经济学导论报告模板
HND大二经济学导论报告参考Outcome三
An Evaluation of UK Government Policy on Mentalhealth and behavior in schoolsTable of Contents1 Introduction (1)2 Market failure (2)2.1 Merit goods (2)2.2 Public goods (2)2.3 Impertfect competition (2)2.4 Externalities (2)3 UK Governments policy (1)3.1 Introduction to the policy (2)3.2 instruments used (2)3.3 Justification of the performance of policy (2)4 Conclusion (2)References (5)Appendices (6)Appendix I: (6)Appendix II: (6)1IntroductionThis report aims to explain the‘market failure’and the role of government in relative to merit goods, public goods, imperfect composition and externalities.The policy about mental health and behavior in school will also be introduced.Then it will describe the instruments used to achieve the policy and evaluate the policy.2Market failureMarket fail, that is, they do not provide all of the goods and services needed by the government,nor by society(SQA,2013a p184).2.1Merit goodsThe government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quantity (SQA,2013a p188).For instance,medical services,education and so on.In China,the government provides the public universities and nine year education,which support children to go to school and get a better education.2.2Public goodsThese are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse to pay(SQA,2013b p190), for example, grills in the park and Automatic Pet Water Fountain and so on.In many countries, the government provides the Automatic Pet Water Fountain, which is convenient for passerby to drink water whenever they want.2.3Imperfect competitionA company which control their own market , and they have no rival. A monoplist can adjust prices output in the market.for example, on February 5, 1991, pierpont Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller,several iron ore and all the steel business,became the largest steel company , 65% of steel production by their control.The government could establish perfect competition through the establishment of enterprise competition policy (Peter,2013)2.4ExternalitiesAn externality is an effect of a purchase or use decision by one set of parties on others who did not have a choice and whose interests were not taken into account (SQA,2013d p188).For example, the negative externalities include car exhaust, smoking, kara OK noisy,which will do harm to the environment and people’health.As far as I am concerned, the government should have odd-and-even license plate rule and provide new energy electric vehicle.The positive externalities include new technology like purify the water and restoration of historical buildings.I think the government should support the enterprise to create more new technology.3UK Governments policy3.1 Introduction to the policy--Mental health and behavior in schoolsThe purpose of this policy is to let all pupils benefit from learning and developing in a well ordered school environment that fosters and rewards good behaviour and sanctions poor and disruptive behaviour. Their behaviour and discipline in schools advice sets out the powers and duties for school staff and approaches they can adopt to manage behaviour in their schools. It also says that schools should consider whether continuing disruptive behaviour might be a result of unmet educational or other needs. Published on16 June 2014，last updated on18 March 2016(Gov,UK,16 June 2014)3.2 Instruments usedInstruments- economic variables that governments can control directly for example, tax, public spending(SQA,2013e p194).The government take actions via government spending and relevant regulation.They found the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to deal with it.The specific services offered by CAMHS vary depending on the needs of the local area. The best way to influence those services overall is to get involved with the local health and wellbeing board.The government take actions to help them in referring pupils effectively to specialist CAMHS and otherwise working well with the service for the benefit of their vulnerable pupils. These include:1.The government hire some people documenting evidence of the symptoms or behaviour that are causing concern,encouraging the pupil and their parents/carers to speak to their GP2.The government spent some money working with local specialist CAMHS to make the referral process as quick and efficient as possible(Spence, S.H. 2003)3.1Justification of the performance of the policyI think the policy is successful, the mental health care benefits can make children to have a happier life.Thanks to the policy, children now have the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually.However,I think the policy also has some disadvantages.It has greatly increased government pressure.For example,Set up the CAMHS organization to support the school and some public organization。
