infinitive_gerund[1]
英语中动词的分类[1]
![英语中动词的分类[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/fbb1c90c0740be1e650e9aba.png)
英语中动词的分类1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。
说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。
（having是实义动词。
）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。
（has是助动词。
）3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。
**英语动词是句子的核心。
它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。
难怪有人说，英语是动词和介词的语言。
可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。
(一、) 分清及物不及物:分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。
动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：a．主要用作及物动词。
及物动词后面必须跟宾语。
可以用于："主＋谓＋宾"；"主＋谓＋双宾"；"主＋谓＋宾＋宾补"结构。
如：He reached Paris the day before yesterday.Please hand me the book over there.They asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....b．主要用作不及物的动词。
gerunds_ or_ infinitives[1]
![gerunds_ or_ infinitives[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/14e7503887c24028915fc360.png)
GERUNDS, INFINITIVES, AND PARTICIPLES
CHAPTER 43
Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles
PARTICIPLES are verb forms (see 8b). A verb’s -ing form is its PRESENT PARTICIPLE. The -ed form of a regular verb is its PAST PARTICIPLE; IRREGULAR VERBS form their past participles in various ways (for example, bend, bent; eat, eaten; think, thought—for a complete list, see Box 8-4 in section 8d). Participles can function as ADJECTIVES (a smiling face, a closed book). A verb’s -ing form can also function as a NOUN (Sneezing spreads colds), which is called a GERUND. Another verb form, the INFINITIVE, can also function as a noun. An infinitive is a verb’s SIMPLE or base FORM, usually preceded by the word to (We want everyone to smile). Verb forms—participles, gerunds, and infinitives—functioning as nouns or MODIFIERS are called VERBALS, as explained in section 7d. This chapter can help you make the right choices among verbals. Section 43a discusses gerunds and infinitives used as subjects. Section 43b discusses verbs that are followed by gerunds, not infinitives. Section 43c discusses verbs that are followed by infinitives, not gerunds. Section 43d discusses meaning changes that depend on whether certain verbs are followed by a gerund or by an infinitive. Section 43e explains that meaning does not change for certain sense verbs no matter whether they are followed by a gerund or an infinitive. Section 43f discusses differences in meaning between the present participle form and the past participle form of some modifiers.
考研英语语法之非谓语动词
非谓语动词非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。
根本形式有四种：不定式〔infinitive〕、动名词〔gerund〕、分词〔participle〕、和独立主格结构〔absolute structure〕。
一、不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。
它在句中其名词、形容词举例：It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.He seems to be eating something.According to your market report, demand seems to be returning.The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first president.不定式的语法功能：1) 作主语The traditional rule was that it’s safer (to stay where you are), but that’s been f undamentally inverted. The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.2) 作宾语Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events.He feels it his duty to help others.3) 作表语But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.4) 作定语Tom made the decision to go around the world in three years all alone.She has the ambition to learn other languages.The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under aconstant emotional strain.5) 作状语A sad thing about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, only to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasn’t worth it.6) 作补语The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again.注：使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。
Infinitives, Gerunds, Participles
