2003年12月英语三级口译实务试题及答案
翻译专业资格考试三级口译实务模拟试题及答案六
翻译专业资格考试（三级口译实务）模拟试题及答案（六）Practice 1【录音材料】20年前，中国被称为“自行车王国”，北京遍地都是骑车人。
而如今，街上挤满了机动车，骑车人被挤得无路可走。
但在很多欧美国家，自行车却是先进城市的重要标志之一。
比如荷兰和美国的很多市区，近一半的上班族都骑自行车。
在哥本哈根，一天的停车费大约65美元。
机动车成本这么高，大家自然不会轻易开车了。
这不仅缓解了交通拥堵，也使这些城市成为低碳环保的典范。
北京的治堵方案也应突出自行车的重要性。
北京日前出台的机动车牌照限制措施，让我们感受到了政府的危机感和决心。
但在城市观念上，我们同发达国家相比，还是落后了整整一个时代。
参考译文Twenty years ago China was called the "Bicycle Kingdom" and bike riders could be found everywhere in Beijing. But today more and more cars have taken over the streets leaving little space for bike riders.However,in many western countries bikes are often viewed as an important symbol of developed cities. For example in a lot of cities of the Netherlands and the United States,nearly half of the working people choose to ride bikes.In Copenhagen the daffy parking fee is about $65. Since the parking cost is so high,people would rather not drive. Bikes not only help ease the heavy traffic but also establish those cities as role models of low carbon economy and environmental protection.Therefore bicycles should be given a bigger role as Beijing is responding to the traffic congestion. The current restrictions on car registration demonstrate the sense of urgency and resolution of the government,but when it comes to the concept of city development,we are still a generation behind those developed countries.Practice 2【录音材料】下面你将听到的是一段有关预防艾滋的讲话。
2003年12月英语三级《口译综合能力》试题
2003 年12月英语三级《口译综合能力》试题参考答案及综合解析Part IA (10 po in ts, 1po in t pe r que sti on)1. F a lse2. Tr u e3. Fa ls e4. Fa ls e5. F a lse6. Tr u e7. Tr u e8. F a ls e9. Fa ls e10. Tru eB (10 poin ts, 1 poi nt pe r que st io n)11.a 12.c13. b 14. c15. c16.b 17. a 18. d 19. a 20. bPart II(30 poi nts, 2 poi nts pe r que st io n)21. d 22. c23. a 24. b25. c26. b 27. c28. d 29. a30. d31. d 32. a 33. a 34. b 35. aPart III(20 po ints, 1 po int pe r bla nk)1. s ig na le d2. a llow3. s po ns orsh ip4. it is c o mm a nd e d5. on e id e a b e ing e xp lo r ed6. h in t ed a t7. o n Tu es da y 8. t h e S t at e D e p art m en t 9. a p ot e nt ia ls h if t10. m ilit a r y, ec on o m ic a n d p o lit ic a l 11.ale a d e rsh ip r o le12.a n ew m a nd a t e 13.Am er ic a n-le d 14. d ec lin e d15. in a ny d et a il 16. thr ow t he m o ut17.un d erU.N. le ad e rsh ip18. en v is io n 19. un d er Un it e d Na t io ns' c o mm a nd20. a b lu e-h at t ed le a d ers h ipPart IV Passage for Summary Writing (30 points)In this part，examinees listen to a passage first and then are giv en 25 minutes to write a summary of what they hav e heard. The summary should be around 150 - 200 words and include the main ideas. Reference to the scoring plans is prov ided.1. A three-year-old Brooklyn girl w ho suffered a skull frac ture and malnourishmentdied yesterday morning.2. The parents were arrested on abuse c harges before, but now a grand jury is to w eighc harges against them in the death.3. The mother said that the c hild w as not hers and she had rec ently been smuggled intoU.S. from Mexic o.4. Yesterday the parents w ere both acc used of endangering the welfare of a child andrec kless endangerment.5. Both pleaded not guilty and w ere held w ithout bail.6. The abuse of the little girl w as more the rule rather than the exception.7. Punishment was not limited to w ithholding food and beatings.8. The mother w as 23. The c ouple live w ith their daughter and the w oman'sfive-year-old boy w ith another man.9. The father, 19, favored the girl over the boy. The mother eventually took out herfrustration on the girl.10. It remained unc lear exac tly how the little girl suffered the skull fracture and cerebral bruising.11. An autopsy w ill be performed today, which w ill determine whether more seriousc harges are brought.综合解析Part IA1．False[分析] 理解推断。
2003-2014年三级笔译实务汉译英-英译汉真题答案
英翻译笔译实务汉译英原题答案 (2003-2014)2003年12月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Part 2 Chinese—English Translation(汉译英)Translate the following passage into English (30 points，60 minutes)．On the Cultivation of the ImaginationI address these words in favor of the cultivation of the imagination.In what sense, then, do I use the word “imagination”? The meaning of “imagination” is “the power of forming ideal pictures”; “the power of representing absent things to ourselves and to others.”That is the sense in which I shall use the word “imagination” in the course of my address.Now follow out this thought and I think I can make my meaning clear. Absent things! Take history. History deals with the things of the past. They are absent in a sense, from your minds -- that is to say you cannot see them; but the study of history qualifies you and strengthens your capacity for understanding things that are not Present to you, and thus I wish to recommend history to you as a most desirable course of study.2004年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Section 2 Chinese-English Translation(汉译英)(40 points)It isn’t often that one has the chance to congratulate a noted woman writer on her 80th birthday. So on October 5 last year，when l went to Bing Xin’s house，I felt very excited. I explained that I hoped she would tell me something about how she became a poet. “I haven’t written poetry for many years，” she said smiling. “But I still love to read good poetry.”Bing Xin was fortunate to have parents who encouraged her to study and write. When she was attending a women’s college in Beijing in l919，an event occurred which changed the whole course of her life. That was the May 4th Movement，a patriotic democratic movement started by students in Beijing. The mass demonstrations made a deep impression on her. She threw herself into the struggle and was put in charge of publicity by the Student Union. She wrote poems，articles and stories，attacking imperialism and feudalism in its various forms.Going to the U.S. in l 923 to study literature，she wrote down her impressions on the way and during her stay there. These were published in the collection To Little Readers. The book brought her instant fame, not only because she was a woman writer, but also because of the noble sentiments in the book. Quite a few younger writers say it was Bing Xin’s writings that started them on the road they have since followed.2004年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Section 2：Chinese-English Translation(汉译英)(40 points)Translate the following passage into English. The time for this section is 60 minutes.In recent years, the Chinese government has encouraged domestic travel and implemented a policy of “holiday economics”, giving its citizens three annual week-long vacations and theopportunity to spend more savings on travel, shopping and eating out. In 2004, total tourist spending during the May Day holidays was 39 billion yuan.Tourism now contributes 2.3 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), and revenues are expected to grow by 10 percent annually through to 2013, creating 40 million jobs. The indirect effects of tourism are even greater, accounting