HnD经济学导论outcome1报告
International CollegeCentral South University of Forestry and TechnologyASSIGNMENT COVER SHEETAssessment Task: _____________________________________________________________ Course Name:__________________________________ Outcome: ____________________ Prepared by:______________________________________________________ (English name) ________________________________ (Chinese name) ___________________ (Candidate Number) Class: ____________________ Name of Tutor:___________________________ Due Date: _______________ Date Submitted: ___________________Your report/essay should meet the following requirements. Please confirm this before submitting your assignment.☐Assignment is presented on A4 size paper and is tidily typed and well presented..☐Pages have been firmly stapled.☐ A copy has been retained by me.☐Declaration below is completed.DeclarationAll forms of plagiarism, cheating and unauthorized collusion are regarded seriously by the University and could result in penalties including failure in the unit and possible exclusion from the University. If you are in doubt, please contact the Unit Coordinator.Expect where I have indicated, the work I am submitting in this assignment is my own work._______________________________________ (Signature)Question1：With reference to the case study, summaries the relationship between goals, objectives and policy and advice the management of Scotia Airways of the contribution each will make to effective managerial performance.Answer1：Goal:Organizational goal is to complete the mission and purpose of the carrier organization. It is a future state that an organization strive to achieve, and it is the basis and motivation to carry out the organization's activities. Every social organization has its own intended purpose or result, it represents an organization's direction and future. For the organization, the purpose is the common goal; to the members, the common goal is to organize the stage needs to reach the destination. The organisations are usually determine the direction that it will take over the long term and are not always very specific, but some goals may be unintelligible and hard to understand.There are 4 types of organization: Operational goals, Product goals, Consumer goals, and Secondary goals.Operational goals that means increase efficiency, promote the work efficiency vigorously. Like the Scotia Airways, they have the culture of trust has been emphasized and developed by both the management and workers, and this has served to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and overall performance of the business. When they have the awareness, team spirit, have the incentive measures, the working efficiency will increase.Product goals signify better service to consumer and higher products qualify, to ensure sustained and stable quality system. The Scotia Airways do well in this side,it offers several value added services, such as, valets to assist the passengers in boarding the plane, gourmet meals and a range of in-flight services and entertainment. And Scotia Airways is the first airline to offer full business class services, but at prices that are equivalent to the economy class of its competitors. A key driver of the success of Scotia Airways is the management focus upon the level and quality of service output.Consumer goals means satisfied the different demand from the different consumers. Scotia Airways is aimed at it, their operate scheduled flights mainly targeting business and leisure travelers and aims to provide exceptional value for money, unparalleled comfort and convenience to its passengers. It illustrated that everyone in the world is not the same, so an organization especially a company should adapt diverse