最新英语考试内容整理.6.14学习资料

一、单选

Unit 1

1、emulate（v.效仿、模仿）= imitate（v.模仿、仿效）

2、dedicated（adj.专注的献身的）= devoted（adj.献身的；忠诚的；v.献身于，致力于）

3、encompass（vt.包含；包围、环绕；完成）= include（vt.包含、包括）

4、inception（n.开创、开端）= beginning（n.开始；起点；v.开始；创建）

5、competence（n.能力、胜任；权限）= ability（n.能力、能耐；才能）

6、compliment（n.夸奖、称赞；恭维；v.称赞）= praise（n.赞扬；称赞；崇拜；vt/vi.赞美）

7、skyrocket（v.急升、猛升；激增、激涨）= rise suddenly（迅速的增加）

8、buck【v.（人坐在马背时，马）猛烈颠簸；】= resist（v.抵抗，反抗）

9、regardless of（不管、不顾）= in spite of（不管、不顾）

10、reach out to（递给...；主动联系）= give help to（给...帮助）

Unit 3

1、imminent（adj.即将来临的；迫近的）= impending（adj.即将发生的；迫切的；v.迫近）

2、dismantle（v.拆开，拆卸；废除）= cancel（v.取消；撤销；废除）

3、murky（adj.阴暗的、黑暗的；朦胧的）= gloomy（adj.阴暗的、幽暗的；令人沮丧的）

4、brim（v.含满；充盈；n.帽檐、帽边）= fill（v.充满；装满；挤满；弥漫、遍及）

5、suspicious（adj.怀疑的、猜疑的）= distrustful（adj.怀疑的；不信任的；可疑的）

6、vulnerable（adj.易受伤的；易受攻击的；感情脆弱的）= weak（adj.虚弱的；无力的）

7、flimsy（adj.脆弱的；易损坏的；不周密的）= fragile（adj.脆弱的、易碎的、易损坏的）

8、veteran（n.经验丰富的人；老兵；老手）= experienced（adj.老练、熟练的；富有经验的）

9、adversary（n.对手、敌手）= opponent（n.对手、敌手、反对者）

10、malicious（adj.恶意的；恶毒的；怀恨的）= hostile（adj.敌对、不友善的；怀有敌意的）

Unit 5

1、gauge（v.判定、判断；测量）= evaluate（vt.评价；估价；求...的值；vi.评价；估价）

2、surveillance（n.监视、监督）= monitoring（n.监视；监控；检验、检查；v.监视、监督）

3、stem（v.阻止、遏制、封堵；堵住、止住）= stop（v.停止）

4、outmoded（adj.过时的、废弃的）= outdated（adj.过时的；旧时的）

5、panacea（n.万全之策、万应灵丹）= cure-all（n.万应灵丹、灵丹妙药）

6、hindrances（n.障碍；障碍者）= obstacle（n.障碍、阻碍、干扰；妨碍物、障碍物）

7、unscathed（adj.未受伤的）= unhurt（adj.未受伤的）

8、refers to（指的是....）= means（v.意思是...、表示...什么的意思）

9、pop up（突然出现）= appear suddenly（突然、迅速出现）

10、under way（进行中；在行进；在航行）= in progress（正在进行；在发展中）

Unit 7

1、appropriate（adj.恰当的；合适的）= suitable（adj.适当的；相配的）

2、mitigate（v.减轻、缓解、缓和）= lessen（v.减轻、减少）

3、aforementioned（adj.上述的；前面提及的）= previous（adj.以前的；早先的；先前的）

4、deflect（v.使转向；转移；干扰）= redirect（vt.使改方向；重新寄送；adj.再直接的）

5、deleterious（adj.有毒的、有害的）= harmful（adj.有害的）

6、hazardous（adj.危险的、不安全的）= dangerous（adj.危险的、不安全的）

7、stall（v.拖延；拖住；延误；熄火；n.货摊、摊位；畜栏、牛棚）= stop（v.停止、中止）

8、conceivably（adv.令人信服地；可相信地；想象得到地）= imaginably（adv.可想象地）

9、in terms of（依据，按照；在....方面）=by way of（用....方式，借着）

10、ultimate（adj.最终的、最后的）= final（adj.最后的、最终的）

二、完形填空

Unit 1

Starbucks realized early on that motivated and committed human resources were the key to the success of a retail business. Therefore the company took great care in selecting the right kind of people and made an effort to retain them .Consequently, the company's human resource policies reflected its commitment to its employees.

