中级财务会计第四章存货Inventories综述.
第四章 存货 《中级财务会计》PPT课件
数量成 本核算
法
• 采用数量成本核算法核算库存商品的商品流通企业，对库存商品的收入、发出和结存都以成本 记账。企业购进商品时，根据收到的发票账单上所列明的商品成本，借记“在途物资”科目， 根据专用发票上注明的增值税税额借记“应交税费——应交增值税(进项税额)”科目，根据发 票账单应付金额贷记“银行存款”、“应付票据”、“应付账款”等科目。商品验收入库时， 按商品进价借记“库存商品”科目，贷记“在途物资”科目。
第4章 存 货
4.1 存货概述
存货是指企业在日常生产经营过程中持有以备出售的产成品或商品，或者仍然处在生产过程中的 在产品，或者在生产或提供劳务过程中将消耗的材料、物料等，包括原材料、周转材料、委托加 工物资、在产品、半成品、产成品等。
特点
存货是有形资产 存货具有较强的流动性 存货具有时效性和发生损失的潜在性
存货的转销
• 存货的转销，是指将存货的账面价值全部转入当期损益。
4.6 存货的期末计价与清查
4.6.2 存货的清查
存货数 量的盘 存方法
• (1)实地盘存制:本期减少数量=期初账面结存数量+本期增加数量-期末 存货盘点数量;期末存货价值=期末存货盘点数量×存货单价;发出存货价 值=本期减少存货数量×存货单价
4.5.1 包装物
企业应设置“包装物”账户核算包装物的收入、发出和结存情况。包装物数量不多的企业，可以不设置“包装 物”账户，而将包装物并入“原材料”账户核算。
包装物分类：
生产领用包装物 出售包装物:
出租或出借包装物
4.5.2 低值易耗品
为了反映低值易耗品的增减变动情况，企业应设置“低值易耗品”账户。该账户用来核算库存低值易耗品的 成本，借方登记购进、盘盈或其他原因增加的低值易耗品，贷方登记领用、摊销、盘亏或其他原因减少的低 值易耗品，期末借方余额反映期末结存低值易耗品的成本。
中级财务会计赵静讲稿 第四章存货幻灯片PPT
存货本钱的构成
外购存货：买价+运输费+保险费+包装费+仓储费+运输 途中的合理损耗+入库前的挑选整理费用+税金+其他费用
*运输费按7%计算增值税进项税额。
购入免税农产品、废旧物资，按10%计算进项税额。
计入外购存货本钱的税金通常指进口关税、消费税等税 金。
*商业企业外购商品的本钱仅包括买价和税金。采购过程中 发生的费用计入当期损益，“营业费用〞账户。
在月末一次计算平均单价，比较简单。但平时无法从账上获得发 出和结存存货的单价和金额。
➢ 移动平均法，是本次收货的本钱加原有库存的本钱，除以 本次收货数量加原有存货数量，据以计算移动加权平均单 价，并对发出存货进展计价的方法。
➢
便于管理当局及时了解存货的结存情况，计算本
钱较为客观。但工作量较大，每次收货都要计算一次平均
➢ 期末存货本钱=期初存货本钱+本期购货本钱-本期销售本 钱
➢ 零售价法：指用本钱占零售价的百分比计算期末存货本钱 的一种方法。
➢ 期初存货和本期购货同时按本钱、零售价记帐，
➢ 本钱率=期初存货本钱+本期购货本钱
➢
期初存货售价+ 本期购货售价
➢ 期末存货售价=期初存货售价+本期购货售价-本期销售收 入
*按来源可分为外购存货、自制存货、委托外单位加工存 货。
第二节 存货的计价
存货计价的根本原那么 ?企业会计准那么?规定，各种存货应当按取得时的实际
本钱记账。 理论上可采取以下形式： 售价 可变现净值：指企业在正常生产经营过程中，以估计售价
减去估计尚须进一步加工的本钱、销售所需费用后的价值。 实际本钱：客观，可靠，可验证 重置本钱
中级财务会计Chap04Inventories Additional Issues答案
Chapter 9 Inventories: Additional IssuesQuestion 9-5The gross profit method estimates cost of goods sold, which is then subtracted from cost of goods available for sale to obtain an estimate of ending inventory. The estimate of cost of goods sold is found by multiplying sales by the historical ratio of cost to selling prices. The cost percentage is the reciprocal of the gross profit ratio.Question 9-6The key to obtaining accurate estimates when using the gross profit method is the reliability of the cost percentage. If the cost percentage is too low, cost of goods sold will be understated and ending inventory overstated. Cost percentages usually are based on relationships of past years, which aren’t necessarily representative of the curren t relationship. Failure to consider theft or spoilage also could cause an overstatement of ending inventory.Answers to Questions (continued)Question 9-7The retail inventory method first determines the amount of ending inventory at retail by subtracting sales for the period from goods available for sale at retail. Ending inventory at retail is then converted to cost by multiplying it by the cost-to-retail percentage.Question 9-8The main difference between the gross profit method and the retail inventory method is in the determination of the cost percentage used to convert sales at selling prices to sales at cost. The retail inventory method uses a cost percentage, called the cost-to-retail percentage, which is based on a current relationship between cost and selling price. The gross profit method relies on past data to reflect the current cost percentage.Question 9-9Initial markup — Original amount of markup from cost to selling price.Additional markup — Increase in selling price subsequent to initial markup.Markup cancellation— Elimination of an additional markup.Markdown — Reduction in selling price below the original selling price.Markdown cancellation — Elimination of a markdown.When using the retail method to estimate average cost, the cost-to-retail percentage is determined by dividing total cost of goods available for sale by total goods available for sale at retail. By including beginning inventory in the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage, the percentage reflects the average cost/retail relationship for all inventories, not just the portion acquired in the current period.Question 9-11The lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) retail variation combined with the average cost method is called the conventional retail method. The LCM rule is incorporated into the retail inventory estimation procedure by excluding markdowns from the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. Question 9-12When applying LIFO, if inventory increases during the year, none of the beginning