needs.Secondary goals by organisations which are not the most important things that they would like to achieve but are nevertheless important. It is mainly about the social responsibility, making a profit or improving award. The Scotia Airways has been reinforced by positive management approaches and wide ranging reward policies that were agreed and supported by Trade Union representatives. And as far as possible to promote social harmony and integration, to create a better atmosphere.Object:Business objectives are more clear and specific than goals and identity the specific path to be taken in order to achieve goals. In this step, how can we do next, how quickly can we do it and how do we know when we have been successful are the important questions.The objectives should be SMART, include 5 aspects: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and be Time-bound. These are the core of objectives’ requirements.To promote the market share increase, the airline has an increasing presence at Scotland’s main airports in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. And currently covers eight destinations across Europe, including Brussels, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, Rome, Lisbon, Amsterdam and Copenhagen as well as domestic flights to Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol and four London airports.It is also expanding to major business centers in Eastern Europe and the Middle and Far East. This several plans for improving the market share, expand the business scope is very effective.Pay more attention to suitable consumer groups is significant, too. The airline to operate flights mainly is the special value of providing funds for business and leisure travelers, incomparable comfort and convenience of passengers. To provide different services for different customer groups demand, is important to increase the performance and able to establish good relationship with customers.Policy:The policy is a require ment for the organization’s operating and transaction. It provides a guideline to channel a manager's thinking in a specific direction, it can also provide the path to complete goals and objectives. It provides a framework of rules or guidance within which management and staff can make decisions. Policies contain some different, for example, Inward investment policy, Welfare policy and Reward or Punishment policy.Inward investment policy: The equipments are freshing, all staff receives adequate training, the establishments of the new division and gain more market share are both in it.It has seen that the company expansion over resent year in many aspects and departments. Then they found new distributions in Eastern Europe and the Middle and Far East during this year.Reward or punishment policy: For the completion of the expansion target, organizations should set standards, regulations and purposes to evaluate employees' performance, and then take reactions respectively. The Scotia Airways has been reinforced by positive management approaches and wide ranging reward policies that were agreed and supported by Trade Union representatives.Relationship: The goal is the totality, it can including many objects, goals and objectives provide different kinds of requirements of organization. After make goals and objectives, the organization must have the policies to guides behavior by defining how something should be done. Suitable policies can help the organization to achieve goals and objectives, but inappropriate polices will result in bad effects and cannot complete the goals and objectives. Finally, healthy relationships among goals, objectives and policies are the basis of effective performance. The three affect each other and are both in hand.Q2: Explain the main principles of Open Systems Theory with reference to Scotia Airways.A2: The environments that are both internal and external would influenced the organization. The inter-related parts of a system can interact with the external environment. Changes in the external environment will affect the internal environment changes, the internal factors will also affect the overall changes, resulting in a chain effect.There are 4 aspects in this system. Input contains Staff, Managers, Clients orders, Bank loan and Equipment. Process contains