货币金融学第六章
2017年金融考研专业课米什金《货币金融学》重点章节
2017年金融考研专业课米什金《货币金融学》重点章节第一章为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场GDP平减指数，通货膨胀率计算第二章金融体系概览1.名词解释逆向选择：在信息不对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品逐出市场；或者说拥有信息优势的一方总是趋向于做出有利于自生而不利于别人的选择。
金融恐慌：由于资金提供者对金融中介机构的稳定性产生怀疑，因而将资金从稳定和不稳定的机构中抽回，导致大量金融机构倒闭。
2.金融市场的基本经济功能：将资金从那些由于支出小于收入而积蓄多余资金的人手中转移至由于支出大于收入而缺乏资金的人手中。
（直接，间接融资）3.金融市场的结构：债权股权市场；一级二级市场；交易所、场外市场OTC；货币市场：小于一年，短期国库券，可转让存单，商业票据，银行承兑汇票，回购协议，联邦基金等。
资本市场：大于一年，股票，公司债券，抵押贷款，美国政府证券，商业贷款等。
4.金融市场国际化：外国债券：在外国市场上发行，并以发行国货币计价的债券。
欧洲债券：在外国市场上发行，但并非以发行国货币来计价的债券。
欧洲货币：存放在本国之外的银行的外国货币。
最重要的是欧洲美元。
欧洲美元：存放在美国以外的外国银行或美国银行国外分支机构的美元。
5.金融中介功能（间接融资）：1）降低交易成本，为客户提供流动性服务。
2）分担风险，减少投资者风险。
3）缓解由信息不对称而产生的逆向选择和道德风险问题。
6.金融中介类型：1）存款机构：银行，信用社。
2）契约性储蓄机构：保险，养、退休基金。
3）投资中介机构：财务公司，共同基金，货币市场共同基金，投行。
6.金融体系的监管帮助投资者获取更多信息，确保金融体系的健全性。
1986《Q》废除。
（Q：美联储有权利设置银行存款利率上限）第三章什么是货币1.货币的功能交易媒介，记账单位，价值贮藏（流动性：资产转化为交易媒介的成本和速度）2.货币计量M1=通货+旅行者支票+活期存款+其他支票存款M2=M1+小额定期存款+储蓄存款与货币市场存款账户+货币市场共同基金份额第四章理解利率1.四种信用市场工具1）普通贷款：到期支付本金与利息，如商业贷款。
货币金融学(第十二版)中文版课件第6章
利率的风险结构
• 流动性：一种资产可以被转换为现金的相对容易程度
• 出售债券的成本 • 市场上的卖方/买方数量
• 所得税因素
• 市政债券的的利息支付可以免缴联邦所得税.
利率的期限结构
• 具有相同风险、流动性和税收特征的债券，由于距离到期日的时间不同， 其利率也会有所差距。
• 收益率曲线：将期限不同，但风险、流动性和税收政策相同的债券的收益 率连接成一条曲线 • 向上倾斜：长期利率高于短期利率 • 平坦：长期利率与短期利率相等 • 翻转：长期利率低于短期利率
• 典型的收益率曲线是向上倾斜的；因为流动性溢价随着债券到期期限的延长而 上升
• 解释了为什么短期利率较低时收益率曲线倾向于向上倾斜，而 短期利率较高时收益率曲线通常是翻转的（事实2）
• 不能解释收益率曲线通常向上倾斜的原因（事实3）
分割市场理论
• 不同到期期限的债券根本无法相互替代 • 到期期限不同的每种债券的利率取决于该债券的供给与需求 • 投资者对于某一到期期限的债券有着强烈的偏好 • 如果投资者更愿意持有利率风险较小的短期债券，分割市场理论就可以
只有当两种投资策略的预期回报率相等时,两种债券才都可能被持有, 即要求满足：
2i2t=it+iet+1
使用1阶段利率,可以求解得到i2t
对更长期限债券重复上述步骤,我们就可以得到整个利率期限结构。
• 解释了利率的期限结构在不同时期变动的原因
• 解释了为什么随着时间的推移，不同到期期限的债券利率有同 向运动的趋势（事实1）
由于 (i2t)2 的值很小，我们可以将投资2阶段债券在两个阶段内的预期 回报率简化为2i2t。
购买两张1阶段债券
(1+it)(1+iet+1)-1 =1+it+iet+1+it(iet+1)-1 =it+iet+1+it(iet+1)
《货币金融学》笔记摘抄(3篇)
第1篇一、货币金融学概述1. 货币金融学的定义货币金融学是一门研究货币、金融市场和金融机构及其相互关系的学科。
它主要研究货币的产生、发展、运行规律以及金融市场和金融机构的运作机制。
2. 货币金融学的研究内容（1）货币的产生与发展（2）金融市场与金融工具（3）金融机构与金融业务（4）货币政策与金融监管（5）国际金融与汇率制度二、货币与货币制度1. 货币的定义货币是一种广泛接受、用作支付手段、价值储存和计价单位的特殊商品。
2. 货币的职能（1）交换媒介：方便商品和服务的交换。
（2）价值储存：保值、增值。
（3）计价单位：衡量商品和服务的价值。
3. 货币制度的类型（1）金属货币制度：以金属货币为本位货币的制度。
（2）信用货币制度：以信用货币为本位货币的制度。
（3）法定货币制度：以政府发行的纸币为本位货币的制度。
三、金融市场与金融工具1. 金融市场概述金融市场是指资金供应者与资金需求者之间进行资金交易的市场。
金融市场分为货币市场、资本市场、外汇市场、衍生品市场等。
2. 金融工具概述金融工具是金融市场上的交易对象，包括货币、债券、股票、衍生品等。
（1）货币市场工具：如银行承兑汇票、商业票据、回购协议等。
（2）资本市场工具：如债券、股票等。
（3）外汇市场工具：如外汇期货、外汇期权等。
（4）衍生品市场工具：如远期合约、掉期合约、期权等。
四、金融机构与金融业务1. 金融机构概述金融机构是指从事金融业务的特殊企业，包括银行、保险公司、证券公司、基金公司等。
2. 金融机构的类型（1）存款性金融机构：如商业银行、储蓄银行等。
（2）非存款性金融机构：如保险公司、证券公司、基金公司等。
3. 金融机构的业务（1）存款业务：吸收公众存款，为公众提供支付结算服务。
（2）贷款业务：向企业、个人提供贷款。
（3）投资业务：投资股票、债券、基金等。
（4）结算业务：为客户提供资金清算、支付结算服务。
五、货币政策与金融监管1. 货币政策概述货币政策是指中央银行运用货币政策工具，调节货币供应量、利率和汇率，以实现宏观经济目标的政策。
米什金 货币金融学 英文版习题答案chapter 6英文习题
Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 6 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates6.1 Risk Structure of Interest Rates1) The risk structure of interest rates isA) the structure of how interest rates move over time.B) the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.C) the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.D) the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The risk that interest payments will not be made, or that the face value of a bond is not repaid when a bond matures isA) interest rate risk.B) inflation risk.C) liquidity risk.D) default risk.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Bonds with no default risk are calledA) flower bonds.B) no-risk bonds.C) default-free bonds.D) zero-risk bonds.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Which of the following bonds are considered to be default-risk free?A) municipal bondsB) investment-grade bondsC) U.S. Treasury bondsD) junk bondsAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) U.S. government bonds have no default risk becauseA) they are issued in strictly limited quantities.B) the federal government can increase taxes or print money to pay its obligations.C) they are backed with gold reserves.D) they can be exchanged for silver at any time.