inventory is assumed sold. Ending inventory includes the beginning inventory plus the current year’s layer. To determine layers, we compare ending inventory at retail to beginning inventory at retail and assume that no more than one inventory layer is added if inventory increases. Each layer carries its own cost-to-retail percentage that is used to convert each layer from retail to cost.Answers to Questions (continued)Question 9-13Freight-in is added to purchases in the cost column. Net markups are added in the retail column before the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. Normal spoilage is deducted in the retail column after the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. If sales are recorded net of employee discounts, the discounts are deducted in the retail column.Question 9-14The dollar-value LIFO retail method eliminates the stable price assumption of regular retail LIFO. In effect, it combines dollar-value LIFO (Chapter 8) with LIFO retail. Before comparing beginning and ending inventory at retail prices, ending inventory is deflated to base year retail using the current year’s retail price index. After identifying the layers in ending inventory with the years they were created, in addition to converting retail prices to cost using the cost-to-retail percentage, the dollar-value LIFO method requires that each layer first be converted from base year retail to layer year retail using the year’s retail price index.Question 9-15Changes in inventory methods, other than a change to the LIFO method, are reported retrospectively. This means reporting all previous periods’ financial statements as if the new inventory method had been used in all prior periods.When a company changes to the LIFO inventory method from any other method, it usually is impossible to calculate the income effect on prior years. To do so would require assumptions as to when specific LIFO inventory layers were created in years prior to the change. As a result, a company changing to LIFO usually does not report the change retrospectively. Instead, the LIFO method simply is used from that point on. The base year inventory for all future LIFO determinations is the beginning inventory in the year the LIFO method is adopted.Question 9-21 Purchases made pursuant to a purchase commitment are recorded at the lower of contract price or market price on the date the contract is executed. A loss is recognized if the market price is less than the contract price. For purchase commitments outstanding at year-end, a loss is recognized if the market price at year-end is less than the contract price.Question 9-17If a material inventory error is discovered in an accounting period subsequent to the period in which the error is made, any previous years’ financial statements that were incorrect as a result of the error are retrospectively restated to reflect the correction. And, of course, any account balances that are incorrect as a result of the error are corrected by journal entry. If retained earnings is one of the incorrect accounts, the correction is reported as a prior period adjustment to the beginning balance in the statement of shareholders’ equity. In addition, a disclosure note is needed to describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on net income, income before extraordinary item, and earnings per share.Answers to Questions (concluded)Question 9-182009: Cost of goods sold overstatedNet income understatedEnding retained earnings understated2010: Net purchases no effectCost of goods sold understatedNet income overstatedEnding retained earnings correctQuestion 9-19When applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule for valuing inventory according to U.S. GAAP, market is defined as replacement cost with a ceiling of net realizable value (NRV) and a floor of NRV less a normal profit margin. However, the designated market value according to IAS No. 2always is net realizable value. IAS No. 2also specifies that if circumstances reveal that an inventory write-down is no longer appropriate, it must be reversed. Reversals are not permitted under U.S. GAAP.Question 9-20Purchase commitments are contracts that obligate the company to purchase a specified amount of merchandise or raw materials at specified prices on or before specified dates. These agreements are entered into primarily to secure the acquisition of needed inventory and to protect against increases in purchase price.BRIEF EXERCISESBrief Exercise 9-1NRV = $30 - 4 = $26NRV – NP = $26 – (30% x $30) = $17RC = $18The designated market is the middle value of NRV, NRV-NP, and RC, which is $18. Since this is lower than the cost of $20, the unit value is $18.Brief Exercise 9-2* Selling price less disposal costs.