Admin support, Allocation of projects, Communicate with clients, Promotion and Production. Output consists of High quality designs, Skilled staff,Satisfied clients and Service or product. Environment consists of Economy, Social trends, Policies, Legislation, Technology and Culture.When the EU and UK government relax their control over the licensing of airline provision, the input in the airway will increase, and then the output will also increase with the input. That is the external environment policy affect the change of the internal environment.And the government imposes taxes on high emissions of enterprise, then the cost will rise and the profit will reduce. So the company will decrease production, the airways maybe reduce a few airplane and maybe open up just one or two air lines.Q3: Identify the main differences between the formal and informal organization within Scotia Airways.A3: The Scotia Airways both formal and informal organization characte ristic.The aspects at formal organization characteristic are, it has clear goals, objectives, policies and missions; defined structure, clear division and classification; and the organization will be controlled. For example, the airways currently employ executives and managers in marketing, finance, HR and flight operations with operational and administrative staff within each department. Rosa Dallevic is in overall charge, assisted by her long-term colleague, Azim Ishtiaq. She has also employed the same personal assistant, Katrina Wright. That is a holonomic structure in the company.And the aspect at in formal organization characteristic is, it has ambiguous relationships in the airways. For example,the company is very much regarded as a family-style business and has established a range of suppliers and clients that are seen as the extended family. So it has relaxed and harmonious atmosphere, not very serious and tense.Q4: Describe four primary stakeholders of Scotia Airways and explain their interests in, and influence on the organisation.A4: G overnment: Whether the taxation violate related laws, whether the company compliance to related laws and whether solve the problem of local employment, that are the government concern about, is their interests. The influence in this case is the EU and UK governmentrelax their control over the licensing of airline provision. Then the airways business will improve and the profit will increase, so the government could charge a higher tax.Creditors: The creditors are concern about the credit score, liquidity, repayment ability and new contracts. When to borrow the money and when to return is the most important key to creditors. Only the airways credit rating better, can it borrow much money when they need, so the turnover of the fund more convenient.Investors: Have interest earning income from investment; have profitability, market share and business achievement are the significant matter to the investors. The influence are have big expansion plans and hire a team of administration. The investors in Scotia Airways have set an ambitious programme for expansion over the next 5 years, introducing flights to major European tourist destinations and to establish new branch in Eastern Europe and the Middle and Far East. Besides, They set about appointing a management team whose experience and expertise was firmly grounded in the budget aviation market.Employees: They concern about the rates of pay, job security, respect, truthful communication and work condition. The attitude and enthusiastic in working will influence the quantity and efficiency. The Scotia Airways have t o develop a wide range of rewards and punishment system, let the employees enthusiasm greatly improve.Q5:Identify an effective control strategy that the management of Scotia Airways could successfully implement, and justify its suitability.A5: I think the Bureaucratic control is the most effective control strategy to the Scotia Airways.Bureaucratic control means it can dominate the process, is the use of the determined rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, reward systems and other formal mechanisms to influence employee behavior and assess performance. The advantages are it could increase efficiency of the company, and can be controlled with market or price