江苏专转本英语考试语法重点大全
专升本英语语法时态基础知识点归纳
专升本英语语法时态基础知识点归纳在专升本英语考试中，语法时态是一个非常重要的知识点。
掌握好语法时态，对于理解和运用英语语言有着至关重要的作用。
下面我们就来系统地归纳一下专升本英语中常见的语法时态基础知识点。
一、一般现在时一般现在时表示经常发生的动作、习惯性的动作或客观事实、真理。
其构成是主语＋动词原形（当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要加“s”或“es”）。
例如：I go to school every day（我每天上学。
）He likes playing basketball（他喜欢打篮球。
）一般现在时的用法主要有以下几种：1、表示经常发生的动作或习惯性的动作，常与 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等频度副词连用。
2、表示客观事实、真理。
例如：The earth moves around the sun（地球绕着太阳转。
）3、表示现在的状态。
例如：I am a student（我是一名学生。
）4、在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
例如：If it rains tomorrow, we won't go for a picnic（如果明天下雨，我们就不去野餐。
）二、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
其构成是主语＋动词的过去式。
例如：I played football yesterday（我昨天踢足球了。
）一般过去时的用法主要有以下几种：1、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday, last week, last year, ago 等。
2、表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与 often, always 等频度副词连用。
三、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
其构成有多种形式，常见的有“will ＋动词原形”和“be going to ＋动词原形”。
江苏专转本英语核心词汇
adopt [əˈdɔpt] vt. 1 收养 2 采用, 采纳, 3 正式接受, 通过
After much deliberation, the president decided to adopt her suggestion. 总经理再三考虑之后,决定采纳她的建议。
additional [əˈdiʃənl] adj. 增加的, 额外的, 另外的
We needed additional money for our trip. 我们出去旅行需要更多的钱。
achieve [əˈtʃi:v ] vt. 1. 取得, 获得 2. 实现, 达到, 完成
You will never achieve anything if you spend your time that way. 你若总是这样消磨时间,就永远不会有所成就。
abundant [ə'bʌndənt] adj. 大量的, 充足的
The country is abundant in natural resources. 那个国家自然资源丰富.
accommodation [əˌkɔməˈdeiʃən] n.住处(尤指仅供短期使用的) accompany [əˈkʌmpəni]vt. 1 陪伴, 陪同 2 伴随…同时发生 3 伴奏
absurd [əb'sə:d] adj.荒谬的, 荒唐的
It is absurd to go out in such terrible weather.
2 / 68 专转本核心词汇集 在这么恶劣的天气里出去太荒唐. The discovery was a happy accident. 这一发现出人意料,令人高兴。
专升本英语语法与词汇知识点总结
专升本英语语法与词汇知识点总结在专升本的英语考试中，语法和词汇是两个至关重要的部分。
掌握好这两方面的知识，对于提升英语成绩和语言运用能力有着举足轻重的作用。
下面，我将为大家详细总结专升本英语中常见的语法和词汇知识点。
一、语法知识点（一）动词时态1、一般现在时表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观真理。
其构成是主语＋动词原形（当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要加“s”或“es”）。
例如：“He often goes to school by bike”2、一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
构成是主语＋动词的过去式。
如：“I played basketball yesterday”3、现在进行时表示正在进行的动作。
其结构是“主语＋ be 动词＋动词的现在分词”。
比如：“They are watching TV now”4、过去进行时强调过去某个时间正在进行的动作，形式为“主语＋ was/were ＋动词的现在分词”。
像：“I was reading a book at that time”5、现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。
其构成是“主语＋ have/has ＋过去分词”。
例如：“She has learned English for five years”6、过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，结构是“主语＋ had ＋过去分词”。
比如：“By the end of last year, we had learned 2000 words”（二）语态1、主动语态主语是动作的执行者。
例如：“He opened the door”2、被动语态主语是动作的承受者，构成是“be ＋过去分词”。
如：“The door was opened by him”（三）非谓语动词1、动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，可作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
江苏专转本语法词汇部分短语考点考前解析
江苏专转本语法词汇部分短语考点考前解析我们以2020、2015、2010、2005年真题短语为主，辅以其他年份真题解析说明转本英语短语的构造及出题套路。
（用不同颜色标注小品词相同（虚词--介词、副词）；实词相同；虚词实词皆不相同）2020 - 24. Mary is an able and responsible woman. That's why she was asked to the ______ company.A. hand overB. take overC. turn overD. come overover 6处 概念形象具有一个动态形象，含有“越过一段距离”、“完全覆盖”的意思。
A. hand over, hand, 动词，“（手）拿” “越过一段距离”=“移交”，B. take over, take 拿；取。
over “完全覆盖”这里take 意思一定不等于hand 。
Take + over =“完全取得”=“接管”。
C. turn over ，turn 转动，翻转。
Over “越过一段距离”(翻书……), D. come over “越过一段距离”=过来。
2020 - 44. For miles around there was nothing but a desert, without a single tree ______.A.in shapeB. on earthC. at a distanceD. in sightIn 16处 概念形象转本中的in 主要考“在……方面”，“处于……情况中” A.in shape “处于”“现象塑造”“中”D. in sight “在”“视线”“之中”.on 7处概念形象1概念形象2转本及考试中on有两个考点“依靠”、“持续”，由于on earth不是答案且语义固定，我们用其他年份的举例：2010- 32. The company ____many fine promises to the engineer in order to get him to work for them.A. held upB. held onC. held outD. held ontohold on “坚持不懈”，包含有“持续”意思。
江苏专转本英语作文常用句型
一、Have a great influence on ( 对… 有很大的影响)二、Pose a great threat to ~~ ( 对… 造成一大威胁)三、Leave much to be desired ( 令人不满意)四、be closely related to ~~ ( 与… 息息相关)五、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V ( 养成… 的习惯)六、bring home to + 人+ 事( 让… 明白… 事)七、Spare no effort to + V ( 不遗余力的)八、It pays to + V ~~ (… 是值得的)九、It is conceivable that + 句子( 可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子( 明显的) It is apparent that + 句子( 显然的)十、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V ( 不得不…)十一、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V十二、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. ( 再怎么强调… 的重要性也不为过。