Starbucks relied on its baristas and other frontline staff to a great extent in creating the "Starbucks Experience" which differentiated it from competitors. Therefore the company paid considerable attention to kind of people it recruited . Starbuck's recruitment motto was "To have the right people hiring the right people".

Starbucks hired people for qualities like adaptability, dependability and the ability to work in a team. The company often stated the qualities that it looked for in employees upfront in its job postings. which allow prospective employees to self-select themselves to a certain extent.

Having selected the right kind of people, Starbucks invested in training them in the skills they would require to perform their jobs efficiently. Starbucks was one of the few retail companies to invest considerably in employee training and provide comprehensive training to all classes of employees, including part-timers.

Analysts said that Starbucks' biggest challenge in the early 2000s would be to ensure that the company's image as a positive employer survived its rapid expansion program, and to find the right kind of people in the right numbers to support these expansion plans. Considering the rate at which the company was expanding, analysts wondered whether Starbucks would be able to retain its spirit even when it doubled or tripled its size. By the early 2000s, the company began to show signs that its generous policies and high human resource costs were reflecting on its financial strength.

Although the company did not reveal the amount it spent on employees ,it said that it spent more on them than it did on advertising, which stood at$68.3 million in fiscal 2004.

That the company was finding its human resource costs burdensome was reflects in the fact that it effected an increase of 11 cents on its beverage prices in mid-2004. Analysts wondered whether the company's cost problems could be met by a price increase,as customers already paid a premium for Starbucks beverages. On the other band,it would not be easy for the company to cut down on benefits, as it could result m a major morale problem within the company.

Unit 3

The powerful attack that targeted dozens of government and private sites underscored how unevenly prepared the U.S. government is to block such multipronged assaults. While Treasury Department and Federal Trade Commission Web sites were shut down by the software attack which lasted for days over the holiday weekend, others such as the Pentagon and the White House were able to fend it off with little disruption.

The North Korea link , described by three officials, more firmly connectde the U.S. attacks to another wave of cyber assaults that hit government agencies Tuesday in South Korea. The officials said that while Internet addresses have been traced to North Korea, that does not necessarily mean the attack involved the Pyongyang government. The

officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak publicly on the manor.

South Korea intelligence officials have identified North Korea as a suspect in those attacks and said that the sophisticate of the assault suggested it was carried out at a higher level than just rogue or individual hackers. U.S. officials would not go that far and declined to discuss publicly who may have intrusion the intrusion or how it was done.

In an Associated Press interview, Philip Reitinger, deputy under secretary at the Homeland Security Department, said the far-reaching attacks demonstrate the importance of cybersecurity as a critical national security issue. The fact that a series of computers were involved in an attack, Reitinger said, "doesn't say anything about the ultimate source of the attack."

"What it says is that those computers were as much a target of the attack as the eventual Web sites that are targets," said Reitinger, who heads DHS cybersecurity operations."They're just zombies that arc being used by some unseen third party to launch attacks against government and non-government Web sites." Targets of the most widespread cyber offensive of recent years also included the National Security Agency, Homeland Security Department and State Department, the Nasdaq stock market and The Washington Post, according to an early analysis of the software used in the attacks.

The Associated Press obtained the target list from security experts analyzing the attacks. They provided the list on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the investigation. Other experts in cyber assaults said the incident shined a harsh light on the U.S. government's efforts to protect all of its agencies against web-based attacks.

Unit 5

Swine flu is killing young people rather than the very elderly, and although winter is just starting, more young people have already died of flu than normally die over the entire winter.

Nearly 5000 people worldwide are known to have died of swine flu so far. But on average 36,000 are said to die of flu each winter in the US alone. On the basis of such numbers, many have concluded -wrongly-that swine flu is less dangerous than normal flu.