Infinitives, Gerunds & ParticiplesInfinitivesForm-The infinitive is the form of the verb NOT changed for person, number or tense. It is usually introduced with to.-The negative is formed by putting not before the infinitive.Bare infinitivesForm - The infinitive is used without to after certain verbs.GerundsForm-The gerund is a verb ending in - ing. It acts as a noun. -The negative is formed by adding not before the gerund.Verb + to-infinitive or –ing?Usage2. Either the to-infinitive or gerund can be used after certain verbs with no difference in3. Verbs taking to-infinitives or gerunds have a change in meaning.Note1.I saw Ken swim. It spent him an hour. (I saw the whole action from beginning to end.)I saw Ken swimming. ( I saw part of the action. I didn’t wait until he had finished.)2.The teacher doesn’t allow us to eat in class. (object + to-infinitive)We are not allowed to eat in class. (passive form + to-infinitive)The teacher doesn’t allow eating in class. (verb + gerund)ParticiplesSentence Transformation1a. Driving fast is dangerous.b. It is dangerous to drive fast.2a. I prefer driving to flying.b.I prefer to drive rather (than) fly.3a. They made him admit his guilt.b. He was made to admit his guilt.4a. They let him enter the building.b.They allowed him to enter the building.5a. She was too inexperienced to get the job.b.She wasn’t experienced enough to get the job.6a. We were interested in the lecture.b.The lecture was interesting to us.7a. Could you clean up the room?b.Do/Would you mind cleaning up the room?c.Would you be so kind as to clean up the room?8a. It was difficult for him to do the crossword.b.He had difficulty (in) doing the crossword.c.He found it difficult to do the crossword.d.He could hardly do the crossword.9a. It took her an hour to prepare the meal.b.She took an hour to prepare the meal.c.Preparing the meal took her an hour.d.She spent an hour preparing the meal.Find out the bare infinitive (B), the infinitive (I), the gerund (G), the present participle (Pr.p), or the past participle (P.p.) in each sentence. Underline and identify them.e.g. My mother let me go to the party. ( B )1. Penny wants to learn Japanese. ( )2. Do you enjoy going to the beach in the summer? ( )3. The doctor is saving the injured baby. ( )4. My aunt went shopping with me yesterday. ( )5. I am really frightened by you! ( )6. Would you go with me? ( )7. The talk was boring. ( )8. You should listen to me! ( )9. He is too young to understand the situation. ( )10. The finished product is a piece of artwork! ( )Exercise BChoose the correct option in each sentence.e.g. My boss expects me to work overtime. (work, to work, working, worked)1. I must ____________ more to keep fit. (exercise, to exercise, exercising, exercised)2. I remember ____________ Sue last Sunday. (visit, to visit, visiting, visited)3. The salesman seemed _____________ impatient. (get, to get, getting, got)4. I really miss ____________ in the countryside. (live, to live, living, lived)5. She was ____________ by the exhibition.(fascinate, to fascinate, fascinating, fascinated)6. If you don’t stop ___________, you’ll kill yourself. (diet, to diet, dieting , dieted)7. The boy ____________ a red T-shirt is my neighbour. (wear, to wear, wearing, worn)8. The cup ____________ with orange juice is yours. (fill, to fill, filling, filled)9. She is incapable of _____________ good decisions. (make, to make, making, made)10. I can’t wait ____________ her again. (see, to see, seeing, seen)Exercise CFill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given.e.g. I was afraid of hurting his feelings. (hurt)1. After dinner, she continued ____________ her homework until late at night. (do)2. Tom stopped ____________ up his washing on the way home. (pick)3. Tell me your plan. I’m interested ____________ about it. (hear)4. The ____________ drama has won several awards. (amaze)5. Most of Hong Kong people don’t like _____________ meat. (freeze)6. I think you should give up __________ because you have a very poor voice. (sing)7. He isn’t strong enough ____________ in the basketball team. (be)8. ____________ is good exercise. (walk)9. It is getting dark. We had better ____________ now. (go)10. It is very cold. I would rather ____________ at home. (stay)There is one mistake in each sentence. Underline the mistakes and correct them.