for an estimated US$184billion of economic activity and contributing to some 54 million jobs. That activity includes significant investment in tourism projects, as well as government travel expenditures on meetings.China has spent heavily on building roads, railway stations and airports. New airlines and bus companies have emerged, and competition has cut the cost of travel. A one-way air ticket between Shanghai and Beijing costs 850-900 yuan, and cheaper prices are occasionally available. Some airlines have begun online ticketing services, making it even easier to take a holiday. More private cars and the emergence of car rental agencies have allowed millions of people to travel on their own, as well as in tour groups.2005年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Section 2：Chinese-English Translation(汉译英)(40 points)Translate the following passage into English. The time for this section is 60 minutes.Tibet, located on the “Roof of the World”, is still an underdeveloped area in China because of its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by centuries of backward feudal serfdom. However, the development of Tibet in the past 50 years has greatly changed its former poor and backward look, and the Tibetan people’s living standards have greatly improved. Social-and-economic development has enriched the people’s material and cultural life remarkably. In 2000, people of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty, and had enough to eat and wear. Some of them began to live a better-off life. Along with the improvement in the people’s livelihood, consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV sets, washing machines, motorcycles and wristwatches have entered more and more ordinary homes. Many well-off farmers and herdsmen have built new houses. Some have even bought automobiles. Currently, Tibet ranks first in per-capita housing in the country. Radio, television, telecommunications, the Internet and other modern information transmission means are now part of daily life in Tibet. News about various parts of the country and the world now reach most people in Tibet by radio and TV. Local people can obtain information from and make contacts with other parts of the country and the world through telephone, telegram, fax or the Internet. The Tibetan people’s health has also improved substantially, because the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine has changed fundamentally. The average life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67 years presently.2005年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Over the past 25 years, China has been firmly pressing ahead with the implementation of the reform program and the initiative of opening up to the outside world. With the establishment of a preliminary socialist market economy, and the nation’s economy attaining an outward-oriented perspective, the productive forces and the comprehensive national competence have been on the rising curve constantly. And various social undertakings have been developing in full swing. The living standard of the Chinese people as a whole has undergone a historical leap from asubsistence level to the level of moderate prosperity.In the 25 years between 1978 and 2003, the annual growth rate of China's economy was running at an average of 9.4 percent, with its GDP jumping from 147.3 billion US dollars to over 1.4 trillion US dollars.25 years ago, China’s foreign trade value and foreign exchange reserves each stood at 20.6 billion and 167 million in US dollars, but last year they shot up to 851.2 billion US dollars and 403.3 billion US dollars respectively.China has now become the sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader in the world.The tremendous changes in China are attributed to the fact that we have adhered to the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and persevered in our reform and opening endeavors, which brought into full play the Chinese people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativeness.Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world.To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.2006年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Mineral resources are an important part of natural resources and an important material foundation for the development of human society. China is one of the first countries in the world to develop and utilize resources.Over the past five decades, China has made great achievements in the survey and development of its mineral resources. This has provided an important guarantee for the sustained, rapid and sound development of the Chinese economy.The Chinese Government attaches great importance to sustainable development and the rational utilization of mineral resources. It has made sustainable development a national strategy and the protection of resources an important part of this strategy.China is developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources. It depends mainly on the exploitation of its own mineral resources to meet the needs of its modernization program. Meanwhile, it has made energetic efforts to introduce foreign capital and technology to exploit its own resources, make use of foreign markets and foreign mineral resources, and strive to help its own mining enterprises and mineral products to enter theinternational market.2006年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Section 2：Chinese—English Translation(汉译为(40 points)Translate the following passage into English．The time for this section is 80 minutes．China's retail industry has become an important economic growth point. The economic reform since 1978 kept private economy growing. Now, a large part of private economy is focused on retail. The Chinese government has intensified the reform of its retail industry, as a result, the tertiary industry is growing at its unprecedented prosperity. Customers are now treated in a “Godly” manner.The reform and opening up significantly improved the Chinese people's living standards. Retail spending is expected to exceed $450 billion and is increasing at a rate of about 10% a year. Retail trade has become one of the country's main sources of revenue.Department stores, discount stores, supermarkets, chain stores and convenience stores offer shoppers competitive choice and flexible shopping hours.Because of the increasing income, people are now able to buy what they couldn’t afford. Great changes have also taken place in people's consumption patterns. Consumers are no longer content to eat, wear, and they started to buy big-ticket items such as cars and apartments. More and more people have private cars, which has somewhat changed the shopping patterns. Malls are emerging in the suburbs, targeting those customers who shop less frequently but like to buy in large quantities. At the same time, the widespread use of credit cards has comprehensively promoted the consumption.2007年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Section2: Chinese-English Translation (汉译英) (40 points)Translate the following passage into English. The time for this section is 80 minutes.Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the progress of human civilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions.The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society.Over more than 100 years in the past, developed countries have completed their industrialization, consuming an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of industrialization, and an increase of energy consumption is inevitable for their economic and social development.China is the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy and eliminating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity.China is now the world's second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growthof energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of the world energy market, China plays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security.2007年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Your mention of ASEAN reminds me of an ASEAN meeting I attended last year.I remember on that occasion Mr. Mahathir and Mr. Goh Chok Tong drew a vivid analogy between China and a "friendly elephant".They told me the rise of China would not pose a threat to their countries. To answer your question, let me say China has a history of 5,000 years. We had a glorious past, but we also suffered humiliation and subjugation. The rise of China and its rejuvenation are the dreams of the Chinese people for many generations. What are the connotations of China's peaceful rise? Let me make the following points.Firstly, in promoting China's peaceful rise, we must take full advantage of the very good opportunity of world peace to endeavor to develop and strengthen ourselves, and at the same time safeguard world peace with our own development.Secondly, the rise of China can only be based on our own strength and on our independent, self-reliant and hard efforts. It also has to be based on the broad market of China, the abundant human resources and capital reserves as well as the innovation of our systems as a result of reform.Thirdly, China's rise could not be achieved without the rest of the world. We must always maintain the opening up policy and develop economic and trade exchanges with all friendly countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.Fourthly, China's rise will require a long period of time and probably the hard work of many generations of Chinese people.Fifthly, the rise of China will not stand in the way of any other country or pose a threat to any other country, or be achieved at the expense of any particular nation. China does not seek hegemony now. Nor will we ever seek hegemony even after China becomes more powerful.2008年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题China has always given top priority to the work of talents and has implemented the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development, and has made great efforts to develop human resources and created necessary conditions and environment for the full display of their talents after many years of practice.It was during the planned economy that the employment system of engineering and technical personnel came into existence. With the establishment of the socialist market economy and the socio-economic development, the employment system is badly in need of improvement and reform.Departments such as Ministry of Personnel, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Education, the Chinese Academy of Engineering and China’s association for Science and Technology have specially established a leadership group, organized the study of the technical personnel, engineering and technical personnel, and staged out the reform framework for those people and established the performance evaluation system that is ability-oriented, proactively promoting the international recognition and certification system for engineers.2008年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题During the rush hours on the modern light railway lines in the metropolitan city of Shanghai, some of the commuters are often seen calling friends on their cell phones（or making phone calls）, while some others are browsing on their laptops or watching shows on flat-panel monitors in the carriages.Throughout the country, many semi-conductor factories have sprung up in former fields. And in cities which expand with each passing day, numerous universities and hi-tech zones teeming with new companies impress people of the mode of the Silicon Valley in the United States.China has a large number of technical personnel. Thanks to these talents, China's capability of high-tech designing and development is improving.China has taken a large number of global manufacturing operations such as production of TV sets, computers, mobile phones and other electronic products. At the same time, China is planning to make more complex, more sophisticated high-tech products such as computer chips and network switches.The Chinese government is committed to supporting the information technology industry, making it a major economic pillar by focusing on development of semiconductor and software industry, and providing new companies with cheap land and tax incentives.For foreign investors, the attraction of China lies in its large-scaled and rapid-expanding domestic market. Another advantage is the low salaries, Chinese engineers earn only one tenth of their Western counterparts.2009年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Version I.As a world-famous business center and one of the most important securities markets in Asia, Shanghai boasts the best-known seaport and a huge market that the world top 500 enterprises/entities cannot ignore. Shanghai, as an international metropolis, will host the 2010 World Expo, thus becoming the first host city among those in developing countries. The theme of the World Expo—City Makes a Better Life/A Better City, A Better Life. Shanghai, with a population of 17 million people, will be hosting the World Expo from May to October, 2010, which is expected to have the world record of 70 million visitors. Shanghai has planned a 30-billion US dollar investment in the construction of its all-round infrastructure. In order to ensure the smooth flow of its traffic during the World Expo, Shanghai will put more investment in the construction of its urban roads and subway system. In accordance with the relevant provisions of the World Expo, a lot of exhibition halls and convention centers will be constructed all along the Huangpu River banks, including high-tech exhibition halls and convention centers. The Shanghai municipal government is determined to avail itself of this opportunity to constantly improve the city life. Many important infrastructure will be completed in 2010. After the expo, most of the buildings will be transformed