** NRV less normal profit marginCost LCMProduct 1 (1,000 units) $50,000 $50,000Product 2 (1,000 units) 30,000 26,000Cost $80,000LCM value $76,000Before-tax income will be lower by $4,000, the amount of the required inventory write-down.Brief Exercise 9-3The designated market value according to IFRS always is net realizable value.Product Cost NRV* LCM1 $50 $64 $502. 30 32 30* Selling price less disposal costs.Because cost is lower than market for both products, no LCM adjustment is required. The inventory is valued at its cost of $80,000, determined as follows: Product 1 (1,000 units) $50,000Product 2 (1,000 units) 30,000Cost $80,000Brief Exercise 9-4Brief Exercise 9-5Estimated cost of goods sold = $600,000 – 75,000 = $525,000* Estimated gross profit = $700,000 – 525,000* = $175,000$175,000 $700,000 = 25% gross profit ratioBrief Exercise 9-6Brief Exercise 9-7Brief Exercise 9-8Brief Exercise 9-9Brief Exercise 9-10Brief Exercise 9-11*$40,800 $68,000 = 60%Brief Exercise 9-12Hopyard applies the FIFO cost method retrospectively; that is, to all prior periods as if it always had used that method. In other words, all financial statement amounts for individual periods that are included for comparison with the current financial statements are revised for period-specific effects of the change.Then, the cumulative effects of the new method on periods prior to those presented are reflected in the reported balances of the assets and liabilities affected as of the beginning of the first period reported and a corresponding adjustment is made to the opening balance of retained earnings for that period.The effect of the change on each line item affected should be disclosed for each period reported as well as any adjustment for periods prior to those reported. Also, the nature of and justification for the change should be described in the disclosure notes, as well as the cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings or other components of equity as of the beginning of the earliest period presented.2011 cost of goods sold is $7,000 higher than it would have been if Hopyard had not switched to FIFO. This is because beginning inventory is $18,000 higher ($145,000 – 127,000) and ending inventory is $11,000 higher ($162,000 – 151,000). An increase in beginning inventory causes an increase in cost of goods sold, but an increase in ending inventory causes a decrease in cost of goods sold. Purchases for 2011 are the same regardless of the inventory valuation method used.Brief Exercise 9-13When a company changes to the LIFO inventory method from any other method, it usually is impossible to calculate the income effect on prior years. To do so would require assumptions as to when specific LIFO inventory layers were created in years prior to the change. As a result, a company changing to LIFO usually does not report the change retrospectively. Instead, the LIFO method simply is used from that point on. The base year inventory for all future LIFO determinations is the beginning inventory in the year the LIFO method is adopted, $150,000 in this case.A disclosure note is needed to explain (a) the nature of and justification for the change, (b) the effect of the change on current year's income and earnings per share, and (c) why retrospective application was impracticable.Brief Exercise 9-14The 2009 error caused 2009 net income to be overstated, but since 2009 ending inventory is 2010 beginning inventory, 2010 net income was understated the same amount. So, the income statement was misstated for 2009 and 2010, but the balance sheet (retained earnings) was incorrect only for 2009. After that, no account balances are incorrect due to the 2009 error.Analysis: U = UnderstatedO = Overstated2009 2010Beginning inventory →Beginning inventory OPlus: net purchases ↑Plus: net purchasesLess: ending inventory O →Less: ending inventoryCost of goods sold U Cost of goods sold ORevenues RevenuesLess: cost of goods sold U Less: cost of goods sold OLess: other expenses Less: other expensesNet income O Net income U↓↓Retained earnings O Retained earnings correctedBrief Exercise 9-14 (concluded)However, the 2010 error has not yet self-corrected. Both retained earnings and inventory still are overstated as a result of the second error.Analysis: U = UnderstatedO = Overstated2010Beginning inventoryPlus: net purchasesLess: ending inventory OCost of goods sold URevenuesLess: cost of goods sold ULess: other expensesNet income ORetained earnings ORetained earnings on January 1, 2011, in this case, would be overstated by$500,000 (ignoring income taxes).Brief Exercise 9-15The financial statements that were incorrect as a result of both errors (effect of one error in 2009 and effect of two errors in 2010) would be retrospectively restated to report the correct inventory amounts, cost of goods sold, income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the current annual report. A “prior period adjustment”to retained earnings would be reported, and a disclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s ne t income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share.EXERCISESExercise 9-1* Selling price less disposal costs.** NRV less normal pr ofit marginExercise 9-2The designated market value according to IAS No. 2always is net realizable value. Inventory valuation for the three products would be as follows: Product NRV Cost Lower of Cost or Market1 $34 $20 $202 80 90 803 60 50 50Product 3 would be valued at $50 under IAS No. 2, but $48 according to U.S. GAAP. The inventory values of the other two products would be the same under U.S. and the international standard.Exercise 9-3Requirement 1The inventory value is $257,500.Requirement 2Loss from write-down of inventory: $300,000 - 257,500 =$42,500Exercise 9-4The designated market value according to IFRS always is net realizable value.Product Cost NRV LCM101 $120,000 $100,000 $100,000102 90,000 110,000 90,000103 60,000 50,000 50,000104 30,000 50,000 30,000Totals $300,000 $270,000The inventory value is $270,000so the required write-down is $30,000 ($300,000 – 270,000). The following journal entry accomplishes the write-down: Inventory write-down expense 30,000Inventory valuation allowance 30,000Exercise 9-5* Selling price less disposal costs. Disposal costs = 10% of selling price + 5% of cost.** NRV less normal profit marginExercise 9-6Requirement 1FASB ASC 330–10–35–1: ―Inventory–Overall–Subsequent Measurement.‖A departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as their cost. Where there is evidence that the utility of goods, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost, whether due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, the difference shall be recognized as a loss of the current period. This is generally accomplished by stating such goods at a lower level commonly designated as market.Requirement 2The specific citations that discuss the level of aggregation that should be used in applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule are FASB ASC 330–10–35–8 to11: ―Inventory–Overall–Subsequent Measurement.‖Requirement 3Depending on the character and composition of the inventory, the rule of lower of cost or market may properly be applied either directly to each item or to the total of the inventory (or, in some cases, to the total of the components of each major category). The method shall be that which most clearly reflects periodic income.The purpose of reducing inventory to market is to reflect fairly the income of the period. The most common practice is to apply the lower of cost or market rule separately to each item of the inventory. However, if there is only one end-product category the cost utility of the total stock—the inventory in its entirety—may have the greatest significance for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the reduction of individual items to market may not always lead to the most useful result if the utility of the total inventory to the business is not below its cost. This might be the case if selling prices are not affected by temporary or small fluctuations in current costs of purchase or manufacture.Exercise 9-6 (concluded)Similarly, where more than one major product or operational category exists, the application of the lower of cost or market rule to the total of the items