)十三、There is no denying that + S + V … ( 不可否认的…) There is no doubt that + 句子~~~ ( 毫无疑问的…)十四、So + 形容词+ be + that + 句子( 如此… 以至于…)十五、adj + as + Subject ( 主词) + be, S + V ~~~ ( 虽然…)十六、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ ( 愈… 愈…)十七、On no account can we + V ~~~ ( 我们绝不能…)十八、It is time + S + 过去式( 该是… 的时候了)十九、Those who ~~~ (… 的人…)二十、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子(… 的原因是…)。
(完整word)江苏专转本英语词汇
1。
名词+aboutcomplaint about 抱怨concern about 关心,照顾doubt about （of) 对…的怀疑discussion about （of， on) 讨论information about 有关…的信息opinion about （on) 对…意见2. 名词+againstcomplaint against 控诉caution against 提防insurance against 保险precaution against 预防protection against 防护spite against 怨恨struggle against 与…斗争war against 对…的战争warning against 告诫3。
名词+foraffection for 对…的爱ambition for 有…的抱负anxiety for 焦虑，担心attraction for 吸引capacity for 做…的能力care for 关心，喜欢cause for …的起因consideration for 考虑contempt for 对…藐视cure for 治…的良药/疗法demand for 对…需求excuse for …的借口explanation for (of) 对…的解释fine for 因…而罚款longing for 渴望necessity for 对…的需求passion for 对…的酷爱preference for 偏好preparation for 准备punishment for 因…而受罚reason for …的理由regret for 因…而后悔reputation for …的名声request for 对…要求，请求requirement for …的要求，条件respect for 对…尊敬responsibility for 对…的责任substitute for …的替代品sympathy for 对…的同情talent for 有…的天赋4. 名词+fromabsence from 缺席divorce from 与…离婚，脱离retirement from 从…退休shelter from 躲避freedom from 摆脱relief from 免除，解除5。
江苏专转本英语五星级语法考点
江苏专转本英语五星级语法考点非谓语动词1. ______________, I am afraid I can’t go with you.A. with so much work to doB. with so much work doingC. For so much work to doD. To do so much work2. with a large amount of work ______ the chief manager couldn’t spare time for a holiday.A. remained to doB. remaining to doC. remained to doD. remaining to be done3. ______ too much to do, they have to keep themselves busy all day long.A. HavingB. HaveC. HadD. Being4. Professor Wang, _____for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.A. KnowingB. knownC. to be knownD. having Known5. _____David’s expression, we’d say he is not in a good mood today.A. to judge byB. judged byC. to be judged byD. judging by6. ____ from the hill top, the lake scenery is beyond description.A. seenB. SeeingC. To seeD. Having seen7. Many things ____impossible in the past are quite common today.A. consideringB. being consideredC. to be consideredD. considered8. there is much ___ can be done about the accidents____ from carelessness.A. which…aroseB. that….arisingC. which…arisenD. that….arise9. ___ more time, she would certainly have done it much better.A. GivenB. To be givenC. GivingD. To give10. ______, the next problem was how to make a good plan.A. Having made the decisionB. The decision having been madeC. has the decision been madeD. The decision has been made11. Everything ___ into consideration, the candidates ought to have another chance.A. is takenB. takeC. to be takenD. taking12. _____from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A. sufferedB. SufferingC. having sufferedD. Being suffered13. The concert will be broadcasted live to a worldwide television audience______.A. estimatingB. estimatedC. estimatesD. having estimated14. About half of the students expected there _______more reviewing classes before the final exams.A. isB. beingC. to beD. have been倒装1. Not until the game had began ______at the sports ground.A. had he arrivedB. would he have arrivedC. did he arriveD. should he have arrived2. No sooner _____ begun to speak than some noise arose from the audience.A. he hadB. had heC. he hasD. did he3. ________evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A. It beingB. It isC. There isD. there being4. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders ____ will happen to her private life.A. thatB. whatC. itD. this5. So fast_____ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.A. light travelsB. travels lightC. does light travel C. does light travel6. Hardly ______ making the speech when the people stood up applauding.A. has the speaker finishedB. the speaker had finishedC. had the speaker finishedD. had finished the speaker7. Never before ____available for quick and easy access in so many different fields of study.A. so much free informationB. were so much free informationC. has so much free information beenD. so much free information has been8. Scarcely ______asleep when a knock at the door awaken her.A. had she fallenB. she had fallenC. did she fallD. she fell主谓一致1. Not only I but also Tom and Mary ____fond of collecting stamps.A. amB. willC. areD. have2. Air pollution, together with overpopulation, ____many problems in big cities today.A. are