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and default-free bonds is called theA) risk premium.B) junk margin.C) bond margin.D) default premium.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) If the probability of a bond default increases because corporations begin to suffer large losses, then the default risk on corporate bonds will ________ and the expected return on these bonds will ________, everything else held constant.A) decrease; increaseB) decrease; decreaseC) increase; increaseD) increase; decreaseAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) A bond with default risk will always have a ________ risk premium and an increase in its default risk will ________ the risk premium.A) positive; raiseB) positive; lowerC) negative; raiseD) negative; lowerAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) If a corporation begins to suffer large losses, then the default risk on the corporate bond willA) increase and the bond's return will become more uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will fall.B) increase and the bond's return will become less uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will fall.C) decrease and the bond's return will become less uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will fall.D) decrease and the bond's return will become less uncertain, meaning the expected return on the corporate bond will rise.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) If the possibility of a default increases because corporations begin to suffer losses, then the default risk on corporate bonds will ________, and the bonds' returns will become ________ uncertain, meaning that the expected return on these bonds will decrease, everything else held constant.A) increase; lessB) increase; moreC) decrease; lessD) decrease; moreAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking11) Other things being equal, an increase in the default risk of corporate bonds shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds to the________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) Other things being equal, a decrease in the default risk of corporate bonds shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds to the________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) A(n) ________ in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the yield on corporate bonds, all else equal.A) increase; increase; increaseB) increase; decrease; increaseC) decrease; increase; increaseD) decrease; decrease;decreaseAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) An increase in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the price of Treasury bonds, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) reduce; increaseD) increase; reduceAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) A decrease in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate bonds and ________ the price of Treasury bonds, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) reduce; increaseD) increase; reduceAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) An increase in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the yield on corporate bonds and ________ the yield on Treasury securities, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) reduce; reduceC) increase; reduceD) reduce; increaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) A decrease in the riskiness of corporate bonds will ________ the yield on corporate bonds and ________ the yield on Treasury securities, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) decrease; decreaseC) increase; decreaseD) decrease; increaseAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) An increase in default risk on