included in such major categories may result in the most useful determination of income. When no loss of income is expected to take place as a result of a reduction of cost prices of certain goods because others forming components of the same general categories of finished products have a market equally in excess of cost, such components need not be adjusted to market to the extent that they are in balanced quantities. Thus, in such cases, the rule of lower of cost or market may be applied directly to the totals of the entire inventory, rather than to the individual inventory items, if they enter into the same category of finished product and if they are in balanced quantities, provided the procedure is applied consistently from year to year.To the extent, however, that the stocks of particular materials or components are excessive in relation to others, the more widely recognized procedure of applying the lower of cost or market to the individual items constituting the excess shall be followed. This would also apply in cases in which the items enter into the production of unrelated products or products having a material variation in the rate of turnover. Unless an effective method of classifying categories is practicable, the rule shall be applied to each item in the inventory.Exercise 9-7The FASB Accounting Standards Codification represents the single sourceof authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The specificcitation for each of the following items is:1.The income statement presentation of losses from the write-down ofinventory:FASB ASC 330–10–50–2: ―Inventory–Overall–Disclosure‖When substantial and unusual losses result from the application of therule of lower of cost or market it will frequently be desirable to disclosethe amount of the loss in the income statement as a charge separatelyidentified from the consumed inventory costs described as cost of goods sold.2.The determination of market value for applying LCM to inventory:FASB ASC 330–10–20: ―Inventories–Overall–Glossary.‖As used in the phrase lower of cost or market, the term market means current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, as the casemay be) provided that it meets both of the following conditions:a. Market shall not exceed the net realizable value.b. Market shall not be less than net realizable value reduced by anallowance for an approximately normal profit margin.Exercise 9-7 (concluded)3.The accounting treatment required for a correction of an inventoryerror in previously issued financial statements:FASB ASC 250–10–50–45–23: ―Accounting Changes and ErrorCorrections–Overall–Disclosure–Other Presentation Matters.‖Any error in the financial statements of a prior period discovered after thefinancial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussedin Section 855-10-25) shall be reported as an error correction, byrestating the prior-period financial statements. Restatement requires all ofthe following:∙ a. The cumulative effect of the error on periods prior to thosepresented shall be reflected in the carrying amounts of assets andliabilities as of the beginning of the first period presented.∙ b. An offsetting adjustment, if any, shall be made to the openingbalance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components ofequity or net assets in the statement of financial position) for thatperiod.∙ c. Financial statements for each individual prior period presented shall be adjusted to reflect correction of the period-specific effects ofthe error.4.The use of the retail method to value inventory:FASB ASC 330–10–30–13: ―Inventory–Overall–Initial Measurement–Determination of Inventory Costs.‖In some situations a reversed mark-up procedure of inventory pricing,such as the retail inventory method, may be both practical andappropriate. The business operations in some cases may be such as tomake it desirable to apply one of the acceptable methods of determiningcost to one portion of the inventory or components thereof and another ofthe acceptable methods to other portions of the inventory.Exercise 9-8Exercise 9-9Exercise 9-10Exercise 9-11Requirement 1Requirement 2*Gross profit as a % of cost ÷ (1 + Gross profit as a % of cost) = Gross profit as a % of sales.100% ÷ 200% = 50%Exercise 9-12Beginning inventory + Net purchases - Ending inventory = Cost of goods sold $27,000 + 