into living, office or recreational facilities.Version II.Shanghai, as a world-famous business center, enjoys/boasts/ the most famous/the best-known seaport /harbor, one of the biggest securities markets in Asia and a huge market that can not be ignored by the world top 500 enterprises.Shanghai, (as) an international metropolis, will host the 2010 World Expo, which is todevelop itself into the first hosting city among the cities in the developing countries.The theme of this world expo—city, a better life.Better City, Better LifeThe period from May to October 2010 will mark /witness /see /find/ the hosting of the World Expo by Shanghai, a city with a population of 17 million, which will reach/come to an estimated record number of 70 million people in all.Shanghai, a city with a population of 17 million (people), will host the World Expo from May to October 2010, with an expected/estimated record number of 70 million people in all. Shanghai is planning to invest US $/USD 3 billion/3 billion US dollars in the all-round /full-scaled/ construction of its infrastructure.(to construct its infrastructure in an all-round manner.) During the World Expo/In the period of the World Expo, to ensure/guarantee/ the convenience of the traffic/to facilitate the traffic, more money/funds will be invested/put/ in the construction of the (city’s) urban roads and subway /underground/ system.According to/In accordance with the relevant /related regulations, a series of /a number of exhibition halls will be built up on both sides /banks of the Huangpu River, including hi-tech exhibition halls and conference centers.Shanghai Municipal Government is determined /resolved/ to constantly improve its city life. Much of the important/major/ infrastructure will be completed/accomplished before 2010, most of which will, after the world expo, be renovated for the use/purpose/ of living, working and leisure.2009年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题The world financial crisis has brought unprecedented difficulties and challenges to China, which are mainly manifested in the following aspects: economic growth is facing greater pressure; imports and exports have been on the decline; industrial production has notably slowed down; some enterprises are having a hard time in their production and business operation; and employment is becoming more and more difficult.This crisis coincides with a crucial junction in China’s efforts to transform the growth pattern and adjust the economic structure. New challenges coupled with existing problems have made our task all the more arduous.To counter the impact of the world financial crisis and maintain steady and relatively fast economic growth, China has promptly adjusted its macroeconomic policies, resolutely adopted a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, and formulated a package plan to expand domestic demand and boost economic growthThe Chinese government has substantially increased its expenditures by introducing a two-year investment plan totaling 4 trillion yuan, and carried out structural tax cuts, lowered interest rates on a number of occasions and increased liquidity in the banking system. It has also implemented industrial restructuring and rejuvenation plans on a large scale, vigorously promoted scientific innovation and technological upgrading, and intensified efforts on energy conservation, emission reduction and environment protection. It has further endeavored to adjust the distribution of national income, energetically expand domestic markets, especially rural markets, and significantly raise the level of social security.These measures have already produced initial results, as shown by the current fairly strong domestic consumption, a steady rise in investment demand and overall social stability.2010年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Global climate change has a profound impact on the existence and development of mankind, and is a major challenge facing all countries. Climate change is an issue arising in the course of human development. It is associated with both natural factors and human activities. It is an environmental issue, but also, and more importantly, a development issue, as it is closely connected with the development stage, way of life, size of population and resource endowment of different countries and their places in the international division of labor. In the final analysis, we should and can only advance efforts to address climate change in the course of development and meet the challenge through common development. China has adopted and is implementing the National Climate Change Program, which includes mandatory national targets for reducing energy intensity and the discharge of major pollutants, and increasing forest coverage and the share of renewable energy for the period of 2005 through 2010.China attaches great importance to and has actively promoted scientific development, that is, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development which puts people's interests first. We have set the building of a conservation culture as a major strategic task.China has been attaching great importance to and actively pressing ahead with a comprehensive and sustainable advance of science on the basis of putting people first, and has definitely put forth the major strategic task of constructing its ecological awareness.We will adhere to the basic state policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment and follow the path of sustainable development. We will make fresh contributions to tackling climate change as we accelerate transition to a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society and make China a country of innovation.In the years ahead, China will further integrate actions on climate change into its economic and social development plan and take the following measures:First, we will intensify effort to conserve energy and improve energy efficiency. We will endeavor to cut carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by a notable margin by 2020 from the 2005 level. Second, we will vigorously develop renewable energy and nuclear energy. We will endeavor to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 15% by 2020. Third, we will energetically increase forest carbon sink. We will endeavor to increase forest coverage by 40 million hectares and forest stock volume by 1.3 billion cubic meters by 2020 from the 2005 levels. Fourth, we will step up effort to develop green economy, low-carbon economy and circular economy, and enhance research, development and dissemination of climate-friendly technologies.2010年11月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题Section 2 汉译英(50分)The Internet helps promote China’s economic and social development. In the economic field, it has spread its influence into traditional industries, leading to the quick emergence of new business models and the service economy and generating new types of