These numbers should not be compared directly. The 36,000 figure comes from epidemiological studies. Because the timing of flu outbreaks varies from year to year, the normal number of deaths in any month can be compared with the number of deaths in the same month when there was a flu outbreak, says Lone Simonsen of George Washington University in Washington DC. Such studies reveal a bulge in deaths during and just after the flu season every year, mainly among the elderly. Many are clearly due to flu and other lung infections that can follow it, but more than half are not obviously connected，because flu often kills in indirect ways, by triggering heart attacks or strokes, for instance.

By contrast, the deaths attributed to swine flu are those directly caused by respiratory infection with the pandemic virus. Indirect deaths-the majority of the 36,000 figure for regular flu-are not being counted. The full death toll for 2009 H1N1 flu will not be known for a while, if ever. Perhaps there will be fewer deaths than normal because older people, more at risk from secondary events such as heart attacks, have some immunity to the virus. However, the total seems likely to be higher simply because the virus will infect far

more people than normal, and it kills directly more often.

The impact of a pandemic is not simply about the number of deaths, though. This pandemic, like previous ones, is killing mainly young people, not the very elderly as flu normally does. By early October, 76 children and adolescents in the US had already died of swine flu. That is more than the usual winter toll. and the winter has just begun.

Think of it this way. 2009 H1N1 flu is effectively two diseases: ordinary flu for most, a lung disease that can kill quickly in a few. Most of the severe cases are in cases are in babies, and adult aged between 20 and 50. The impact of the deaths of young adults, on dependent families and the economy, will be much greater than that of the deaths among the elderly.

Unit 7

Scientists have known for years that exposure to microgravity rapidly weakens bones, and the new research shows the effects can last for a year or more after astronauts return to Earth. The results stress the need to find ways to minimize the damage done during spaceflight, researchers said, because bone recovery on Earth may take a while.

Shreyasee Amin, an associate professor at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, and her colleagues studied 28 American astronauts-24 men and 4 women. Their preflight ages ranged from 36 to 53, and their missions in space lasted from 95 to 215 days.

The researchers measured the spaceflyers' bone mineral density一an estimator of bone strength一before launch, immediately after landing and again at various times between six and 18 months following their return to Earth.

For a control, the scientists took similar measurements from a sample of 699 people who had never been to space. By comparing the two datasets, the team was able to determine what the astronauts' bone density likely would have been, had they never flown in space.

The team found that some bones remained weak a year after the astronauts landed, despite intensive exercise and rehabilitation regimes. Hip bone mineral density in particular suffered, Amin said ,while other areas, such as the wrist, recovers faster.

Bones in the hips and legs need to be burden on Earth, because they lug so much weight around on a daily basis. But microgravity frees them of this burden and they seem to weaken as a result, researchers said.

The team also found that women suffer less bone loss than men over the long run. But since there were only four female astronauts in the sample, the team isn't sure what to make of this intriguing result yet; they're still looking at the data.

三、汉译英

Unit 1

管理者对员工有所期待很正常，这甚至是不可避免的。研究发现，在组织中我们对其他人的期待与组织的生产力、盈利能力以及员工积极性之间有直接的联系。如果你对员工有高期待，你也就掌握了让他们工作表现更好、提高他们的积极性的强大工具。员工表现与别人对他的期待息息相关。管理者和监督者对员工有所期待，这个期待反过来也会影响到他们与员工之间的相互作用。如果你对员工没什么期待，他们会有所察觉，工作也会表现得很糟糕。为什么呢？因为他们会根据你的期待来决定要表现好还是表现不好。人们很自然想要不负你的期望或者故意辜负你的期望，因此你一定要对他们有高期待，如果他们真的做到了也别吃惊。

It’s actually pretty natural, and almost unavoidable, for managers to form expectations of their workers. Research has found that in an organization, our expectations of others can be tied directly to productivity, profitability, and yes-motivation! If you have high expectations of your employees, you will possess a powerful and effective tool for improving performance and motivation within your organization. Performance is often a matter of expectations. Managers and supervisors form expectations of others, which then influence how they interact with those people. If you don’t expect much from your employees, they will sense that and perform poorly. Why? Because your expectations of them affect their desire to do well. The point is that people naturally try to live up to our expectations of them, or live down to them, whatever the case may be. So expect the best from your employees and don’t be surprised if that’s exactly what you get!