mechanisms, it is so stable. The disadvantage is the Poor flexibility. Bureaucratic control through the Organization Structure,In Scotia Airways, they begin to appointing a management team in the budget aviation market and currently employs 80 staff across all divisions. Its expansion over recent years has seen the company commit significant resources to the marketing and sales department, its finance department. There has been an increase in staffing levels, in budgets and in capital investment. It currently employs executives and managers in marketing, finance, HR and flight operations with operational and administrative staff within each department. Rosa Dallevic is in overall charge, and she has also employed the same personal assistant, Katrin Wright. In this organization structure, is helped promote consistency and continuity, lead to a positive working relationship within and between different departments. Various departments perform their respective duties, everything in good order and well arranged. The Scotia Airways also have some rules and regulations to guarantee employees behaviors in the company.So the Bureaucratic control is the best choice to the Scotia Airways.Bibliography:1. Stephen P. Robbins, (2008),The Principle of Management, 3edt,Beijing, China Renmin University Pres s Co. LTD2. Stephen P. Robbins, (2012), Organizational Behavior, 4edt,Beijing, China Renmin University Pres s Co. LTD3. Douglas Macgregor, (2008), The human side of enterprise,1edt,Beijing, Chinese International Book Trading Corporation. LTD4. James G.March, Herbert A Simon (2013), Organization, 2edt, Beijing,China Machinery press. LTD。
第一章 导论
第一章导论第一节经济学所研究的问题一、为什么要学习经济学1．学习经济学有助于你做出更好的决策在你一生中，你需要做出各种各样的经济决策。
比如，在大学毕业时，你需要决定是继续在国内读研究生，还是出国留学，还是参加工作？在工作之后，你要决定如何花费你的收入：多少用于现在的消费？多少用于储蓄？如何管理你的储蓄？是买股票还是存在银行？或许有一天你成了一个企业的老板或经理，此时，你需要决定你的企业应该生产什么产品？卖什么样的价格？在什么媒体上做广告？招收什么样的员工？提拔谁当你的助手？如此等等不胜枚举。
为什么决策是重要的？因为你的资源是有限的—你的时间有限，收入也有限。
如果你读研究生，就暂时不能参加工作；如果你用钱买房子，就可能没有钱再来买汽车。
进一步，更加麻烦的是，你的决策常常是在不确定的情况下做出的。
比如，当你选择学会计专业的时候，你并不确定当你毕业的时候，这个专业的前景如何。
为了避免决策的失误，你需要一些理论的指导。
经济学是有关个人选择的科学，学习经济学有助于你做出更好的决策。
明白了这一点，你就明白了为什么经济学是西方大学里听众最多的选修课。
2．学习经济学有助于你理解世界是如何运转的你的生活状况不仅取决于你自己的决策，而且依赖于其他人的决策，以及周围环境的变化。
你可能为生活中的许多事情感到惊奇。
比如，当你想买一台电视机的时候，只要你支付必要的价格，就可以把它从商场搬回家；当你饥肠辘辘的时候，走进一家餐馆就可以指挥别人给你上菜。
事实上，你事前并没有告诉电视机厂为你生产一台电视机，也没有通知餐馆的老板为你准备饭菜。
那么是什么因素使你能得到你想要的东西呢？经济学是有关人们之间的决策如何相互作用的科学。
学了经济学你就可以明白市场这只“看不见的手”如何使自利的个人为大家服务；你也可以明白，为什么中国电信业服务质量不高，而收费却那么高；为什么流行歌手一晚上可以赚好几万元，而一个建筑工人一个月却只能赚几百元；为什么利率上升股票价格就下跌；为什么中国经济增长这么快，而下岗工人却越来越多；为什么国有企业设备那么好，而就是竞争不过民营企业；为什么国有企业的厂长经理一生勤勤恳恳，到59岁却贪污犯罪？3．学习经济学有助于你理解政府政策的优劣每个社会都离不开政府，学习了经济学，你会明白我们为什么需要政府，什么是政府该干的，什么是政府不该干的。
经济学原理(微观部分) 导论
经济学原理（微观部分）第一章导论（包括教材第1章和第1章附录）本章重点：一、经济及经济学的定义二、经济学的双重主题：稀缺性和效率三、经济社会的三个基本问题四、经济制度五、生产可能性边界六、经济学的分类七、经济学的研究方法八、进行经济思考时经常出现的一些错误一、经济及经济学的定义经济（economy）西方经济学中的“经济”（economy）一词，是由希腊文0’ikos(家产)和n’emein(管理)合成的oikonomia演变来的。
意思是管理一个家庭的人在我国古代，“经济”一词是指“经国济民”。
现代社会“经济”一词主要有以下四种含义：①物质资料的生产、分配、交换、消费活动；③社会的经济基础，即生产关系的总和；③节约④国民经济或国民经济各部门（如工业经济、农业经济等）。
经济学economics最近几十年来，经济学覆盖了各种各样的论题。
如何定义这一成长中的学科？重要的定义包括，经济学是：●研究在经济活动中如何确定劳动、资本和土地的价格，以及如何运用这些价格配置资源；●考察金融市场行为，分析金融市场如何将资本配置到其他经济部门；●考察收入分配及如何在不损害经济运行的前提下对穷人给予帮助；●考察政府支出、税收、预算赤字对经济增长有何影响；●考察经济周期中失业与生产的波动，并提出改善经济增长的政策；●考察各国贸易模式并分析贸易壁垒有何影响；●观察发展中国家的发展，并对鼓励资源有效利用的方式提出建议。
如果我们将所有这些定义加以提炼的话，我们就会发现一个共同主题：经济学的定义经济学研究的是社会如何利用稀缺的资源以生产有价值的商品，并将它们分配给不同的个人。
二、经济学的双重主题：稀缺与效率（一）稀缺1、稀缺scarcity稀缺即有限，相对于人类社会的无穷欲望而言，物品或者说生产这些物品所需要的资源总是不足的。
在经济学中，这种资源或物品的相对有限性被称为稀缺性。
教师设问：为什么存在稀缺性呢？一定时期内，物品本身是有限的一定时期内，利用物品进行生产的技术条件是有限的人的生命是有限的如何理解稀缺性呢？稀缺性是绝对的、又是相对的。
导论课学习报告模板
导论课学习报告模板一、引言导论课是大学生活中的一门重要课程，通过学习导论课，我们能够了解各个学科的基本知识和研究方法，对我们的学习和未来的职业规划有重要的指导作用。
在本学期的导论课学习中，我深入学习了学科的基本概念和研究热点，拓宽了自己的知识面，并在课程中获得了一些宝贵的学习经验。
二、学习收获在导论课上，我学习了许多不同学科的基础知识，包括数学、物理、化学、生物、经济学、心理学等等。
通过这些学科的学习，我对各个学科有了初步的了解，拓展了自己的学术视野。
同时，我也认识到了不同学科之间的联系和相互作用，这对于我们将来的学习和研究都非常重要。
除了学科知识，导论课还帮助我提高了一些重要的研究方法和学习技巧。
通过分组讨论和小组项目，我学会了与他人合作和交流。
我也学会了如何有效地阅读和理解学术论文，如何进行科学研究和撰写学术报告。
这些方法和技巧对于我以后的学习和职业发展都具有重要意义。
三、课程反思虽然导论课的学习收获很大，但我也意识到自己在学习过程中存在一些问题和不足。
首先，我发现自己在学习的过程中有时缺乏足够的耐心和毅力，容易浮躁和急躁。
这导致我在某些难度较大的学科中学习进展较慢，需要加强自己的学习态度和方法。
其次，我在团队合作方面还有一些需要改进的地方。
在小组项目中，我有时没有很好地分配任务和与组员协作，导致项目进展不顺利。
在以后的学习中，我需要学会更好地与他人合作和沟通，提高自己的协作能力。
最后，我也意识到自己在学习效率和时间管理方面还有一些问题。
有时我会陷入拖延和分心的状态，导致学习计划的延误。
因此，我需要制定合理的学习计划，提高自己的学习效率和时间管理能力。
四、学习计划为了克服自身存在的问题和不足，我制定了以下学习计划：1. 提高学习耐心与毅力- 每次学习遇到困难时，要保持耐心，不放弃，持续尝试和思考。