corporate bonds ________ the demand for these bonds, but ________ the demand for default-free bonds, everything else held constant.A) increases; lowersB) lowers; increasesC) does not change; greatly increasesD) moderately lowers; does not changeAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) A decrease in default risk on corporate bonds ________ the demand for these bonds, and________ the demand for default-free bonds, everything else held constant.A) increases; lowersB) lowers; increasesC) does not change; greatly increasesD) moderately lowers; does not changeAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) As default risk increases, the expected return on corporate bonds ________, and the return becomes ________ uncertain, everything else held constant.A) increases; lessB) increases; moreC) decreases; lessD) decreases; moreAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) As default risk decreases, the expected return on corporate bonds ________, and the return becomes ________ uncertain, everything else held constant.A) increases; lessB) increases; moreC) decreases; lessD) decreases; moreAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) As their relative riskiness ________, the expected return on corporate bonds ________ relative to the expected return on default-free bonds, everything else held constant.A) increases; increasesB) increases; decreasesC) decreases; decreasesD) decreases; does not changeAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking23) Which of the following statements are TRUE?A) A decrease in default risk on corporate bonds lowers the demand for these bonds, but increases the demand for default-free bonds.B) The expected return on corporate bonds decreases as default risk increases.C) A corporate bond's return becomes less uncertain as default risk increases.D) As their relative riskiness increases, the expected return on corporate bonds increases relative to the expected return on default-free bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Everything else held constant, if the federal government were to guarantee today that it will pay creditors if a corporation goes bankrupt in the future, the interest rate on corporate bonds will ________ and the interest rate on Treasury securities will ________.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; increaseD) decrease; decreaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) Bonds with relatively high risk of default are calledA) Brady bonds.B) junk bonds.C) zero coupon bonds.D) investment grade bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking26) Junk bonds, bonds with a low bond rating, are also known asA) high-yield bonds.B) investment grade bonds.C) high quality bonds.D) zero-coupon bonds.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) Bonds with relatively low risk of default are called ________ securities and have a rating of Baa (or BBB) and above; bonds with ratings below Baa (or BBB) have a higher default risk and are called ________.A) investment grade; lower gradeB) investment grade; junk bondsC) high quality; lower gradeD) high quality; junk bondsAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking28) Which of the following bonds would have the highest default risk?A) municipal bondsB) investment-grade bondsC) U.S. Treasury bondsD) junk bondsAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking29) Which of the following long-term bonds has the highest interest rate?A) corporate Baa bondsB) U.S. Treasury bondsC) corporate Aaa bondsD) municipal bondsAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking30) Which of the following securities has the lowest interest rate?A) junk bondsB) U.S. Treasury bondsC) investment-grade bondsD) corporate Baa bondsAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking31) The spread between interest rates on low quality corporate bonds and U.S. government bondsA) widened significantly during the Great Depression.B) narrowed significantly during the Great Depression.C) narrowed moderately during the Great Depression.D) did not change during the Great Depression.