Unit 3

美国一些媒体近来认为，对谷歌和多家美国公司的网络攻击来自中国。中国互联网协会理事长反驳道：这种说法是对中国不负责任的偏见，未经过详细调查，纯属主观武断。随着互联网在全球的迅猛发展，网络跨越国界，而且黑客可以位于其他国家的计算机隐藏身份登陆，由此对第三国的计算机进行攻击。事实上，黑客攻击是包括中国在内世界各国面临的严峻挑战。中国政府历来也非常重视网络安全，公共安全部加强国际合作打击跨国网络犯罪，同时增强与国际刑警组织的合作协商。因此，仅凭计算机IP地址来自中国，就认为是中国人所为，这纯属无稽之谈。

According to some media reports recently, the cyber attacks to Google and many American companies seemed to have originated in China. The Chairman of Chinese Internet Association refutes that it was an irresponsible prejudice to allege on that cyber attacks originated in China without thorough investigation, and was therefore absolutely arbitrary. With the rapid development on internet in the globe, it was difficult to determine the origin because of the ease of hiding identities online. The hacker may hide identities, log on the computer of a foreign country and commit cyber attacks to the computers in the third one. However, China’s information network, as well as many other countries, also faces severe threat of cyber attacks. Chinese government has always attached great importance to the security of the computer network and strengthened international cooperation to crack down on cross border cyber crimes, as well as enhanced its crackdown through consultation and collaboration with the International Criminal Police Organization. Therefore, it is wholly nonsense to allege on that cyber attacks originated in China judging merely from computer IP address of China.

Unit 5

即使是在发达国家，要让所有需要的人都得到疫苗也需要几个月的时间，而在欠发达国家，疫苗就更少了，有些国家干脆就没有。如果能接种疫苗，它可以让你和你的家人不被甲型H1N1流感病毒感染，但你可能要等上几个月。包括美、英在内的一些国家已经预订了足够全体国民接种的疫苗，并从本月开始注射.很多贫穷国家很可能只能得到一些疫苗。即使是在富国也会有一些人在轮到注射前就染病，并有可能死亡.尽管如此，却仍有人犹犹豫豫。据调查，有一半的美国家长表示，尽管儿童是疫苗注射的优先群体，但他们不会给孩子注射甲流疫苗，因为有传言说注射流感疫苗具有潜在风险。

Even in rich countries, it will be months before everyone who wants the vaccine can get it. Poor countries will get little if any vaccine. The pandemic vaccine should make you

and your family safe from this virus, but you may not get it for months, if you can get it at all. Some countries, including the US and the UK, have ordered enough to vaccinate everyone and immunization began this month. Most poor countries will get only a little, or none. In rich countries many will still get sick, and some will die, before they can be vaccinated. And yet even people who can get it are hesitating. Nearly half the parents in the US say they will refuse to vaccinate their kids, even though children are a priority group for vaccination, due to unfounded rumors about the risks of the various swine flu vaccines.

Unit 7

在失重的状态下，人体内的力量会发生急剧的变化.由于人的脊柱不再呈挤压状态，因此人们比通常要高一些(两英寸左右)。胸腔中的肺脏、心脏和其他器官都没有了重量，结果.胸腔和两肋处于放松和膨胀状态.同样.肝脏、牌脏、胃及肠的重量也消失了.同时.肌肉、骨骼开始以不同的方式发挥作用.我们的肌肉是用于在站立、坐下或活动身体某个部位时支撑身体的.但是太空中，在地面上用于支撑身体的肌肉不再需要起这种作用了，而且人们在太空舱里活动所动用的肌肉与在地面上走动所动用的肌肉完全不同，因此部分肌肉会迅速萎缩。During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller (two inches or so). The lungs, heart, and other organs within the chest have no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weight of the liver, kidneys, stomach, and bowels disappears. meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when standing or sitting upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking on the earth. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken.

四、英译汉

Unit 1

What kind of practices differentiate people-first organizations? We can list at least four: (1)They value cultural diversity. They actively seek a diverse workforce based on age, gender, and race. (2)They are family friendly. They help employees balance work and personal responsibilities through programs such as flexible work schedules and on-site child care facilities. (3)They invest in employee training. These organizations spend heavily to make sure employee skill levels are kept current. This not only ensures that employees can handle the latest technologies and processes for the organization but that employees will be marketable to other employers. (4)People-first organizations empower their employees. They push authority and responsibility down to the lowest levels.