31,000 - 28,000 = $30,000 = Cost of goods soldCost of goods soldCost percentage =Net sales$30,000Cost percentage = = 60%$50,000Exercise 9-13Exercise 9-14Exercise 9-15Exercise 9-16Exercise 9-17Requirement 1Requirement 2Net markdowns are included in the cost-to-retail percentage:$257,488Cost-to-retail percentage: = 56.43%$456,300Exercise 9-18Net purchases:Using LIFO, the beginning inventory is excluded from the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage:Cost of goods available (excluding beg. inventory) Cost-to-retail percentage =Goods available at retail (excluding beg. inventory) $10,50050% =, and x = $21,000.xNet purchases at retail equals $21,000 less markups plus markdowns.Net purchases = $21,000 - 4,000 + 1,000 = $18,000Net sales:The cost-to-retail percentage can be calculated as follows:Estimated ending inventory at retail is:$17,437.50= $31,000.5625Net sales = $56,000 - 31,000 = $25,000Exercise 9-19Exercise 9-20Requirement 1$15,000Cost-to-retail percentage = = 80%$18,750 Requirement 2Exercise 9-21Exercise 9-22Cost-to-retail percentage, 1/1/11:$21,000= 75%$28,000Cost-to-retail percentage, 12/31/11:$33,600= $30,000 = Ending inventory at base year retail1.12$30,000 - 28,000 = $2,000 = LIFO layer added during 2011 at base year retail $2,000 x 1.12 = $2,240 = LIFO layer added at current year retail$22,792 - 21,000 = $1,792 = LIFO layer added at current year cost$1,792= 80%= Cost-to-retail percentage for the year 2011 layer $2,240Exercise 9-22 (concluded) 2012 ending inventory:Exercise 9-23Requirement 1To record the change:($ in millions)Retained earnings ........................................................... 8.2Inventory($32 million - 23.8 million).............................. 8.2 Requirement 2CPS applies the average cost method retrospectively; that is, to all prior periods as if it always had used that method. In other words, all financial statement amounts for individual periods that are included for comparison with the current financial statements are revised for period-specific effects of the change.Then, the cumulative effects of the new method on periods prior to those presented are reflected in the reported balances of the assets and liabilities affected as of the beginning of the first period reported and a corresponding adjustment is made to the opening balance of retained earnings for that per iod. Let’s say CPS reports 2009-2011 comparative statements of shareholders’ equity. The $8.2 million adjustment above is due to differences prior to the 2011 change. The portion of that amount due to differences prior to 2009 is subtracted from the opening balance of retained earnings for 2009.The effect of the change on each line item affected should be disclosed for each period reported as well as any adjustment for periods prior to those reported. Also, the nature of and justification for the change should be described in the disclosure notes, as well as the cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings or other components of equity as of the beginning of the earliest period presented.Exercise 9-24Requirement 1Retained earnings .................................................................. 5,000Inventory ($83,000 – 78,000) ............................................. 5,000 Requirement 2Effect on cost of goods sold:Decrease in beginning inventory ($78,000 - 71,000)- $7,000Decrease in ending inventory ($83,000 - 78,000) + 5,000Decrease in cost of goods sold $2,000Cost of goods sold for 2010 would be $2,000 lower in the revised income statement.Exercise 9-25Requirement 1The 2009 error caused 2009 net income to be understated, but since 2009 ending inventory is 2010 beginning inventory, 2010 net income was overstated by the same amount. So, the income statement was misstated for 2009 and 2010, but the balance sheet (retained earnings) was incorrect only for 2009. After that, no account balances are incorrect due to the 2009 error.Analysis: U = UnderstatedO = Overstated2009 2010Beginning inventory →Beginning inventory UPlus: net purchases ↑Plus: net purchasesLess: ending inventory U →Less: ending inventoryCost of goods sold O Cost of goods sold URevenues RevenuesLess: cost of goods sold O Less: cost of goods sold ULess: other expenses Less: other expensesNet income U Net income O↓↓Retained earnings U Retained earnings correctedExercise 9-25 (concluded)However, the 2010 error has not yet self-corrected. Both retained earnings and inventory still are overstated as a result of the second error.Analysis: U = UnderstatedO = Overstated2010Beginning inventoryPlus: net purchasesLess: ending inventory OCost of goods sold URevenuesLess: cost of goods sold ULess: other expensesNet income ORetained earnings ORequirement 2Retained earnings (overstatement of 2010 income) .............. 