- 设立明确的目标，分阶段地完成学习任务，避免过度焦虑。
2. 加强团队合作和沟通能力- 积极参与小组项目，与组员密切协作，有意识地分配任务和提醒他人。
安徽大学经济学学科导论期末论文
经济学学科导论小结年级：****级专业：经济学类班级：经济*班姓名：***学号：********我在今年的高考中以文科***分的成绩考入了安徽大学经济学类专业，本专业包含金融学，经济学，财政学，国际经济与贸易四个专业，实行大类招生。
在大学本科阶段一年级统一学习相关专业。
在经过一年的学习之后，在大二上学期再根据学生的学习情况和自主意向细分专业。
学院在大学一年级上学期开设了为期五周的“经济学学科导论”的启航工程课程以帮助学生更好的了解本专业和选择专业。
通过这门课程的学习，我对本专业的了解有很大的提高，对一年之后的专业选择有了比较明确的目标，也使得我对安徽大学经济学院有了比较深的了解。
一：对本专业的认识安徽大学经济学院前身为安徽大学经济系。
1988年成立经济学院。
目前学院下设五个系即经济学系、国际经济与贸易系、金融学系、财政学系和统计学系，有6个本科专业即经济学、国际经济与贸易、金融学、财政学、统计学和税务。
其中国际经济与贸易专业为省级教改示范专业，有理论经济学、应用经济学两个一级学科硕士学位授权点，拥有金融、应用统计、国际商务和经济学类高校教师四个专业硕士授权点，拥有政治经济学博士学位授予权点和统计学一级学科博士学位授权点。
其中政治经济学、金融学为省级重点学科。
学院拥有中国三农问题研究中心、泛长三角经济社会发展研究中心、世界经济与贸易研究中心、财政税收与公共政策研究中心、现代金融研究中心、新徽商成长研究中心和兴泰金融租赁研究中心等七个学术研究机构和科研平台。
学院目前拥有教育部经济管理实验教学示范中心、财政管理实验室、税务仿真实验室、金融实验室、现代财经创新实验室等五个教学平台。
学院还拥有企业制度创新团队、农村改革与制度演化创新团队、资本市场、资产价格与货币政策创新团队等五个校级创新团队。
学院目前拥有教职工100人，专业教师81人，行政人员19人。
其中教授18人，副教授34人，博士生导师18名。
具有博士学位20人，在职攻读博士学位12人。
经济学专业导论
经济学专业导论在当今社会，经济学无疑是一门备受关注且极具影响力的学科。
它不仅仅是关于金钱和市场的研究，更是一门深入探讨人类行为、资源分配以及社会发展的学问。
经济学的范畴广泛而多元。
从微观层面来看，它关注个体消费者和企业的决策，例如消费者如何在有限的预算下做出最优的购买选择，企业如何决定生产何种产品以及如何确定产量以实现利润最大化。
这些微观经济的研究，帮助我们理解市场中供需关系的形成，以及价格如何在竞争中发挥调节作用。
而在宏观层面，经济学则把目光投向整个国家乃至全球的经济运行。
它研究诸如经济增长、通货膨胀、失业率、国际贸易平衡等重大问题。
通过宏观经济的分析，政府可以制定相应的政策来稳定经济、促进发展，例如运用财政政策和货币政策来调控经济的热度，以避免经济过热导致的通货膨胀或经济过冷引发的失业率上升。
学习经济学，首先要掌握一系列重要的概念和原理。
供求理论是其中的基础之一。
简单来说，当一种商品的供给增加而需求不变时，价格往往会下降；反之，当需求增加而供给不变时，价格会上升。
这一理论看似简单，却在解释市场中众多商品价格的波动方面有着广泛的应用。
边际分析也是经济学中的关键方法。
它关注的是每增加一单位的投入或产出所带来的变化。
例如，企业在决定是否要增加生产时，会考虑多生产一单位产品所增加的成本和收益，只有当边际收益大于边际成本时，增加生产才是有利可图的。
机会成本的概念同样不容忽视。
它指的是为了得到某种东西而放弃的其他东西的最大价值。
在做出决策时，我们往往需要考虑到所选择方案的机会成本，以确保我们做出的是最优的选择。
那么，经济学专业的学生在大学期间会学习哪些课程呢？通常来说，包括微观经济学、宏观经济学、计量经济学、产业经济学、国际经济学等核心课程。
微观经济学深入剖析个体经济单位的行为和市场机制，为理解企业和消费者的决策提供理论基础。
宏观经济学则关注整体经济的运行和宏观经济政策的制定。
计量经济学则通过运用数学和统计学方法，对经济数据进行分析和建模，以验证经济理论和预测经济趋势。
金融业导论报告
*Banker to the Government The Bank maintains accounts on behalf of the government. The main account is the Exchequer Account. Government receipts from taxation, borrowing, etc are paid into this account. Expenditure on the economy: welfare, health, education, etc, is paid out of this account. The accounts of government departments are also held at the Bank.Banker to Banks High Street banks keep hold of their cash reserves at the Bank of England. These funds are used to settle clearing balances. Payments from the private sector to the government are made by cheques drawn on the accounts of the UK clearing banks at the Bank of England.Clearing banks keep part of their cash reserves at the Bank of England for convenience but banks are also legally required to keep a percentage of their deposits at the Bank of England. This percentage changes from time to time.The Bank maintains a current account for banks for:i.Operational balances, which are held for the settlement of clearing differencesandii.Non Operational balances that are held to fulfill cash ratio deposit requirements iii.Special deposits are required to be held with the Bank from time to time.Note Issue1)In England and Wales the Bank is the sole bank for note issue.2)In Scotland and Northern Ireland banks issue their own notes under strictregulation.3)In other words the note issue is based purely on faith that notes will be acceptableto UK residents in settlement of debts at all times.Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR) This is measured by the difference between what the government spends and what it receives in income. The amount that the government needs to borrow to meet this deficit is the PSNCR.Management of the National Debt The bank is responsible for managing the National Debt on the government’s behalf and has done so since 1751. The Debt Management Office records are kept of those who hold government stocks, ie gilts.Management of the National Debt involves helping the government with its short and long-term finance. It raises short-term finance through the issue of Treasury Bills and long-term finance through gilt-edged securities. It advises the Treasury on the issue of gilts and organizes their sale to the public and to financial institutions.The Debt Management Office It gave advice on, and arranged the financing of , the Government’s borrowing requirement, mainly by selling debt in the ofrm of gilt-edged securities. This responsibility