industries. It is playing an increasingly important role in promoting economic restructuring and transforming the pattern of economic development. It has become a major engine propelling China’s economic development. Information technology and the IT industry, including the Internet, have made significant contributions to China’s rapid economic growth. (10分 )The incessant integration of the Internet and the real economy and the transformation andupgrading of traditional industries through the Internet have given impetus to restructuring traditional industries and changing the pattern of economic development. The development and application of the Internet has given rise to many new industries. Service for the development of industries such as industrial counseling, software service and outsourcing are mushrooming. IT has been playing an increasingly prominent role in promoting independent innovation, energy conservation, emission reduction and pollution control. And the Internet has become a new strategic industry in China’s development of a low-carbon economy. (20分)The Chinese government will vigorously promote the expansion of websites featuring e-commerce and education, promote the building of e-government, support the development of emerging media, such as online radio and online television, and call for the provision of rich and varied Internet information services to meet the people’s diversified, multi-level needs of information consumption. (10分)2011年5月英翻笔译实务汉译英试题To follow the basic state policy of opening-up, unswervingly develop an open economy and pursue a win-win strategy of opening-up is a useful experience that has underpinned the sustained and rapid development of the Chinese economy over the past 30 years and more. To attract foreign investment, pick competitive foreign investors and bring in "financial resources" and "intellectual resources" both at the same time is an important element of China's opening-up policy. By July 2010, a total of 698,000 foreign-invested enterprises had been established in China, registering a paid-in capital of US$1.05 trillion. Today, in China, 22% of tax revenues, 28% of added industrial value, 55% of foreign trade, 50% of technology import and some 45 million job opportunities are contributed by foreign-invested enterprises. Opening to the outside world and attracting foreign investment are mutually beneficial and complementary. For China, continued introduction of foreign investment has provided necessary fund, advanced technologies and valuable managerial expertise and many global-minded talents to support the country's modernization drive. For foreign enterprises, investing in China has generated handsome returns. Many foreign-invested enterprises in China have become the growth engines and profit centers of their parent companies' global business.In recent years, we have worked in line with the characteristics of the different stages of opening-up, and the requirements to improve an open economic system that focuses on both domestic and international markets, that promotes win-win and mutually beneficial cooperation, and that emphasizes security and effectiveness. And we have actively summed up our successful experience in past years. We better coordinated our "inviting in" and "going global" strategies, adopted new ways of conducting overseas investment and cooperation and supported enterprises to develop international operation in research and development, production and distribution. By the end of 2009, China had set up a total of 13,000 overseas enterprises with overall assets reaching more than US$1 trillion, and had made US$245.7 billion of overseas investment in 177 countries and regions. We are stepping up efforts to facilitate various forms of overseas investment cooperation, develop our own multinational companies and support well-positioned enterprises to establish international sales distribution networks. We are working to strengthen overseas infrastructure construction cooperation, and develop overseas labor contract cooperation in a well-managed fashion. And we are actively advancing the construction of overseas economic and trade cooperation zones. Our aim is to alleviate the tensions between overcapacity and weak。
英语口译实务三级教材答案
英语口译实务三级教材答案1、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off2、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)3、They may not be very exciting, but you can expect ______ a lot from them.（）[单选题] *A. to learn(正确答案)B. learnC. learningD. learned4、Chinese is one of ____ most widely used languages in ____ world. [单选题] *A. a, theB. /, theC. the, the(正确答案)D. a, /5、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading6、People cut down many trees ______ elephants are losing their homes. （）[单选题] *A. ifB. butC. so(正确答案)D. or7、21 In a few years' time, there ________ thousands of trees on the hill. [单选题] * A．will haveB．will be(正确答案)C．are haveD．have8、—John, How is it going? —______.（）[单选题] *A. It’s sunnyB. Thank youC. Well doneD. Not bad(正确答案)9、My friend and classmate Selina（)running in her spare time. [单选题] *A.likeB. likes (正确答案)C. is likedD. is liking10、They took _____ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping. [单选题] *A.efficientB.beneficialC.validD.effective(正确答案)11、———Must I return the book you lent me to you now? ——No, you( ）. You can keep it for another few days. [单选题] *A.can’tB. shouldn'tC. mustn'tD. don, t have to(正确答案)12、43．How much did you ________ the man for the TV? [单选题] *A．pay(正确答案)B．takeC．spendD．buy13、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke14、I don’t know how to improve my English. Can I ask you for some _______? [单选题] *A. answersB. advice(正确答案)C. questionsD. words15、Almost every one of us could see her anxiety from the（）on her face. [单选题] *A. appearanceB. feelingC. movementD. expression(正确答案)16、We have made a _______ tour plan to Sydney. [单选题] *A. two dayB. two daysC. two-day(正确答案)D. two-days17、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)B. myC. ID. me18、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)19、I _____ of her since she left school three years ago. [单选题] *A. didn’t hearB. haven’t heard(正确答案)C. was not hearingD. shall not heard20、--I can’t watch TV after school.--I can’t, _______. [单选题] *A. alsoB. tooC. either(正确答案)D. so21、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)22、It seems slow for children to become _____ ,while adults often feel time flies. [单选题] *A. growns-upsB. growns-upC. grown upsD. grown-ups(正确答案)23、33．Will Mary's mother ______ this afternoon? [单选题] *A．goes to see a filmB．go to the filmC．see a film(正确答案)D．goes to the film24、This message is _______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. surprising; surprisingB. surprised; surprisedC. surprising; surprised(正确答案)D. surprised; surprising25、——Have you（）your friend Bill recently? ———No, he doesnt often write to me. [单选题] *A. heard aboutB. heard ofC. heard from (正确答案)D. received from26、72．I really don’t know how to thank you , but for your help, I （）my lost necklace．[单选题] *A.couldn’t have found(正确答案)B.mustn’t have foundC.couldn’t findD.wouldn’t find27、It took a long time to _______ Tom to go shopping with me. [单选题] *A. speakB. tellC. persuade(正确答案)D. talk28、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told29、—Why do you look so ______?—Our team won the basketball match!（）[单选题] *A. angryB. excited(正确答案)C. nervousD. unfair30、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most。