150,000Inventory (overstatement of 2011 beginning inventory) ... 150,000 Requirement 3The financial statements that were incorrect as a result of both errors (effect of one error in 2009 and effect of two errors in 2010) would be retrospectively restated to report the correct inventory amount, cost of goods sold, net income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the current annual report. A “prior period adjustment”to retained earnings would be reported, and a disclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s net income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share.Exercise 9-26U = understatedO = overstatedNE = no effectCost of Net RetainedGoods Sold Income Earnings1. Overstatement of ending inventory U O O2. Overstatement of purchases O U U3. Understatement of beginning inventory U O O4. Freight-in charges are understated U O O5. Understatement of ending inventory O U U6. Understatement of purchases U O O7. Overstatement of beginning inventory O U U8. Understatement of purchases +understatement of ending inventory bythe same amount NE NE NEExercise 9-271. To include the $4 million in year 2011 purchases and increase retained earningsto what it would have been if 2010 cost of goods sold had not included the $4 million purchases.2.The 2010 financial statements that were incorrect as a result of the errors wouldbe retrospectively restated to reflect the correct cost of goods sold, (income tax expense if taxes are considered), net income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the 2011 annual report.3. A “prior period adjustment”to retained earnings would be reported, and adisclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s net income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share.。
中级财务会计第四章
中级财务会计第四章中级财务会计的第四章，通常聚焦于存货这一重要的资产类别。
存货对于企业的经营运转起着至关重要的作用，它不仅直接影响到企业的生产成本和利润，还反映了企业的运营效率和资金占用情况。
存货，简单来说，就是企业在日常活动中持有以备出售的产成品或商品、处在生产过程中的在产品、在生产过程或提供劳务过程中耗用的材料和物料等。
它包括各类原材料、在产品、半成品、产成品、商品以及周转材料等。
存货的确认，需要同时满足两个条件。
一是与该存货有关的经济利益很可能流入企业，二是该存货的成本能够可靠地计量。
这两个条件缺一不可，如果不能确定经济利益很可能流入企业，或者成本无法可靠计量，就不能将其确认为存货。
存货的初始计量，是指企业取得存货应当按照成本进行计量。
存货成本包括采购成本、加工成本和其他成本。
采购成本，主要由购买价款、相关税费、运输费、装卸费、保险费以及其他可归属于存货采购成本的费用构成。
比如说，企业采购一批原材料，支付的价款、运输途中的合理损耗、入库前的挑选整理费用等，都要计入原材料的采购成本。
加工成本则包含直接人工以及按照一定方法分配的制造费用。
其他成本，是指除采购成本、加工成本以外的，使存货达到目前场所和状态所发生的其他支出。
存货发出的计价方法有多种，比如先进先出法、加权平均法、个别计价法等。
先进先出法，就是先购入的存货先发出。
这种方法在物价持续上升时，会导致发出存货成本偏低，利润偏高。
加权平均法，是根据期初存货和本期购入存货的加权平均单位成本来计算发出存货的成本。
个别计价法，适用于那些不能替代使用的存货、为特定项目专门购入或制造的存货等，能准确反映存货的实际流转情况。
在存货的期末计量中，我们要遵循谨慎性原则。
当存货的成本高于其可变现净值时，应当计提存货跌价准备，将存货的账面价值减记至可变现净值。
可变现净值，是指在日常活动中，存货的估计售价减去至完工时估计将要发生的成本、估计的销售费用以及相关税费后的金额。
中级财务会计第四章存货
PPT文档演模板
中级财务会计第四章存货
原材料的核算内容
原料及主要材料（material and major material ） 辅助材料(auxiliary material) 外购半成品(purchased partly finished goods) 修理用备件(spare parts for repair) 包装材料(packaging material) 燃料(fuel)
差异，贷方登记节约差异及发出材料应负担的超
支差异。
l
期末余额如为借方余额，反映企业库存材料
的实际成本大于计划成本的差异（即超支差异）；
如为贷方余额，反映企业库存材料的实际成本小
于计划成本的差异（即节约差异）。
PPT文档演模板
中级财务会计第四章存货
材料按计划成本核算的账务处理
l 原材料购进时， 发票账单、结算凭证到达时， 借：材料采购 应交税费-应交增值税（进项税额） 贷：银行存款 /应付账款/预付账款 材料到达企业，验收入库时， 借：原材料（计划成本） 贷：材料采购 月末，汇总实际成本与计划成本，计算材料成本差异， 超支差异，借：材料成本差异 贷：材料采购 节约差异，做反分录。
PPT文档演模板
中级财务会计第四章存货
原材料按实际成本核算的账务处理
l 原材料购进时，借：在途物资（Materials In Transit） 应交税费-应交增值税（进项税额）
贷：银行存款
应付账款（特殊情况下， “等”）
预付账款 l 原材料验收入库时，借：原材料（Materials and Supplies）
others)
PPT文档演模板
中级财务会计第四章存货
4.2存货的计量类（P55） （2）存货成本的构成及其实务应用
《中级财务会计》第四章存货-演示PPT课件
➢ A.32.4
B.33.33
➢ C.35.28
D.36
中级财务会计
Competence Confidentiality Integrity Objectivity
黑龙江大学
商精学品课院程
➢ 『正确答案』D ➢ 『答案解析』本题考核的是外购原材料实际成本
的核算。 实际入库数量＝200×（1－10%） ＝180（公斤） 购入原材料的实际总成本＝6 000＋350＋130＝6 480（元） 甲工业企业该 批原材料实际单位成本＝6 480÷180＝36（元/公 斤）
4．投资者投入的存货
投资者投入的存货，应当按照投资合同或协议约定的 价值确定，但合同或协议约定价值不公允的除外。
中级财务会计
Competence Confidentiality Integrity Objectivity
黑龙江大学
商精学品课院程
3．委托外单位加工完成的存货
委托外单位加工完成的存货，包括加工后的原材料、 包装物、低值易耗品、半成品、产成品等，其成本包括实 际耗用的原材料或者半成品、加工费、装卸费、保险费、 委托加工的往返运输费等费用以及按规定应计入成本的税 费。
中级财务会计
Competence Confidentiality Integrity Objectivity
黑龙江大学
商精学品课院程