‘X’: extra word; ‘^’: missing word; ____: wrong worde.g. The girl is too young enough( X ) to look after herself. ( X )The girl is ( ^ too) young to look after herself. ( ^ )The girl is too young looking (to look) after herself. ( __ )1. I dislike to argue. ( __ )2. You ought finish the project now. ( ^ )3. I suggested to take a walk in the garden. ( __ )4. The teacher made Rose to do homework again. ( X )5. Paul did not object to join the party. ( __ )6. The broken chair needs be repaired. ( ^ )7. It is no use to asking Mike for help. He is selfish. ( X )8. You are not old enough join the club. ( ^ )9. They didn’t see her to come in. ( X )10. Depressing after losing all his money in gambling, George decided to start a new life. ( __ )Exercise ERewrite the following sentences using the words given, without changing the meaning.e.g. We were shocked by the news. (shocking)The news was shocking to us.1. Dad didn’t allow Jimmy to drive his car. (let)_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Would you be so kind as to move over a little? (mind)_________________________________________________________________________ 3. We found the horror film terrifying. (terrified)_________________________________________________________________________ 4. It was difficult for her to cope with city life. (difficulty)_________________________________________________________________________ 5. He wasn’t tall enough to be a policeman. (short)_________________________________________________________________________ 6. Mom advised us to catch the early train. (suggested)_________________________________________________________________________ 7. We should not make friends with triad members. (avoid)_________________________________________________________________________ 8. It is my pleasure to meet you. (meeting)_________________________________________________________________________ 9. They ordered him to clean the bathroom. (made)_________________________________________________________________________ 10. It took me several days to do the task. (spent)_________________________________________________________________________Suggested AnswersExercise E1. Dad didn’t let Jimmy drive his car.2. Would you mind moving over a little?3. We were terrified by the horror film.4. She had difficulty coping with city life.5. He was too short to be a policeman.6. Mom suggested us catching the early train.7. We should avoid making friends with triad members.8. Meeting you is my pleasure.9. They made him clean the bathroom.10. I spent several days doing the task.。
非谓语动词语法详解
enough…to, too…to, only to, etc.
巩固练习
3.____ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 2001春季高考 第21题
6.学生们认为玩电脑游戏很有趣。
Students thought______________________. it interesting to play think computer games. 形式宾语 consider it + adj.+ to do find make feel
7.她觉得没有没有必要和他辩论。
Structure : to do
Negative (否定 not to do 否定): 否定 Passive voice（被动）: to be done （被动）
Tense and Voice （时态与语态）
主动语态 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式
to do to be doing
被动语态
to be done
如何解决这个问题很重要。 我的问题是什么时候开始。 我的问题是什么时候开始。
How to solve the problem is very important.
(表语) 表语)
(主语 主语) 主语
My question is when to start.
注意： 注意： 在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简 在与why连用时，只用于why或 not开头的简 在与why连用时 why 短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to to。 短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。
INFINITIVE_AND_GERUND
GERUND AS VERB
1. With object On leaving school, he went into business. 2. With complement We soon began feeling tired. 3. With adverbs Rising early is good for your health. 4. Passive and perfect tense I am glad of having met you. I don’t like being asked to make a speech.
GERUND AS NOUN
動名詞是具「動詞的外表」與「名詞的內 涵 」的詞類，也就是動詞名詞化。
动名词作主语表示抽象的一般行为. 不定式作主语表示具体动作; Smoking is prohibited here. It is stupid of you to write down what the teacher says.
GERUND AS VERB
The subject of gerund 1) general reference (we, they, etc.) It is foolish behaving like that. Walking is good for the health. 2) the same as the subject in the sentence He succeeded in solving the problem. What if the subject is different from either general reference or the sentence subject?
