and friends about these awesome Chinese scientists too! And remember, if you study hard and never give up on your dreams, maybe one day you could become a famous scientist yourself. How cool would that be? Take care!Your friend,Lin Lin篇4My Foreign Friend, Let Me Tell You About Chinese Scientists!Hi! My name is Lin Lin and I'm 10 years old. I live in Beijing, the capital city of China. Today I want to tell you about some amazing Chinese scientists who have made very important discoveries and inventions. Get ready to be impressed!First up is Tu Youyou, a lady scientist who won the Nobel Prize in 2015. Isn't that cool? She is an expert on malaria, which is a very bad disease spread by mosquitoes. For over 2,000 years, people in China have used herbs from traditional Chinese medicine to treat malaria. But Ms. Tu figured out exactly which herb worked the best and why.The special herb is called Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood. Ms. Tu and her team tested 380 different herb remedies from ancient Chinese books. They extracted compounds from the wormwood plant and tested them on malaria parasites. Voila! One compound was super effective atkilling the malaria parasite. This discovery has saved millions of lives!Now let me tell you about Qian Xuesen, known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry." When Mr. Qian was a young man, he went to study mechanical engineering at MIT and Caltech in America. He was really smart and helped design awesome rockets and missiles for the U.S. army during World War 2. But then the U.S. government accused him of being a communist and deported him back to China in 1955. Unfair!Once in China, Mr. Qian got to work developing rockets, satellites, and missiles to launch objects into space. He trained thousands of students and scientists. Under his leadership, China was able to successfully launch its first satellite, first missile, and first human into space. No wonder he is called the "Father" - he helped give birth to China's whole space program!Next up is the "Father of Hybrid Rice" - Yuan Longping. Rice is the main food for people in China, so growing lots of rice is super important. But regular rice plants don't make that many grains of rice. In the 1970s, Mr. Yuan figured out a way to breed different kinds of rice together to create "hybrid" rice plants. These special plants could produce way more rice grains than regular plants!Mr. Yuan's hybrid rice helped feed millions of people in China and other countries. It increased rice production by 20%! He won lots of awards, including the World Food Prize which is like the Nobel Prize for agriculture. Up until he died in 2021 at age 91, Mr. Yuan was still hard at work developing better types of hybrid rice. What a legend!I also have to tell you about Hua Luogeng, one of China's top mathematicians. When Mr. Hua was just 24 years old in 1938, he discovered an amazing concept called the "Hua Composition Formulas." Don't worry, I can't really explain what those are either - it has to do with complicated math ideas like algebraic geometry and differential equations.The Hua formulas were a huge breakthrough and are used a lot in modern physics and engineering. Mr. Hua made many other important contributions too. He did cutting-edge research in algebra, analytic theory, topology - you name it! For his brilliant work, the great Hua Luogeng is considered one of the founding fathers of modern Chinese mathematics.Finally, I want to tell you about the "Laser Princess" - Zhores Alferov and her team at Fudan University. Lasers are like super focused beams of light that have all sorts of amazing uses, from DVD players to surgical tools. But for a long time, it was reallyhard to create lasers that gave off light in a wide range of colors besides just red.In the 1970s, Ms. Alferov and her researchers experimented with new semiconductor materials and structures to make lasers. Their work led to the invention of high-powered laser diodes and LEDs that could emit different colors like blue, green, yellow and more. Wow!This technology made things like high-definition Blu-ray discs, LED lights and displays, and powerful laser cutting/welding tools possible. It totally revolutionized the optoelectronics industry. No wonder Ms. Alferov won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics - she's the first woman from Russia or China to get that honor.There are so many other brilliant Chinese scientists I could tell you about like Zhang Yuzhe (expert in metallurgy), Zhu Lilan (pioneer of hybrid wheat), and Nie Gannu (discovered the artemisinin malaria drug at the same time as Tu Youyou). But I'm out of space!From ancient herbal medicine to modern lasers and space travel, Chinese scientists have given the world so many incredible gifts. I'm proud of their amazing minds and hard work. When I grow up, I want to be a great scientist too and makediscoveries to help people, just like these role models. The future will be awesome!Your friend,Lin Lin篇5My Foreign Friend, Let Me Tell You About Amazing Chinese Scientists!Hi! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. I live in Beijing, the capital city of China. Today, I want to share with you some really cool Chinese scientists that made huge discoveries and inventions. Get ready to be amazed!The first person I'll talk about is a guy named Zhang Heng. He lived a really, really long time ago, around 2000 years back! Zhang Heng was incredibly smart and made the first seismoscope in the whole world. That's a special tool that can detect earthquakes from far away places. Isn't that crazy? With his invention, people could know when an earthquake was coming before it even hit their area. That saved a lot of lives back then!Next up is a true legend - Zu Chongzhi. He figured out the value of pi (that's the number with no end, 3.14159...) up to 7 decimal places way back in the 5th century. Plus, he created a really neat calendar system that helped ancient people keep track of days and seasons properly. What an intelligent guy!Have you heard of papermaking? It was actually invented in China during the Han Dynasty by a talented court official named Cai Lun. Before that, people had to write on bamboo strips or silk, which was very expensive. But thanks to Cai Lun's amazing papermaking process using tree bark and rags, writing and sharing information became so much easier and cheaper. Writing was now for everyone, not just the rich!Switching gears to the field of medicine, there was a renowned doctor named Hua Tuo who was a surgery superstar around 1800 years ago. He figured out how to use a mixture of wine and herbal powders to make people feel no pain during operations - the world's first anesthesia! Hua Tuo also came up with ways to set and treat bone fractures properly. Hospitals wouldn't be the same without his brilliant ideas.Moving on to more modern scientists, I've got to mention the "Queen of Silk" - Tu Youyou. In the 1960s and 70s, she led a team that discovered a powerful treatment for malaria byanalyzing ancient medical books and hundreds of herbal remedies. Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world! For this incredible achievement, Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in 2015, becoming the first female Chinese Nobel laureate.Last but definitely not least, there's China's very own "Father of Hybrid Rice" - Yuan Longping. By cross-breeding different rice varieties in super smart ways, he created high-yielding hybrid rice strains that can produce way more food than regular rice. His hybrid rice has enormously increased food supplies and helped feed billions of hungry people globally. What a lifesaver! Yuan Longping even won the World Food Prize, which is considered the "Nobel Prize for Food and Agriculture."Wow, that was a lot of amazing Chinese scientists and their unbelievable inventions and discoveries, huh? From detecting earthquakes, calculating pi, making paper, using anesthesia, curing malaria, to boosting rice production - these geniuses have helped shape our modern world in so many ways. I'm proud to share a tiny bit about the long history of brilliant Chinese minds with you. China has given the world so many cool innovations throughout the centuries, all thanks to the creativity and hard work of our scientists. I hope you enjoyed learning about them as much as I did!Your friend,Xiaoming篇6My Foreign Friends, Let Me Tell You About China's Great Scientists!Hi friends! My name is Xiaoming and I'm from China. Today, I want to share with you some really cool Chinese scientists who have made amazing discoveries and inventions. Get ready to be impressed!First, let me tell you about the "Father of Chinese Aviation" –Feng Ru. He was born in 1882 and loved studying and experimenting with planes from a young age. In 1909, when he was just 27 years old, Feng Ru built and flew China's very first airplane! Can you imagine how brave and smart he must have been to do that over 100 years ago? His airplane only flew for about 60 meters, but it was a huge achievement and an important milestone for China's aviation industry.Another brilliant Chinese scientist is Tu Youyou. She won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2015 for her amazing work in finding a cure for malaria. Malaria is a deadly disease caused by parasitesthat are transmitted through mosquito bites. For many years, scientists all over the world tried very hard to find a cure, but they couldn't. Then, Tu Youyou had a brilliant idea – she looked into ancient Chinese medicine texts for clues! After studying old books and testing hundreds of different herb recipes, she finally discovered a compound from sweet wormwood that could fight malaria. Her discovery has saved millions of lives!Now, let me introduce you to the "Father of China's Missile and Satellite Program" – Qian Xuesen. He was a genius when it came to rocket science and aerodynamics. Qian Xuesen played a key role in developing China's