causingB. is causingC. are causedD. is caused3. Mary is one of the brightest students who_____ from NewY ork University.A. graduatedB. have graduatedC. had graduatedD. has graduated4. He is the only one of the students who ______ a winner of scholarship for 3 years.A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been5. Neither the teacher nor her students ____ to attend the meeting by the headmaster.A. has been askedB. has askedC. have askedD. have been asked6. The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ___ its soils and the water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.A. isB. hasC. areD. have情态动词1. John, you are so lazy. This job____ hours ago.A. should finishB. must have finishedC. could be finishingD. ought to have been finished2. She has no ideal of what the books is about. She _____ have read it very carefully.A. mustn’tB. can’tC. shouldn’tD. needn’t3. When we reached the station, the train had not arrived yet; so we____.A. needed not to hurryB. needn’t have hurriedC. didn’t need to hurryD. had not needed to hurry4. Have you seen Mary today?No, I think she ____-away on her vocation.A. must beB. may have beenC. must have beenD. might have been5. The police think your brother John stole the diamond in the museum yesterday evening.Oh? But he stayed with me at home the whole evening; he ___the museum.A. must have been toB. needn’t have been toC. should have been toD. couldn’t have been to虚拟语气1. I think I _____the movie we went to last night even more if I had read the book.A. would enjoyB. would have enjoyedC. will enjoyD. enjoyed2. If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ____ her at the bus station.A. will have metB. might meetC. had metD. might have met3. As soon as WW2 ended, Einstein urged that atomic energy ___ to peaceful use.A. is putB. be putC. would be putD. will be put4. It is suggested that smoking______ in public places.A. will not be allowedB. was not allowedC. not be allowedD. is not allowed5. Y ou missed a golden opportunity.Y es, I ____ that job when it was offered.A. must have takenB. should have takenC. might takeD. ought to take6. Look at the terrible situation I am in now! if only I ____ your advice.A. followB. had followedC. would followD. have followed7. Tom has been most helpful to us; in fact I don’t know what ____ we_____without him.A. have doneB. will have doneC. had doneD. would have done8. ______ the rain, we should have had a pleasant trip to the countryside.A. Because ofB. Due toC. Thanks toD. But for9. Do not come tomorrow. I’d rather you ____ next weekend.A. will comeB. cameC. to comeD. had come定语从句1. She is pleased with what you have given her husband and _____ you have told him.A. thatB. whichC. all whatD. all that2. His success was due to _______ he had been working hard all the time.A. thatB. the fact whichC. the fact thatD. the fact what3. The two elements _____water is made up are the gases-oxygen and hydrogenA. thatB. whichC. of whichD. with which4. More and more people are beginning to learn English, ___ can partly explain the booming of language training centers in China.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. it5. There are two major problems linked with atomic power plants, ___the first concerns nuclear waste.A. of whichB. of the twoC. of themD. of the pla nts6. There is much ______can be done about the accidents ______from carelessness.A. which….aroseB. that….arisingC. which…arisenD. that…arise时态1. Do not disturb me. I ____ letters all morning and have written six so far.A. writeB. am writingC. was writingD. have been writing2. When a machine is ____, suitable materials must be chosen for its parts.A. buildingB. buildC. to buildD. to be build3. the passengers ___ out of the exit when we arrived at the airport.A. were just comingB. just cameC. are just comingD. just come4. When I saw the mess my paper was in, it was obvious that someone _____it.A. was readingB. would have readC. had been readingD. had read5. Professor Wu told us that by the end of the year he ___ here for 3 years.A. will have workedB. will have been workingC. would have been workingD. has been working6. He hopes that when he comes back in five years’time all the old buildings _____down.A. will have been pulledB. will be pullingC. will have pulledD. will be pulled7. He ____ English for 8 years by the time he graduates from the university next year.A. will learnB. will be learningC. will have learntD. will have been learnt其它1. His salary as a bus driver is much higher that______.A. that of a