200312catti_en_2I_S
2003年12月英语二级口译实务试题试题部分：Test for Interpreters of Level 2Speeches for Consecutive Interpreting Transcripts for the Recorded SpeechesPart I Interpret the following passages from English into Chinese. Passage 1China is in the midst of a developmental stage where advanced management knowledge and techniques and advanced industrial automation technology and solutions are fundamental and necessary elements for China’s sustained growth and global competitiveness.There is no one good definition of what industrial automation is. Perhaps the best definition is a simple one: industrial automation is the use of electronics to control and monitor a process or machinery. While there are many steps that China must take to ensure the appropriate development of its industrial base and supporting infrastructure, the utilization of advanced industrial automation is a critical step. Increases in productivity and efficiency are not possible without a high level of industrial automation.If we were to look at the growth in productivity of U.S. industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, two pivotal factors stand out. The first is a revolution in management techniques and consequent restructuring of the American corporation. Management became results-focused, flatter and more distributed, with great participation by the work force.The second pivotal factor was the infusion of advanced industrial automation into manufacturing and other automated processes. Together these two elements led to significant increases in productivity and efficiency. These increases led the way to sustained growth in the U.S. economy, so that by the late 1980s and the early 1990s the U.S. economy was growing faster than that of Japan for the first time in several decades.China, which is now at its own critical industrial and management systems crossroads, can borrow from some of these experiences. China has an unparalleledopportunity to adopt advanced industrial automation as this technology moves into the new millennium and into the information era.The future of industrial automation will be a networked future with a great reliance on wireless connectivity. Utilization of effective and open networks such as DeviceNet, ControlNet and Ethernet/IP, with their ability to connect to the Internet, allows for continuous control and feedback from the factory floor to the management office and beyond.The factory floor and the management office can be linked continuously and in real time with suppliers, sales force and customers. Every part of this chain will be able to monitor, input to and adjust the manufacturing process and supporting activities.The future of industrial automation will also very much be linked to software that is an open platform and is multifunctional. The right software package provides tremendous flexibility and agility in the manufacturing process.Industrial software provides the operator interface and gateway from the factory floor to the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and even to the Internet to provide seamless flow of data and information so that the “Information Enabled Enterprise” can be managed in a more flexible, integrated, and efficient manner. Passage 2Ludwig van Beethoven was an unhappy genius. He had deep feelings that he could not express in words. He found the way to express these feelings in music, and this led to a new kind of music that is expressive.Beethoven was born in the German city of Bonn, in 1770. His father was a singer in the Church choir, and he soon saw that Ludwig had musical ability. The father thought that Ludwig might be another wonder-child, like Mozart, and that he would make the family’s name and fortune. He forced the little boy to practice long hours on the violin.Mozart’s father had been kind, but Beethoven’s father was impatient and often rough with him. Also, Beethoven’s father was not reliable in earning a living for his family. As young Ludwig grew up he had to take a great deal of responsibility. When he was 15, and was working in the Church as assistance organist, Ludwig was practically supporting the family.But he had kind teachers and some good friends, and he was lucky enough to get a position playing the viola in the opera orchestra in Bonn. There he became familiar with the operas of Mozart and other composers, and he learned a great deal about the instruments of the orchestra and how they played together. This was to be valuable to him later in his own composing.When he decided to go to Vienna to study, the Archbishop at Bonn paid for his journey and other friends gave him letters to noblemen in Vienna. Beethoven was avery fine pianist, besides being able to play the violin and other stringed instruments. The Viennese music-lovers quickly adopted him as a favorite concert performer. But they criticized every new work of Beethoven’s because it was too different.The Viennese soon realized that they had an extraordinary genius living among them, and they made every effort to keep him. When Beethoven had an offer to go to another city as an orchestra conductor, three noblemen of Vienna banded together to pay him a regular income every year if he would stay with them. He stayed, and went on composing his big, powerful symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas and many other works.But except for his music, Beethoven was not a happy man. Before he was 30, he began to grow deaf. This was a terrible misfortune for a musician. His deafness came slowly and he was able to continue playing concerts until he was 44. But 10 years later, when his great Ninth Symphony was performed for the first time, he could not hear at all. He was sitting on the stage at the performance, watching the conductor, and he had his back to the audience. One of the singers turned him around so that he could see the audience enthusiastically applauding this tremendous symphony.Beethoven was a lonely man. Although he had fallen in love several times, he never married. His deafness made him still more lonely, for he would not go out in public at all. But he rose above his loneliness and deafness through his music. Even when he was totally deaf, he went on creating music that he could not hear except in his mind, expressing all the feelings he could not express to anyone in words.Part II Interpret the following passages from Chinese into English. Passage 1女士们、先生们：我非常高兴能利用英中贸协年会的机会向英国工商界朋友们致以诚挚的问候。
大学英语三级(A)真题2003年12月