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking32) During the Great Depression years 1930-1933 there was a very high rate of business failures and defaults, we would expect the risk premium for ________ bonds to be very high.A) U.S. TreasuryB) corporate AaaC) municipalD) corporate BaaAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking33) Risk premiums on corporate bonds tend to ________ during business cycle expansions and ________ during recessions, everything else held constant.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; increaseD) decrease; decreaseAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking34) The collapse of the subprime mortgage marketA) did not affect the corporate bond market.B) increased the perceived riskiness of Treasury securities.C) reduced the Baa-Aaa spread.D) increased the Baa-Aaa spread.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking35) The collapse of the subprime mortgage market increased the spread between Baa and default-free U.S. Treasury bonds. This is due toA) a reduction in risk.B) a reduction in maturity.C) a flight to quality.D) a flight to liquidity.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking36) During a "flight to quality"A) the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds increases.B) the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds decreases.C) the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds is not affected.D) the change in the spread between Treasury bonds and Baa bonds cannot be predicted. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking37) If you have a very low tolerance for risk, which of the following bonds would you be least likely to hold in your portfolio?A) a U.S. Treasury bondB) a municipal bondC) a corporate bond with a rating of AaaD) a corporate bond with a rating of BaaAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking38) Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) A liquid asset is one that can be quickly and cheaply converted into cash.B) The demand for a bond declines when it becomes less liquid, decreasing the interest rate spread between it and relatively more liquid bonds.C) The differences in bond interest rates reflect differences in default risk only.D) The corporate bond market is the most liquid bond market.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking39) Corporate bonds are not as liquid as government bonds becauseA) fewer corporate bonds for any one corporation are traded, making them more costly to sell.B) the corporate bond rating must be calculated each time they are traded.C) corporate bonds are not callable.D) corporate bonds cannot be resold.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking40) When the Treasury bond market becomes more liquid, other things equal, the demand curve for corporate bonds shifts to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking41) When the Treasury bond market becomes less liquid, other things equal, the demand curve for corporate bonds shifts to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; rightD) left; leftAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking42) A decrease in the liquidity of corporate bonds, other things being equal, shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; leftD) left; rightAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking43) An increase in the liquidity of corporate bonds, other things being equal, shifts the demand curve for corporate bonds to the ________ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the ________.A) right; rightB) right; leftC) left; leftD) left; rightAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking44) A(n) ________ in the liquidity of corporate bonds will ________ the price of corporate。