has been passed to the Debt Management Office.Monetary Policy Implementation The Bank implements policy on behalf of the UK government and in accordance with the government’s wishes. It is responsible for the control of interest rates and money supply growth in the economy. It can alter reserve requirement ratios and request special deposits from banks and control credit supply by dictating terms made available by banks to their customers. Special deposits have not been used for number of years.Lender of Last Resort Mention has already been made of the Banks or to thebanking system. This involves providing liquidity, sometimes at penalty interest rates and secured by first class bills and securities. This helps to stabilize the banking system.International Relations The bank works clasely with other central banks and provides services for them. It is a member of various international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and has representation on committees of Central Banks. It can arrange loans from overseas when necessary in order to strengthen the UK’s foreign currency reserves.Managing the Exchange Equalisation Account The EEA was set up in 1932 to stabilize the value of sterling in relation to other currencies and consists of the country’s gold and foreign currency reserves. These technically belong to the Treasury. The Bank manages the EEA on behalf of the Treasury.*Agents for Payments Association for Payment Clearing Systems APASC is used for paper transfer of funds between accounts. Bankers Automated Clearing System allows automated transfer of wages and salaries, standing orders and direct debits etc. For full details the types of transactions that are effected on APACS, and for details of its membership refer to .Credit Cards All high street banks offer credit card facilities through either the VISA or Mastercard systems. Many banks offer cards with their own logos such as Trustcard, Barclaycard etc. All offer cardholders the opportunity to obtain goods and services on credit with the option of repaying the balance of the account in full without interet penalty or paying the balance in instalments, subject to payment of interest. The operation of these card will be explained in full as part of the Personal Financial Services Unit.*issuing new shares Advantages:⏹Easier to raise additional long-term/short-term finance⏹Greater marketability⏹Quoted shares are easier to value⏹Listed companies are more highly considered by the markets and the public Disadvantages:⏹Existing owners lose control⏹Expensive fees⏹Greater responsibility to ensure dividend & consistent profits⏹Greater risk from unwelcome takeover bids*New issues market 1)The New Issues Market is a primary market concerned with issuing new securities in return for capital. Long 2) Long-term loans to the government are organized by the Debt Management Office, which is responsible for the issue and sale of government securities.3) Companies raise fresh capital through this market, which brings lenders and borrowers together and encourages those with funds to invest.*The Parallel Markets are telephone markets, offering unsecured lending without the aid of “lender of last resort” facilities.*Negotiable Certificates of Deposit (CDs) 1)Banks and building Societies issue CDs. These are certificates acknowledging deposit of funds but their importance lies in thefact that 2)they are negotiable, in other words their ownership can be transferred to third parties.3) CDs are payable to bearer, this means that the owner’s nanme does not appear anywhere on the Certificate.4) CDs are issued on terms of three monthes five years and or amounts usually ranging from 50000 to 500000.5)they are issued at par and carry a rate of interest that is usually fixed for the life of the certificate.6) CDs have become an important means of inter-bank financing.7) CDs are highly liquid assets and can be realized at very short notice.8) Certificates of deposit were denominated only in US dollars bu sterling was later added to the list.* An Option is a right ( not an obligation) to buy or sell a given quantity of an individual security at a fixed price and this option can be exercised at any time up to the expiry date of the option. A call option gives the buyer the right, in return for paying a premium, to Buy an asset at a predetermined price up to a specified date. An investor would buy a call option if he expected the market price of the share to rise. A put option gives the buyer the ritht, in return for paying a premium, to sell an asset at a predetermined price up to a specified date. An investor would buy a put option if he expected the market price of the share to fall. The seller of the option risks having to sell shares, or buy shares at a higher price than available in the market and only exercises the option if ti is to his advantage.。