非谓语动词翻译
非谓语动词翻译非谓语动词是英语中的一种特殊动词形式，可以充当动词、形容词或者副词，在句子中常用作主语、宾语、定语或状语等成分。
其常见的形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
下面是一些常见的非谓语动词的翻译示例。
1. 动词不定式（Infinitive）动词不定式常以to开头，可以作为动词、名词、形容词或副词的补语。
翻译时要根据上下文和语境来理解其含义。
例句：- I like to play basketball.（我喜欢打篮球。
）- He needs to finish his homework.（他需要完成他的作业。
）- She wants to become a doctor.（她想要成为一名医生。
）2. 动名词（Gerund）动名词以ing形式结尾，可以作为名词、主语、宾语或介词的宾语等。
翻译时常用名词或动词的ing形式来表达。
例句：- Swimming is good for your health.（游泳对你的健康有益。
）- I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。
）- He apologized for being late.（他为迟到而道歉。
）3. 分词（Participle）分词一般以-ed或-ing形式结尾，可作为形容词、副词或定语等。
翻译时要根据上下文和句子结构来决定使用哪种翻译方式。
例句：- The broken window needs to be repaired.（这个破窗户需要修理。
）- The running boy is my brother.（跑步的男孩是我弟弟。
）- She looked disappointed when she heard the news.（当她听到这个消息时，她看起来很失望。
）以上是一些常见的非谓语动词的翻译示例，需要根据句子的语境和语义来选择适当的翻译方式。
同时，使用非谓语动词时还需注意其在句子中的位置和作用，以确保句子结构和意思的准确表达。
weigh非谓语动词的用法
weigh非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词在英语中是一类非常重要的语法结构，它包括不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）和分词（Participle）三种形式。
这些形式在句子中可以担任多种角色，如主语、宾语、定语、状语等，使句子表达更加丰富和灵活。
其中，“weigh”作为一个动词，它的非谓语动词形式也具有丰富的用法。
首先，我们来看“weigh”的不定式形式“to weigh”。
不定式通常用于表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。
例如，“I need to weigh the pros and cons before making a decision.”（我需要权衡利弊之后再做决定。
）在这里，“to weigh”表示目的，即为了做决定而需要进行的动作。
其次，“weigh”的动名词形式“weighing”也常用于各种句子结构中。
动名词通常用于表示正在进行的动作或习惯性动作，并可以作为句子的主语或宾语。
例如，“Weighing the package, I realized it was much heavier than I expected.”（称了包裹之后，我发现它比我想象的要重得多。
）在这里，“weighing”作为句子的主语，表示一个正在进行的动作。
最后，“weigh”的分词形式包括现在分词“weighing”和过去分词“weighed”。
分词通常用于描述动作的状态或作为形容词使用。
例如，“The scale was showing that the package was weighing more than 10 pounds.”（秤上显示包裹重达10多磅。
）这里，“weighing”作为形容词，描述了包裹的重量状态。
综上所述，“weigh”的非谓语动词形式在句子中扮演了重要的角色，它们能够表达丰富的动作和状态，使句子更加生动和准确。
通过学习和掌握这些用法，我们可以更好地运用英语进行交流和表达。
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The Infinitive and GerundInfinitive - gerund grammar exercises and rules are available for free on English grammar - verb forms ().Bare infinitive (without to)We usually use infinitives with to in the English language.I want to go. I told him to come.The infinitive without to (bare infinitive) is used as follows.1. After modal verbs - can, may, must, needn't, dare ...I can bring it. He may take it. You must buy it. We needn't open it. He dared not tell me.The verbs dare and need can also be followed by the infinitive with to. In such sentences we use do to make questions and negatives.I dared not call you. x I didn't dare to call you. These two sentences have the same meaning, only the form is different.You needn't listen to him. (You don't have to listen to him.) x You don't need to listen to him. (There is no need to listen.) These two sentences are different in the form and meaning, too.2. After the verbs of senses - feel, hear, see, watch.We saw you swim. I heard her sing.It is more common, however, to use -ing form in English after the verbs of senses.We saw you swimming. I heard her singing.But: In the passive voice the infinitive with to must be used after these verbs.She was seen to cry.3. After some more expressions - let, make, would rather, had better, help.Don't let him go. She made me drive. I'd rather finish it. You'd better start. I helped them carry it.The verb help can also be followed by the infinitiv with to.I helped them to carry it.But the passive voice is followed by the infinitive with to.I was made to drive. He was let to go.Infinitiv or gerund?In English some verbs are followed by infinitive (They agreed to come), other verbs are followed by gerund (Did you enjoy flying?) and there are also verbs followed by infinitive and gerund (She began to work - She began working).1. The verbs followed by infinitive only.agree decide hope order promiseallow demand instruct permit refuseappear encourage invite persuade remindarrange fail learn plan seemask forbid manage prepare swearchoose force offer pretend warnHe decided to study at university. We hoped to find it. Did he seem to like it? They allowed me to smoke.I ordered