货币金融学 第6章 利率的风险与期限结构
表 6-1 穆 迪 、 标 准 普 尔和惠誉的债券评级
5-7
• 流动性 • 具有流动性的资产是指在需要的时候能够按照较低
的成本迅速变现的资产。 • 在其他条件相同的情况下，流动性越高的证券，利
率将越低；相反，流动性越低的证券，利率将越高 。
5-8
• 所得税因素 • 证券持有人真正关心的是税后的实际利率，所以，
• 如图6-6b所示，平缓上升的收益率曲线 表明预期未来短期利率上升和下跌的幅 度都不大；
• 如图6-6c所示，平坦的收益率曲线表明 预期未来短期利率将小幅下降。
• 最后，翻转的收益率曲线，即图6-6d， 表明预期未来短期利率将急剧下降。
图6-6 基于流动性溢价理论的收 益率曲线和市场对于未来的短期 利率的预期结果
本章小结
1. 具有相同到期期限的债券利率出现差异有三个原因：违约风险、流 动性以及所得税因素。债券违约风险越大，其相对于其他债券的利 率就越高；债券的流动性越强，其利率就越低；具有免税特征的债 券利率低于不具备这一特征的债券利率。由于这些因素形成的具有 相同期限债券利率之间关系，被称为利率的风险结构。
的原因。 –如果一种债券所支付的利息享有税收优惠（比如免缴联邦
所得税的市政债券），那么它的利率就会较低。
5-11
6.2 利率的期限结构
• 利率的期限结构指利率与期限之间的变化关系，研究的是风 险因素相同、而期限不同的利率差异是由哪些因素决定的。
• 收益率曲线：具有相同的风险、流动性和税收特征而期限不 同的债券收益率连成的曲线。可以分为： –向上倾斜的 –平坦的 –向下倾斜的
均值加上随债券供求状况的变动而变动的流动性溢价。
• 假设：具有不同到期期限的债券之间可以相互替代，但不是 完全相互替代。由于短期债券的利率风险相对较小，因此投
蒋先玲货币金融学习题册 第六章 商业银行及经营管理
第六章商业银行及经营管理一、名词解释1. 绿色金融：2. 法定存款准备金：3. 银行信用：4. 资本性债券：5. 贷款承诺：二、单项选择1. 下列不属于总分行制优点的是（） .A. 便于商业银行吸收存款，扩大经营规模B. 便于中央银行宏观管理C. 有利于银行业自由竞争D. 可避免过多的行政干预2. 银行持有的流动性很强的短期有价证券是商业银行经营中的（）。
A. 第一道防线B. 第二道防线C. 第三道防线D. 第四道防线3. 银行在大城市设立总行，在本市及国内外各地普遍设立分支行的制度是（） .A. 单一银行制B. 总分行制C. 持股公司制D. 连锁银行制4. 1694年， () 的成立标志着现代商业银行制度的建立。
A. 威尼斯银行B. 阿姆斯特丹银行C. 汉堡银行D. 英格兰银行5. 在国际银行业，被视为银行经营管理三大原则之首的是（）。
A. 盈利性原则B. 流动性原则C. 安全性原则D. 效益性原则6. 商业银行三大经营原则中流动性原则是指（） .A. 资产流动性B. 负债流动性C. 资产和负债流动性D. 贷款和存款流动性7. 下列哪种不属于可管理的负债（） .A. 可转让存单B. 支票存款C. 同业拆借D. 向中央银行借款8. 两家以上商业银行受控于同一个人或同一集团但又不以股权公司的形式出现的制度，称为（）。
A. 代理银行制B. 总分行制C. 连锁银行制D. 银行控股公司制9. 下列不属于大额可转让定期存单（CDs) 特点的是（）。
A. 不记名B. 面额为整数C. 可流通转让D. 利率低于同期银行定期存款利率10. 被称为商业银行二级准备资产的是（）。
A. 在央行存款B. 在同业存款C. 短期政府债券D. 库存现金11. 1897年在上海成立的（）标志着中国现代银行的产生。
A. 交通银行B. 浙江兴业银行C. 中国通商银行D. 北洋银行12.下列银行资产中流动性最高的是（）。
A. 结算过程中占用的现金B. 消费贷款C. 政府债券D. 准备金存款13. 一般地，当一家商业银行面临准备金不足时，它首先会（） .A. 回收贷款B. 向央行借款C. 出售债券D. 向同业拆借14. 利率敏感性资产与利率敏感性负债的差额称为（） .A. 持续期缺口B. 利率敏感性指数C. 利率风险指数D. 利率敏感性缺口15, 商业银行把资金从盈余者手中转移到短缺者手中，使闲置资金得到充分的运用，这种职能被称为商业银行的（）职能。
【精品】货币金融学习题集附答案
第一章货币与货币制度一、填空题1.货币是长期发展的产物，是表现形式发展的必然结果。
2。
在货币产生的过程中，商品价值形式的发展经过、、、等四个阶段。
3。
当人们选择用作一般等价物时,货币就产生了。
4.货币作为一种特殊的商品,具有两个重要特征：一是，二是.5.货币币材和形制经历了从、、、到等五个阶段的发展过程.6。
金属货币主要沿着两个方向演变：一是经历了由到贵金属的演变；二是经历了由到铸币的演变。
7.货币要成为普遍接受的交换媒介，必须具备两个基本条件：一是；二是。
8.货币在表现和衡量商品价值时，货币执行职能；在商品的赊销赊购过程,货币执行职能；在退出流通时执行职能;在世界市场上发挥一般等价物作用时执行职能。
9.本位币的面值与金属本身的实际价值是一致的，是货币，是法偿货币。
10.在金属货币流通条件下，流通中的货币量能被，使得与保持相互适应.11。
货币制度相继经历了、、、等四个阶段。
12。
银行券是银行发行的一种，即银行保证持有人可以随时向签发银行兑换相应的一种凭证，通常以作为发行准备。
13.铸币的发展有一个从足值到的过程。
14。
国家垄断辅币铸造，归国家所有，构成重要的财政收入来源。
15.在金本位制下,一国汇率围绕上下波动，汇率波动界限是。
16。
平行本位制下,金币和银币是按照比价流通，双本位制下，金币和银币则按照比价流通.17.在跛行本位制下，可以自由铸造而不能自由铸造。
18.在金汇兑本位制下，本币只能先兑换，再兑换。
19。
存储于银行电子计算机系统内可利用银行卡随时提取现金或支付的存款货币称为。
20.货币金本位制有、、等三种形式。
21.金币本位制的三大特征是指、、。
22.信用货币主要由现金和存款组成，其中现金是对公众的负债，存款则是对存款人的负债。
23。
人民币的发行权属于，是全国惟一的货币发行机关。
24。
信用货币的形式有、纸币和等形式。
25。
货币成为普遍接受的交换媒介须具备两个基本条件：一是，二是。
26。
规定货币单位包括规定和单位货币的价值两个方面.27.确定货币单位价值因货币制度不同而有差异：在金属货币流通时代，是确定单位货币所含的；在与黄金挂钩的不兑现货币流通时期，是确定本币单位的，或确定本国货币与的固定比价;黄金非货币化后,则是如何维持本币与的比价.28。
货币金融学——第六章
第6章 金融市场工具
6.1.1 流动性
现金是流动性最高的资产，因为现金本身就是 一般等价物，谁都接受。 相比之下，房地产要变成现金就不那么容易了， 卖房一般都要花一段时间，如果找房产中介帮 助卖房，还要交佣金，房产交易税等。 股票和债券属于比较好卖的资产，流动性要比 房地产高。
7
9、我们的市场行为主要的导向因素，第一个是市场需求的导向，第二个是技术进步的导向，第三大导向是竞争对手的行为导向。21.8.2421.8.24Tuesday, August 24, 2021
15、我就像一个厨师，喜欢品尝食物。如果不好吃，我就不要它。2021年8月下午8时6分21.8.2420:06August 24, 2021
16、我总是站在顾客的角度看待即将推出的产品或服务，因为我就是顾客。2021年8月24日星期二8时6分55秒20:06:5524 August 2021
17、利人为利已的根基，市场营销上老是为自己着想，而不顾及到他人，他人也不会顾及你。下午8时6分55秒下午8时6分20:06:5521.8.24
10、市场销售中最重要的字就是“问”。20:06:5520:06:5520:068/24/2021 8:06:55 PM
11、现今，每个人都在谈论着创意，坦白讲，我害怕我们会假创意之名犯下一切过失。21.8.2420:06:5520:06Aug-2124-Aug-21
12、在购买时，你可以用任何语言；但在销售时，你必须使用购买者的语言。20:06:5520:06:5520:06Tuesday, August 24, 2021
交割、期货转现货交易。
条件要求解约或找到第三者接
替承受原有的权利义务。
5．交易的参与 参与者众多，市场的流动性和 专业化生产商、贸易商和金融
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-11
Three Theories to Explain the Three Facts