大学英语三级(A)真题2003年12月(总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehensionm{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：5.00){{B}}Section A{{/B}} {{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.{{/I}}{{B}}Section A{{/B}} {{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.{{/I}}（分数：5.00）A.Fixing an engine.B.Repairing a car. √C.Cashing a check.D.Buying some wheels.解析：[听力原文] M: Have you found the trouble with the car? W: Not yet. Tile engine works well. I' m checking over the wheels. Q: What are tile two speakers talking about? [试题类型] 推理判断题 [分析] 本题若抓住第一句“Have you found the trouble with the car?” 以及答句中的两个关键词engine和wheels便可得知答案。
翻译三级口译综合能力2003年12月
(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Part ⅠAListen to the following passage and then decide whether the statements blow are true or false. After hearing a short passage, blacken the circle of "True" on the answer sheet if you think the statement is true, or blacken the circle for "False" if it is false. There are ten statements in this part of the test, with one point each. You will hear the passage only once.正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误正确 错误BListen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement by blackening the corresponding circle. There are ten questions in this part of the test, one point for each question. You will hear both the statement and the question only once.翻译三级口译综合能力2003年12月Emma is my grandmother.1. Emma seldom allowed my mother to go to parties.2. One Halloween, Emma decided to punish my mother because shedidn't go to school.3. My mother was confined to her room for an entire year.4. To punish her, Emma forbade my mother to eat.5. At the age of fourteen, my mother found work and moved out ofEmma's house.6. My mother loved extracurricular athletics and drama.7. I never received love, attention and guidance from my mother.8. My mother didn't know how to care for her own home and children.9. My mother took care of two kids for room, board and threedollars a week.10. Which of the following statements is true according to whatyou have heard?a. I will eat lunch very quickly.b. I will have lunch before the meeting.c. I will eat lunch at the meeting.11. 深色：已答题 浅色：未答题A B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C Dd. I will eat lunch while jogging.What did he do?a. He telephoned me.b. He picked up the phone.c. He put the receiver down.d. He put my hanger up.12. When can I go to see her?a. On weekends.b. Whenever I want.c. Anytime except weekends.d. When she wants to see me.13. Who is going to London?a. Mary.b. Susan and Mary.c. Susan.d. Neither Susan nor Mary.14. Which of the following statements is tree about his friend?a. Writing exhausts his friend.b. His friend collects a lot of things to write.c. His friend always has enough material to write on.d. His friend is doing research to write a paper.15. What is suggested for your investment?a. Distributing your money among different companies.b. Investigating the company before investment.c. Don't invest all your money.d. Comparing different companies before investment.16. What did the person do during the vacation?a. Stayed at home.b. Exhausted myself.c. Hardly had any rest.d. Don't know.17. What is said about the research paper?a. The paper came out as short as I expected.b. Actually the paper was long enough to cover it.c. The paper was short enough to present.d. The paper turned out better than I had expected.18. Generally speaking, how many students fail this course?a. A few.b. Many.c. None.d. All.19. How big is the house he moved in?a. As big as the old one.b. Twice as big as mine. 20.A B C DPart ⅡListen to the following passages and then choose the best answer to each question by blackening the corresponding circle. You may need to scribble a few notes in order to answer the questionssatisfactorily. There are three passages in this part, each with five questions. And each question carries two points. You will hear the passages only once.A B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DPassage 2A B C Dc. As big as mine.d. Twice bigger than mine.Passage 1Where and when was my grandfather married?a. In Washington in 1885.b. In Washington in 1860.c. In Michigan in 1885.d. In Michigan in 1860.21. When did I decide to find out about "Aunt Maggie"?a. Three years ago.b. When my father died.c. About 85 years after my correspondence with her.d. When i was nineteen.22. How did I find L.Rarick?a. The telephone operator helped me.b. I got her name and number from the yellow book.c. I got her number from Charles.d. I got her address from my father.23. When I reached L.Rarick, she was______.a. very suspiciousb. greatly surprisedc. embarrassedd. unhappy24. Which of the following is not true about "Aunt Maggie"?a. Her name was Margaret Rarick.b. She was my grandfather's half sister.c. She kept her maiden name.d. She was L. Rarick's grandma.25. What kind of people were early colonial newspapers designedfor?a. Business people.b. Elite.c. Immigrants.d. People in the cities.26. Which of the following did not contribute to the 27.A B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DPassage 3A B C DA B C DA B C Dpopularization of newspapers?a. New technology and compulsory education.b. Industrialization.c. Population growth.d. Urbanization.When was the United States transformed into a truly industrial country?a. In the twentieth century.b. At the turn of the last century.c. During the Civil War.d. Between the end of the Civil War and the mm of the 20thcentury.28. Which of the following are the two largest American wireservices?a. Associated Press and United Press International.b. AFP and United Press International.c. Associated Press and Reuters.d. AFP and Associated Press.29. According to the passage, which of the following is the mostseverely criticized function of the mass media?a. The function to influence.b. The watchdog function.c. The function to advertise.d. The function to inform.30. What is the common opinion about age and work?a. Work gets a lot easier after the age of 40.b. Most of one's work is done before the age of 40.c. There isn't much work to do after the age of 40.d. Work gets more difficult after the age of 40.31. What does the speaker think about age and work?a. Generally speaking, work gets much easier after 40.b. Generally speaking, work gets much harder after 40.c. Age and work are not correlated.d. He is undecided.32. What should not be valued after one is 40?a. The ability to work long hours.b. Judgment.c. Professional skills.d. Experience.33. According to this passage, what should you do after 40?a. Change your life style.b. Take things easy.c. Challenge the things you didn't do well before. 