哪些做法才能区分以人为本的公司呢？我们至少可以列出四条：第一，它们重视文化的多样性。他们根据年龄、性别和种族积极寻求一支多元化的员工队伍。第二，它们具有家庭氛围。公司通过为其员工提供灵活的工作时间以及现场托儿服务设施等帮助员工平衡工作和个人职责之间的关系。第三，它们对员工培训进行投资。这些公司花费巨资以确保员工的技能水平始终保持最新状态。这不仅确保员工可以处理该公司的最新技术和工艺，而且还使这样的员工极具市场竞争力。第四，以人为本的公司将权力下放给员工。它们将权力和义务下放到公司的最底层。

Unit 3

Why have such tactics-known in military parlance as "computer network attacks'，一

not been used more widely? As revolutionary as it is, the internet does not make centuries-old laws of war obsolete or irrelevant. Military conventions, for example, require that attacks distinguish between civilian and military targets. In decentralized and interconnected cyberspace, this requirement is not so easy to satisfy:^cyberattack on a cellphone tower used by the adversary may affect civilian targets along with military ones. When in 2008 the U.S. military decided to dismantle a Saudi Internet forum-initially set up by the CIA to glean intelligence but increasingly used by the jihadists to plan on attacks in Iraq-it inadvertently caused disruption to more than 300 servers in Saudi Arabia, Germany and Texas. A weapon of surgical precision the Internet certainly isn't, and damage to civilians is hard to avoid. Military commanders do not want to be tried for war crimes, even if those crimes are committed online.

为什么这些在军事领域里被认为是“计算机网络攻击”的策略没有被更广泛地运用？尽管互联网带来了巨大的变化,但它并没有使悠久的战争规律变得过时或毫不相关。比如,按照军事惯例要求在攻击时区分平民和军事目标。在既相互分离又相互连接的网络空间里,这个要求并不容易满足: 在网络攻击敌人的手机塔时,也会影响到平民目标。在2008年美军决定解散一个沙特阿拉伯的网络论坛。这个由CIA创立的论坛本来是用来收集情报的,但是却越来越被圣战分子用来计划对伊拉克的攻击。这次解散不经意间造成了在沙特阿拉伯、德国、德克萨斯州的300多台服务器的中断。网络攻击当然不具备外科手术的精确性,且对平民的伤害很难避免。军事指挥官们不想因战争罪受到审判，即使这些犯罪是通过网络进行的。

Unit 5

At the start of the H1N1 pandemic, officials could already see the virus was easily transmissible-cases were accumulating fast, and it took only a few weeks for the virus to reach nearly every corner of the world. But while researchers knew from past pandemics that a new flu virus like H1Nl，against which humans have no immunity, could spread quickly, what they could not immediately gauge was whether it could also be deadly. Some past pandemics had been relatively mild, while others, such as the 1918 flu, which killed as many as 100 million people worldwide, had not. At the outset, there was no way to know which kind of virus H1N1 would turn out to be.

在甲流疫情刚开始的时候,卫生官员们就已经发现该病毒很容易传染。感染甲流的病例不断地增加,仅仅几个星期,甲流病毒就已经遍布世界的各个角落。但是当研究员们了解甲流是一种新型流感病毒时,当他们得知人类对其还没有免疫力时,当他们发现其传染速度很快时,他们并不能马上估量其是否具有致命性。过去的有些流行病是比较温和的,然而像导致全世界1亿人丧生的1918年流感之类的流感却是例外。毕竟在刚开始,没有任何方法可以去证明甲流病毒会是怎样的一种病毒。

Unit 7

Exploration is an important survival strategy in evolution. The migration of expansive species depends on exploring their immediate or distant surroundings for new food sources or safe habitats;it can also come as a result of population pressures or environmental changes. The human species has added another reason for exploration, namely curiosity. This intellectual urge to explore the unknown led the great European explorers to the Americas, Australia and Antarctica between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. Inquisitiveness about nature is also the driving force behind humans exploring the polar caps, climbing mountain peaks and diving into the abysses of the oceans. Now, the ultimate frontier to explore in the twenty-first century is space.