first missile, satellite, and space program. Without his hard work and brilliant mind, China might not have been able to launch satellites and explore space like it does today.Speaking of space, have you heard of Jiao Tong University's "Longjiang" satellites? These tiny satellites, each weighing only a few kilograms, were designed and built by university students! The first Longjiang satellite was launched in 2016, and since then, many more have been sent into orbit to conduct experiments and take pictures of Earth from space. Isn't that amazing? Students not much older than me are building real satellites that go into space!Another young genius I want to tell you about is Zhong Nanshan. When he was just 29 years old, he discovered a new type of virus that causes a deadly respiratory disease. This virus, now known as the Zhong Nanshan virus, can spread from animals to humans and cause severe pneumonia. Thanks to Zhong Nanshan's discovery, doctors were able to develop tests and treatments to save many lives. He also played a crucial role in fighting the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the COVID-19 pandemic. Zhong Nanshan is a true hero who has dedicated his life to protecting people's health.You know, China has a long history of scientific achievements and innovations. Did you know that ancient Chinese scholars like Zhang Heng and Su Song invented the world's first seismoscope to detect earthquakes, and the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere to track the movement of celestial bodies? Or that Shen Kuo was the first person to describe the concept of true north and magnetic north, and to realize that the Earth's surface is slowly changing over time?I could go on and on, but I don't want to bore you with too many details. Just know that Chinese scientists, both past and present, have made countless valuable contributions to fields like astronomy, mathematics, medicine, engineering, and more.They have pushed the boundaries of human knowledge and helped make the world a better place.I feel really proud to come from a country with such a rich scientific heritage and so many brilliant minds. I hope that when you think of China, you'll not only think of our delicious food, beautiful landscapes, and ancient history, but also our impressive scientific achievements and the hard-working, creative scientists who have dedicated their lives to exploring the mysteries of the universe.Maybe one day, I'll become a great scientist too and make a groundbreaking discovery that helps people all over the world. A kid can dream, right? For now, I'll just keep studying hard, reading about science and technology, and looking up to the amazing Chinese scientists who have inspired me.Thank you for letting me share a little bit about China's scientific accomplishments with you. I hope you found it interesting and that you'll remember some of the scientists I mentioned. Let me know if you have any other questions – I'd be happy to tell you more!Your friend,Xiaoming。
2019年托福听力科学美国人60秒：药品外表改变
2019年托福听力科学美国人60秒：药品外表改变科学美国人60秒中英文翻译：药品外表改变Don't judge a book by its cover.And don't judge a pill by its color…or shape.When prescriptions for post-heart-attack care gotrefilled and the same drugs suddenly came in different shapes or colors, patients were significantly more likely to stop taking their meds.That's the finding from a study involving more than11,000 patients that appears in the Annals of Internal Medicine.药品.jpgEven when different looking pills contained the exact same active ingredient, a change in color boosted the odds that patients would stop taking their heart medication by 34 percent.A change in shape jumped the chance that patients would cease their meds by 66 percent.There's no legal requirement to make generic and brand-name drugs appear alike.But the study's authors say that the Food and Drug Administration should consider making consistent appearance the standard, as such uniformity would likely result in more patients adhering to their medication regimens.For now, we're all stuck reading pharmaceutical labels.科学美国人60秒中文翻译：不要从封面来判断一本书的好坏，当然也不能凭借颜色和形状来判断一片药。
狂热与纯真：本杰明·布里顿与奥尔德堡音乐节
055［摘 要］ 本杰明·布里顿作为在世界音乐中持续吸引音乐家和听众关注的英国作曲家，他创办的奥尔德堡音乐节成为英国重要的音乐遗产，创建的英国歌剧团鼓励了年轻的作曲家，在音乐节中始终传递着最深刻的人文主义关怀与独特的英国音乐纯真网格。
［关 键 词］ 本杰明·布里顿；奥尔德堡音乐节；英国音乐狂热与纯真：本杰明·布里顿与奥尔德堡音乐节颜家碧一、引言1913年11月22日，本杰明·布里顿（Edward Benjamin Britten）出生在英国萨福克郡的洛斯托夫特，布里顿的父亲是镇上的一位成功的口腔外科医生，他的母亲是当地合唱团的领袖。
作为家中的第四个孩子，母亲很早就发现了布里顿的音乐天赋。
他5岁开始作曲，9岁能创作出完整的作品，12岁时便开始在作曲家兼教师的布里奇的指导下学习，17岁进入皇家音乐学院，在约翰·爱尔兰和亚瑟·本杰明的指导下学习钢琴与作曲，在校期间创作了一首组合唱变奏曲《一个男孩出生》（A boy was born ），22岁开始在电台、剧院和电影院中担任作曲家，与诗人W.H.奥登有着密切的联系，24岁为管弦乐团创作的《弗兰克·布里奇主题变奏曲》（Variatio ns on a theme of Frank Bridge ）赢得了国际赞誉，26岁与皮尔斯一同前往美国各地游历，32岁创作了确立其国际地位的歌剧作品《彼得·格莱姆斯》（Peter Grimes ）。
他一共留下了16部歌剧，其歌剧被认为是自17世纪亨利·珀塞尔以来最好的英国歌剧。
布里顿是一位少见的多产作曲家，从歌剧、管弦乐到合唱、独唱、室内乐、器乐、电影音乐，以及专为儿童和业余表演者所表演的音乐，他都非常有创作的兴趣。
“英国莫扎特”的赞誉与他创作的大量成功作品是息息相关的，他是20世纪英国主要且重要的作曲家。
对于各个音乐流派而言，布里顿是迷人的外围人物，他独立却不孤立，作为一位努力创作的音乐家，他的一生都一直忙于创作、发展、深化音乐语言。