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The International College of Xiamen University
12 SQA HND 专业名称（英文）
Report title
Unit Name: Economic Issues: An Introduction
Unit Code: F7J8 34
Name: Surname, Firstname (in English/Pingyin)
Student ID No.: 77777777777777777
Supervisor: Yang Shuai
Submission Date:
Word account:
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
1How the issues affect business(es) .................... 错误！未定义书签。
2An assessment of the implications ..................... 错误！未定义书签。
3Conclusions . (2)
References (3)
Appendices (4)
Appendix I: (4)
1Introductio
It also causes significant export deficit. During 2004, New Zealand’s imports grew faster than exports compared with the year 2003.
As a result, New Zealand’s merchandise trade deficit increased from $0.9 billion until $5.4 billion (Statistics New Zealand, 2004).
2标题
It also causes significant export deficit. During 2004, New Zealand’s imports grew faster than exports compared with the year 2003.
As a result, New Zealand’s merchandise trade deficit increased from $0.9 billion until $5.4 billion (Statistics New Zealand, 2004).
3 Conclusions
It also causes significant export deficit. During 2004, New Zealand’s imports grew faster than exports compared with the year 2003.
As a result, New Zealand’s merchandise trade deficit increased from $0.9 billion until $5.4 billion (Statistics New Zealand, 2004).
References
An, F 2006, ‘Specialisation, Agglomeration and Profitability Upgrading – the Integration and Evolution Mechanisms of Industrial Clusters and the
E nlightenments’, Ruankexueyanjiu (Means Soft Sciences Research). Retrieved September 25, 2007, from
/wxcn/nview.php?nid=n449f4fe2585c1. [Translated from Chinese]
Aspers, P 1999, ‘the Economic Sociology of Alfred Mar shall: An Overview’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 652-669. Audretsch, D & Feldman, M 1996, Innovative clusters and the industry life cycle, Review of Industrial Organization, vol. 11, pp. 253-275.
Bergman E & Feser, E 1999, Industrial and Regional Clusters: Concepts and Comparative Applications, Regional Research Institute, WVU.
Buckley P, Clegg, J & Tang, H 2006, ‘Cultural Awareness in Knowledge Transfer to China –The Role of Guanxi and Mianzi’, Journal of World Business, vol. 41, pp. 275-288.
Chen, J (ed.) 2005, Industrial Clustering and Its Complexity, Shanghai University of Finance & Economics Press, Shanghai. [Translated from Chinese]
Chen, L 2006, ‘Research on Innovation Mechanisms of Industrial Clusters’, Industrial Clusters in China. Retrieved October, 23, 2007, from
. [Translated from Chinese]
Chen, L 2007a, ‘Evolution of Industrial Clusters Competitive Power Theories’, Academy of Social Science, Tianjin. [Translated from Chinese]
Chen, L 2007b, ‘A Summary of International and Domestic Researches on New Environment of Cluster Technological Innovation’, Industrial Clusters in China, October. Retrieved October 22, 20007, from . [Translated from Chinese]
Appendices Appendix I:
HND Global Trade and Business
Group Award – Grad ed Unit 2
Checklist
Student Name :___________________________________________
The information below id entifies the items that must be submitted to meet assessment criteria for GU2
Please ensure that this is checklist is submitted with assessment and with a ‘tick’ in each box
Stage 2 : Developing
∙Stage 2 : Developing
∙Cover Page
∙Explanation of how issue affects business and access, collate & analyse info from sources
∙Assessment of implications of effect for the business
∙Statement of conclusion
∙Content Page
∙Summary
∙References
∙Appendices
Signed: _______________________________ Date Submitted:__________
Received by:___________________________ Date Received:___________。