34.A B C DA B C DPart ⅢParts of the following text are missing. While listening to the tape, complete the passage by filling in each blank space with an appropriate word or words. There are 20 blanks, each carrying one point. You will hear the passage only once.d. Find out what you are good at.What is the key to success in the speaker's opinion?a. Know your strengths.b. Learn the right style of life from others.c. Keep learning.d. Accept your limits.35. Washington: The Bush administration has ______ for the first time that it may be willing to ______ a multinational force in Iraq to operate under the ______ of the United Nations as long as ______by an American.The idea was described by Richard L.Armitage, the deputysecretary of state, as just"______" in discussions at the UnitedNations. It was first ______ publicly last week by Kofi Annan, the United Nations' secretary general.Mr. Armitage's remarks, made ______ to regional reporters andreleased by ______ today, represent ______ in course for theadministration, which has until now insisted that all ______matters in Iraq remain under total American control. Allowing the United Nations ______ would be intended to win the support of the Security Council for ______ authorizing the occupation of thecountry.In his remarks, Mr. Armitage ______ to discuss the plans______, saying, "I don't think it helps to ______ publicly fightnow." But he described the arrangement under consideration as "amultinational force ______ "in which "the American would be theU.N. commander."On Monday, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld was askedwhether he could ______ American troops fighting ______ . Hisanswer: "I think that's not going to happen." But he went on torule out only ______ meaning by the United Nations, whose troops wear blue helmets over a peacekeeping force in Iraq.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.Part Ⅳ1.。
2003年口译实务-2005年口译实务参考答案
Zhao: So what is the purpose of “Earth Day”, how did it get started and what exactly has it accomplished?史密斯：“地球日”是1970年开始的，目的是提高公众的环保意识。
一则是这一活动可以提醒人们要细心照看好我们的地球，同时也使特别利益团体和环保组织有机会动员自己的成员在各自社区采取行动。
Zhao: That all sounds nice. But compared with progress made in environmental protection, nothing seems to have changed in population explosion, ozone depletion, global warming and that sort of thing. Let’s face it, the more people on the earth, the more resources will be used up and the more waste there will be. What are we going to do if we run out of land for food? We must not take the issue lightly.史密斯：你说的很对。
到2005年，地球人口将达70亿。
我个人认为解决上述问题的方法在废品回收利用。
纸张，金属，橡胶，油料，以及许多物资都必须在更大程度上回收利用。
每个人都要参与。
也许还需要特别立法。
我们的确正在因建房筑路失去千百万公顷的土地，但未开发的土地还不少，可以用来种植农作物或建房。
科学技术能帮我们从农田取得更大的收获。
Zhao: So what are you going to do for Earth Day this year?史密斯：我也许会参加市里举办的“地球日”纪念大会，然后帮忙清扫成山的垃圾。
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2003年12月英语三级口译实务试题试题部分：Part I Listen to the following dialogue and interpret it as required. After you hear a sentence or a short passage in Chinese, interpret it into English by speaking to the microphone. And after you hear an English sentence or short passage, interpret it into Chinese. You will hear the dialogue only once.赵：“地球日”是怎么回事？什么时候开始的？都取得了哪些成就？Smith: Earth Day was started in 1970. It was set to help raise the general public’s environmental awareness. For one thing, it provides a special day to remind peopleto take care of the Earth. It also gives special interest and environmental groups anopportunity to motivate their members to take action in their communities.赵：听起来不错。
可就在环保取得成绩的同时，人口膨胀，臭氧层空洞，全球气候变暖这些问题一点也没有改善。
地球人口越多，资源消耗的越多，产生的垃圾也越多，到时连种粮食的地都没有了怎么办？对此我们决不可掉以轻心。
Smith: That is certainly true. By the year 2005, there will be 7 billion people on the planet.I personally think that recycling is the answer. Paper, metal, rubber, oil, and manyother materials are going to have to be recycled on a much greater scale. Everyonewill have to be involved. Perhaps even special legislation will be required. It is truethat we are losing millions of hectares every year to housing and roads. But there isstill a lot of undeveloped land that could be used for both farming and housing. Andscience and technology is helping us to get more out of the land that is used forfarming.赵：那么今年“地球日”你打算都干点什么呢？Smith: I will probably attend our city’s annual “Earth Day” celebrations and then help pick up the mountain of garbage left over.Part II Interpret the following passage from English to Chinese.On August 31, 1997, Lady Diana Spencer, former wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, was killed with her companion Dodi Fayed in a car accident in Paris.Tests conducted by French police indicated that the driver, who also died in the crash, was intoxicated and likely caused the accident while trying to escape the paparazzi photographers who consistently tailed Diana during any public outing.Sixteen years earlier, nearly four billion people in 74 countries had tuned in to witness the marriage of Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, to Lady Diana, a young English schoolteacher. Married in a grand ceremony at St Paul’s Cathedral in the presence of 2,650 guests, the couple’s romance was for the moment the envy of the world.However, before long the fairy-tale couple grew apart, an experience that was particularly painful under the ubiquitous eyes of the world’s tabloid media.In August 1996, two months after Queen Elizabeth II urged the couple to divorce, the prince and princess reached a final agreement.In exchange for a generous settlement, and the right to retain her apartments at Kensington Palace and her title of princess, Diana agreed to relinquish the title of “Her Royal Highness” and any future claims to the British throne.In the year between the divorce and her fatal car accident, the popular princess seemed well on her way of achieving her dream of becoming “a queen in people’s hearts.”Part III Interpret the following passage from Chinese to English.中国国务院新闻办主任赵启正在开幕式上说，中美两国是两个伟大的国家，它们之间的关系不仅对本国十分重要，而且对世界的和平和发展也十分重要。
1972年尼克松总统第一次访问中国时说，对美国人民来说，远隔太平洋的中国是一个遥远而神秘的国度，将近30年后的今天，这种神秘感显然是减少了，但两国之间的了解比应该达到的程度仍相差很远。
人民之间的了解和友谊是两国关系的基石，“2000年中国文化美国行”就是为铺筑这样的基石而努力。
答案部分：Part IZhao: So what is the purpose of “Earth Day”, how did it get started and what exactly has it accomplished?史密斯：“地球日”是1970年开始的，目的是提高公众的环保意识。
一则是这一活动可以提醒人们要细心照看好我们的地球，同时也使特别利益团体和环保组织有机会动员自己的成员在各自社区采取行动。
Zhao: That all sounds nice. But compared with progress made in environmental protection, nothing seems to have changed in population explosion, ozone depletion, globalwarming and that sort of thing. Let’s face it, the more people on the earth, the moreresources will be used up and the more waste there will be. What are we going to doif we run out of land for food? We must not take the issue lightly.史密斯：你说的很对。
到2005年，地球人口将达70亿。
我个人认为解决上述问题的方法在废品回收利用。
纸张，金属，橡胶，油料，以及许多物资都必须在更大程度上回收利用。
每个人都要参与。
也许还需要特别立法。
我们的确正在因建房筑路失去千百万公顷的土地，但未开发的土地还不少，可以用来种植农作物或建房。
科学技术能帮我们从农田取得更大的收获。
Zhao: So what are you going to do for Earth Day this year?史密斯：我也许会参加市里举办的“地球日”纪念大会，然后帮忙清扫成山的垃圾。
Part II1997年8月31日，威尔士亲王查尔斯的前妻戴安娜·斯宾塞女士与她的男友多迪·法耶德在巴黎遇车祸死亡。
法国警察进行了化验，化验结果表明，在车祸中死亡的司机喝醉了酒，他在躲避每次戴安娜外出时紧随不放的摄影记者时出了车祸。
16年前，在74个国家有近40亿人在电视上目睹英国王位的继承人查尔斯亲王与年轻的英国教师戴安娜的婚礼。
他们俩在圣保罗教堂举行了盛大的仪式，有2,650人出席，当时他们俩的浪漫故事使世人羡慕。
但是不久，这童话般一对儿的感情就破裂了。