my son to send it.2. The expressions followed by infinitive.be about make up one's mind turn outdo one's best set outHe was about to start. I did my best to learn it. I haven't made up my mind to start yet. It turned out to be your car. We set out to cut the tree.3. The verbs followed by gerund only.admit enjoy forgive mind riskconsider escape imagine miss suggestdelay excuse insist practise understanddislike finish keep preventShe admitted telling him. Did you escape writing the test? I don't want to risk coming late.Excuse, forgive and prevent are used with three different forms.Excuse my being late. Excuse me being late. Excuse me for being late.4. The expressions followed by gerund.be against can't help look forward tobe interested in care for it's no use/goodcan't stand give up it's worthI can't stand waiting for hours. I can't help laughing. Don't give up studying this chapter. It's no use working so late. Is the film worth seeing?5. The verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds.A. With the same meaning.begin can't bear allow recommend it requiresstart intend permit it needs it wantscontinue adviseDid you continue driving/to drive? He can't bear smoking/to smoke.If the verbs advise, allow, permit, recommend are used with the indirect object, they are followed by infinitive. If not, gerund must be used.They didn't allow us to eat there. They didn't allow eating there.She recommended John to read this book. She recommended reading this book.After the expressions it needs/requires/wants gerund is more common than infinitive.The car needs washing/to be washed. The flower wants watering/to be watered.B. The verbs that have a different meaning with infinitive or gerund.RememberI remember watching the match. It was fantastic. We use gerund to talk about earlier actions.I remembered to watch the match.And so I sat down and switched on the TV. The infinitive is used to talk about following actions.TryI tried calling him because I needed to test my new mobile phone. I made an experiment with my mobile.I tried to call him because I needed to meet him. I made an attempt to get in touch with him.Love/like/hate/preferIn the conditional tense these verbs are used with the infinitive.I'd like to drive. I'd love to drive. I'd hate to drive. I'd prefer to drive.In other tenses they are used with infinitives or gerunds, but both forms have a slightly different meaning.I like driving. I love driving. I hate driving. I prefer driving.I like to drive. I love to drive. I hate to drive. I prefer to drive.Compare:I like going to the cinema. (I enjoy it.)I like to go to the dentist twice a year. (I don't enjoy it, but I go there, because it is good for my health.)I hate ironing. (It is my least favourite activity. I never enjoy it.)I hate to iron on Sundays. (I don't mind ironing, but not on Sundays.)Go onAfter dinner he went on showing us his photos.The gerund is used when we want to say that a previous activity continues.He gave us a lecture on the Greek history. And then he went on to show us his photos from Greece. The infinitiv is used when we want to describe an activity that follows a previous action and is somehow connected to it.StopI stopped smoking. This means that I do not smoke anymore.I stopped to smoke. I made a pause to have a cigarette.MeanI didn't mean to hurt you. I say that I didn't do it on purpose.We can go to Spain. But it means spending more money. In this sentence we describe the consequences. Be afraidShe was afraid of getting married. Any marriage is something that frightens her.She was afraid to marry Bill. She doesn't mind getting married, but the marriage with Bill frightens her.I'm sorryI'm sorry for telling you. I apologize for a previuous action.I'm sorry to tell you that your flight will be delayed. I apologize for something that will happen.The infinitive with this expression can also mean sorrow.I'm sorry to hear that your wife is ill.NoteThere are a lot of verbs and expressions that are used with gerunds and infinitives. In this chapter we only tried to mention the most frequently used verbs.。