1. Expectations theory explains the first two facts but not the third
6-4
FIGURE 2 Response to an Increase in Default Risk on Corporate Bonds
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-5
Table 1 Bond Ratings by Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch
– Cost of selling a bond – Number of buyers/sellers in a bond market
• Income tax considerations
– Interest payments on municipal bonds are exempt from federal income taxes.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-6
Risk Structure of Interest Rates
• Liquidity: the relative ease with which an asset can be converted into cash
2. When short-term interest rates are low, yield curves are more likely to have an upward slope; when short-term rates are high, yield curves are more likely to slope downward and be inverted 3. Yield curves almost always slope upward
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-12
Expectations Theory
• The interest rate on a long-term bond will equal an average of the short-term interest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bond • Buyers of bonds do not prefer bonds of one maturity over another; they will not hold any quantity of a bond if its expected return is less than that of another bond with a different maturity • Bond holders consider bonds with different maturities to be perfect substitutes
6-8
Term Structure of Interest Rates
• Bonds with identical risk, liquidity, and tax characteristics may have different interest rates because the time remaining to maturity is different
Sources: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1941–1970; Federal Reserve: /releases/h15/data.htm.
• Default risk: probability that the issuer of the bond is unable or unwilling to make interest payments or pay off the face value
– U.S. Treasury bonds are considered default free (government can raise taxes).
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-13
Expectations Theory: Example
• Let the current rate on one-year bond be 6%.
• You expect the interest rate on a one-year bond to be 8% next year. • Then the expected return for buying two one-year bonds averages (6% + 8%)/2 = 7%. • The interest rate on a two-year bond must be 7% for you to be willing to purchase it.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-2
Risk Structure of Interest Rates
• Bonds with the same maturity have different interest rates due to:
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-15
Expectations Theory (cont’d)
Expected return over the two periods from investing $1 in the two-period bond and holding it for the two periods (1 + i2t )(1 + i2t ) 1 1 2i2t (i2t ) 2 1 2i2t (i2t ) 2 Since (i2t ) 2 is very small the expected return for holding the two-period bond for two periods is 2i2t
– Risk premium: the spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and the interest rates on (same maturity) Treasury bonds
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
e t 1
1 it ite1 it (ite1 ) 1 it ite1 it (ite1 ) it (ite1 ) is extremely small Simplifying we get it ite1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
– Default risk – Liquidity – Tax considerations __________Risk of Interest Rates
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-3
Risk Structure of Interest Rates
6-14
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Expectations Theory
For an investment of $1 it = today's interest rate on a one-period bond ite1 = interest rate on a one-period bond expected for next period i2t = today's interest rate on the two-period bond
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-10
Facts Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates Must Explain
1. Interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
6-9
Term Structure of Interest Rates
• Yield curve: a plot of the yield on bonds with differing terms to maturity but the same risk, liquidity and tax considerations
Chapter 6