（五）商品。商品是指商品流通企业外购或委托加工完成验收入库 用于销售的各种商品。
（六）包装物。包装物是指为了包装本企业商品、产品而储备的各 种包装容器，如桶、箱、瓶、坛、袋等。其主要作用是盛装、装潢产品 或商品。需要注意的是，下列物品在会计上不作为包装物核算：
Competence Confidentiality Integrity Objectivity
中级财务会计(第五版)第4章 存货讲解
内容
第一节 存货概述
一、存货的概念 二、存货的确认及其范围 三、存货的分类
一、存货的概念
Biblioteka 存货是指企业在日常生产经营过程中持有 以备出售，或者仍然处在生产过程，或者 在生产或提供劳务过程中将消耗的材料或 物料等 包括各种材料、商品、在产品、半成品、 产成品等 通常在一年或长于一年的一个营业周期内 被消耗或出售，具有明显的流动性，是企 业流动资产的重要组成部分
一、外购存货
(四)在采用预付货款方式购入存货的情况下，企 业应在预付存货的价款时，按照实际预付金额， 借记“预付账款”科目，贷记“银行存款”科目； 预付贷款购入的存货验收入库时，按照发票账单 上注明的存货价款、增值税税额等，借记“原材 料”、“包装物”、“低值易耗品”、“库存商 品”等存货科目和“应交税金——应交增值税(进 项税额)‖科目，贷记“预付账款”科目；预付的 货款不足，需补付货款时，按照补付的金额，借 记“预付账款”科目，贷记“银行存款”科目； 供货方退回多付的货款时，借记“银行存款”科 目，贷记“预付账款”科目。
（一）存货的确认条件 1.法定产权属于企业而不问其存放地点 凡是在盘存日期，法定产权属于企业的一 切货物，不论其存放何处或处于何种状态， 都应确认为企业的存货，如库存物资，委 托加工或代销产品、在途存货等。
不在库里喔!
存货的确认
要同时满足两个条件： 1．该存货包含的经济利益很可能流入企业； 2．该存货的成本能够可靠地计量。 存货确认的关键是，企业是否拥有某项存货的法 定所有权。 凡是法定产权不属于企业的货物，即使其存放于 企业，仍不属于企业的存货，如代销品、受托加 工材料等。
一、外购存货
(二)在已经支付货款或开出、承兑商业汇票，但 存货尚未运达或尚未验收入库的情况下，企业应 于支付货款或开出、承兑商业汇票时，按发票账 单等结算凭证确定的存货成本，借记“在途物资” 科目，按增值税专用发票上注明的增值税额，借 记“应交税金一应交增值税(进项税额)‖科目， 按实际支付的款项或应付票据面值，贷记“银行 存款” 或“应付票据”等科目；待存货运达企业并验收 入库后，再根据有关验货凭证，借记“原材料”、 “包装物”、“低值易耗品”、“库存商品”等 存货科目，贷记“在途物资”科目。
中级财务会计第四章存货
毛利率法
计算公式
毛利率=销售毛利÷销售净额 销售净额=主营业务收入-销售退回与折让 销售毛利=销售净额×毛利率 销售成本=销售净额-销售毛利
期末存货成本 =期初存货成本+本期购货成本-本期销售成本
毛利率法
某企业月初某存货73000元，本期购货 425000元，本期销货595000元，该类商品计 划毛利率为25%，计算本月已销存货成本和 月末存货的成本。
收入存货的初始计价
取得方式
入账价值
外购存货
购货价格+采购费用
自制存货
委托外单位 加工的存货
投资者投 入的存货
盘盈的存货
接受捐赠 的存货
直接材料+直接人工+制造费用 加工过程中耗用的原材料和半成品成本 +加工费+相关税费
合同或协议约定的价值（不公允的除外）
实际成本（存在同类存货）或者市场价值 发票单据价格+企业承担的相关税费（能取得相 关单据的）；协议价或同类存货的市场价值。
40 6 240 100 7 700 100 8 800
25 销售
1248000
6 7
240 20 7 140 560 100 8 800
本期A商品的销售成本 = 20×6 + 40×6 +（40×6+80×7）=1160（元）
期末结存的A商品成本 = 2100－1160=940（元）
毛利=1800－1160=640（元）
存货的特征
存货是有形资产 存货具有较强的流动性。 存货具有时效性和发生潜在损失的可能性。
存货的种类
存货按照企业性质、经营范围分：
☆制造业存货 原材料 委托加工材料 低值易耗品 包装物 产成品 自制半成品和在产品
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对于企业在正常生产经营过程中多次使用的、 但未列入固定资产目录的周转材料等存货 （如低值易耗品、包装物等），可以采用一 次转销法、五五摊销法进行摊销。
对于性质和用途相似的存货，应当采用相 同的成本计算方法确定发出存货的成本； 对于不能替代使用的存货、为特定项目专 门购入或制造的存货以及提供的劳务，通 常采用个别计价法确定发出存货的成本。 对于已售存货，应当将其成本结转为当期 损益，相应的存货跌价准备也应当予以结 转。（在收入一章中介绍）
2001 年 凭证号 月 4 日 1 5 月初余额 购入 1 000 8 购入 500 7 3 500 6 6 000 1 000 500 1 000 500 10 发出 500 600 15 购入 800 8 6 400 5 6 2 500 3 600 400 500 400 500 800 25 发出 400 500 300 30 合计 2 300 15 900 2 300 6 7 8 2 400 3 500 2 400 14 400 500 500 8 8 4 000 4 000 6 5 6 7 6 7 6 7 8 6 000 2 500 6 000 3 500 2 400 3 500 2 400 3 500 6 400 摘 要 数量 单价 金额 数量 单价 金额 数量 500 500 单价 5 5 金额 2 500 2 500 收 入 发 出
三、存货的计量 （一）存货取得的计量 企业取得的存货应当按照成本进行初始计 量。存货成本包括采购成本、加工成本和 其他成本。 由于存货取得方式不同，其成本的构成也 不同。
1.购入的存货 企业从外单位购入的存货，其采购成本包括： （1）购买价款。指购入存货发票上所列的购买价； （2）运杂费。包括运输费、装卸费、保险费、包装 费等费用； （3）运输途中的合理损耗； （4）入库前的整理挑选费用； （5）相关税费。按规定应计入成本的税金，如消费 税、进口关税、手续费、佣金等； （6）其他费用。是指除采购成本以外的，使存货达 到目前场所和状态所发生的其他支出。
Chapter 4 INVENTORIES
讲授内容： 第1节 存货概述 1.存货的概念 2.存货的确认 3.存货的计量 第二节 原材料 1.原材料按实际成本计价的核算 2.原材料按计划成本计价的核算 第3节 包装物和低值易耗品 1.包装物 2.低值易耗品
第4节 其他存货 1.委托加工材料 2.库存商品 第5节 存货的清查 1.存货数量的确定方法 2.存货清查的核算 第6节 期末存货价值的确定 1.期末存货价值的确定方法 2.成本与可变现净值熟低法的核算
5.接受捐赠的存货 企业接受捐赠的存货，按以下方法确定其 成本： （1）捐赠方提供了有关凭据（如发票、报关 单、有关协议）的，按凭据上标明的金额 加上应支付的相关税费，作为成本。
（2）捐赠方没有提供有关凭据的，按如下顺序 确定其成本： ①同类或类似存货存在活跃市场的，按同类或 类似存货的市场价格估计的金额，加上应支 付的相关税费，作为成本； ②同类或类似存货不存在活跃市场的，按该接 受捐赠的存货的预计未来现金流量的现值， 作为成本。
第一节 存货概述
一、存货的概念 存货是指： 1.企业在日常活动中持有以备出售的产成品 或商品； 2.处在生产过程中的在产品； 3.在生产过程或提供劳务过程中耗用的材料 和物料等。 包括商品、产成品、半成品、在产品、原材 料、委托加工材料、包装物、低值易耗品等。
二、存货的确认 存货同时满足下列条件的，才能予以确认： 1.与该存货有关的经济利益很可能流入企业； 2.该存货的成本能够可靠地计量。
1.先进先出法 （1）含义 先进先出法是假定先取得的存货先发出， 并根据这一假定的成本流转顺序确定发出 存货实际成本的一种计价方法。
（2）举例 例1：甲企业采用先进先出法计算发出材料和 结存材料的实际成本。2001年6月份A种原材 料明细账如表4-1所示。
表 4-1
原材料明细账
材料类别：A 材料
企业下列费用应当在发生时确认为当期损益， 不计入存货成本： （1）非正常消耗的直接材料、直接人工和制造 费用； （2）仓储费用（不包括在生产过程中为达到下 一个生产阶段所必需的费用）； （3）不能归属于使存货达到目前场所和状态的 其他支出。
4.投资者投入的存货 投资者投入存货的成本，应当按照投资合同 或协议约定的价值确定，但合同或协议约定 价值不公允的除外。
2.自制的存货 企业自己生产的存货，按制造过程中的各项实际 支出作为成本。其成本包括： （1）直接材料费用。指直接耗用的各种材料； （2）直接人工费用。指直接使用生产工人所发生的 工资、福利费用等； （3）制造费用。指企业为生产产品和提供劳务而发 生的各项间接费用。如固定资产折旧等。 （4）其他费用。是指除加工成本以外的，使存货达 到目前场所和状态所发生的其他支出。如从车间 到仓库的搬运费等。
直接人工费用+制造费用=加工成本。 企业在同一生产过程中，同时生产两种或 两种以上的产品，并且每种产品的加工成 本不能直接区分的，其加工成本应当按照 合理的方法在各种产品（指存货）之间进 行分配。
3.委托外单位加工完成的存货 企业委托外单位加工完成的存货，按实际 耗用的原材料或半成品成本、加工成本 （包括加工费、运输费、装卸费和保险费 等费用）以及按规定应计入成本的税金， 作为成本。
6.盘盈的存货 按照同类或类似存货的市场价格，作为成本。
（二）存货发出的计价 由于存货取得方式不同，采购地点不同， 加上物价的变动，同类存货总是按不同的 单位成本购进或生产出来，要确定领用、 发出存货的实际成本和每次领用后库存存 货的单价，就需要选择一定的计价方法。
企业发出存货的计价方法有四种： 先进先出法 加权平均法（月末一次加权平均法） 移动加权平均法 个别计价法 但不得采用后进先出法确定发出存货的实 际成本。