teacherB. those of a teacherC. these of a teacherD. this of a teacher2. The fried fish we ate at the restaurant yesterday is marvelous. I’d like to have it again even if it costs ______.A. as twice muchB. twice as muchC. much as twiceD. as much twice3. Believe it or not, Matt earns ___his brother, who has a better position in a big company.A. much as twice asB. as twice much asC. twice as much asD. as much twice as4. Jean worked just so much _______.A. like what she was toldB. as she was told toC. as to what she tried to doD. like she was told to5. I though his speech would be interesting, but it turned out that the more he talked, _______.A. the more bored became IB. the more I became boredC. the more bored I becameD. I became the more bored6. The higher a rocket flies, _____air it meets,A. the fewerB. the littleC. the lessD. the much7. It is during his spare time ____Johnson has been studying a course in history.A. whenB. whichC. whatD. that8. It is only in the most difficult circumstances____ a man’s abilities are fully tested.A. whenB. thatC. whereD. so what9. There has been a great increase in retail sales, ______?A. does thereB. hasn’t thereC. isn’t thereD. isn’t it10. My grandfather has a pair of ________.A. Spanish leather black hootsB. black Spanish leather hootsC. Spanish black leather hootsD. leather Spanish black boots11. I do not think you can finish painting the fence alone in such a short time, _____?A. do IB. can youC. can’t youD. won’t you12. The reason why I came back is _____ she would have been very angry if I hadn’t.A. thatB. becauseC. forD. that because。
江苏专转本英语考试短语搭配必备【范本模板】
江苏专转本英语考试短语搭配必备专转本及常考的短语动词动词搭配A1、ask sth. of sb. 请求,要求2、ask （sb。
) for 请求，要求3、account for 说明(原因）等4、associate sth。
with sth。
将某事与某事联系起来5、accuse sb。
of doing sth. 指控6、act as 担当I must find someone to act as a deputy for me during my absence。
我必须找一个人，在我离开期间代理我的职务。
7、act for 代理I have authorized him to act for me while I am away.8、act on 按照……行事My idea is that we shall act on his suggestion.我的意见是我们应当按照他的建议去办。
9、attach。
to 使附属于Attach all the circles to the rectangle。
10、be attached to 附属于11、attend to 照顾，护理12、adapt。
..to 使适应13、attribute sth. to 把……归因于14、add sth to 使增加add to 增添15、be absorbed in 专心于16、be accustomed to 习惯于17、be acquainted with 对……熟悉18、adhere to 坚持19、be ashamed of 为……而羞愧20、adjust...to 使适应21、agree on 就……取得一致22、agree to 同意，批准23、agree with sb./sth. 同意某人/意见24、agree to do sth. 同意做某事25…argue with.。
about 与某人争论某事Its useless to argue with them.同他们争论是没有用的.26、aim at 瞄准,争取27、amount to 相当于……,合计28、appeal to sb。
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江苏省专转本英语考试语法重点大全一倒装句谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装..从倒装的形式来看;可分为全部倒装full inversion和部分倒装partial inversion两种..前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前;而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前..一、全部倒装1、句首为there be; stand; lie; exist; remain; appear; seem; come 等时;引出全部倒装..There stands a stone bridge across the river.There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer’s voice. 从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音..At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩..3、以 here; there; now; then等开头的句子;位于常用 be; come; go; begin; follow 等;引出倒装：There goes the bell. 铃响了..Here comes the bus. 汽车来了..Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了..但是;如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装..4、在表示动作的简短句子里;为了生动;可把副词放于句首引出倒装..Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来..Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空..但：Away they went.5、在表达祝愿的句子里：Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people 中美人民的友谊万岁May you succeed 祝你成功6、在强调表语时Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱..Such is the case. 情况就是这样..二、部分倒装1、省略 if 的虚拟条件句中Had I known what was going to happen;I would never have left her alone. 如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话;我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了..Were there no air or water; there would be no life in the world. 没有空气和水;世界上就不会有生命..2、在以 so肯定和 neither; nor否定的句子中He didn’t fear new ideas; nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法;也不怕未来..I’ve had some good ideas; so have other men. 我有些新的想法;别人也会有啊..Distrust can be contagious; but so can trust. 不信任有传染力;同样信任也具有传染力..3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时;如never; little; often; not only; not until; hardly; scarcely; seldom; no sooner ... than …; in no way; at no time; under no circumstances; by no means; in no case;采用部分倒装..Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱..Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事..4、句首状语由 only+副词;only+介词短语;only+状语分词时Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了..Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益..5、在强调宾语时Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献..Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料..二非谓语动词种类及句法功能一概述：在英语中;不作句子谓语;但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词;叫做非谓语动词..非谓语动词有动词不定式the Infinitive；动名词the Gerund；现在分词the Present Participle；过去分词the Past Participle..二非谓语动词的句法功能1逻辑主语为了强调是谁发出的一个动作;我们往往要有主语来明确表现..由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语;所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显..但它又有动词的某些特征;在这种情况下;就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系..在英语中;非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式;也是常考的一个语法项目;尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语..现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语..① 不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的..这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时如：good; nice; wise; generous; foolish; clever; silly; wrong; stupid; careless; considerate; impolite; naughty等等;我们使用of; 其它的使用for..请看例句：It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智..It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜..It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会..It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险..② 动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的..在句首时一般要使用所有格;在句中一般使用其通格..例如：Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband; and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦;她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜..Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的迟到让老师很恼火..Our sole worry is you your relying on yourself too much. 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了..They insisted Xiao Wang Xiao Wang’s going with them together. 他们坚持要小王和他们一块走..③ 分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语;其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语..在悬垂结构中;分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语;如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：Seen from the space; the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来;地球像个蓝色的球体..这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen; …Laughing and chatting; the pupils left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了..同上述结构一样;Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting; …独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语..这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示;放于分词之前;与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系..例如：So many comrades being absent; the meeting had to be put off. 这么多同志都缺席了;所以会议只得延期..We all went home; he remaining behind. 我们都回家了;只有他留在后面..Weather permitting; we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可;我们下周去郊游..The class being over; the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了;老师把学生打发走了..The job done; we all went home. 工作完成之后;我们就都回家去了..With the tree grown tall; we get more shade. 随着树的不断长高;树荫也越来越浓密了..Everything taken into consideration; this plan seems to be more feasible. 把一切考虑在内;这个计划看起来可行..They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战..二、非谓语动词考查点1 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构;如：1. All flights ___ because of the snowstorm; many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled答案D..解析独立主格结构做状语表示原因..2 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点..如：1. I don’t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay makingB. your delaying makingC. your delaying to makeD. you delay to make答案B..解析这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构..依据前面所讲;逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词性的物主代词;其后的动词delay也应该是一个动名词..3 做定语的非谓语动词的选择从近几年的考查情况来看;对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：对一般概念的考查;而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语..4 做状语的非谓语动词的选择: 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择;如： ______ from the outer space; our earth looks like a water-covered ball.A. Having seenB. SeeingC. SeenD. Having been seen答案C..解析根据分词结构的逻辑主语分析;选项A、B、D都不能和主句中的主语构成逻辑的主谓一致的关系..惟有选项C是正确答案..从以上各题来看;考查的侧重点有：1状语类别的判断：不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同;目的状语要求用不定式;如②..2非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系：根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词..3非谓语动词的否定形式：not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前;如③..4 独立成分：有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制;称为独立成分;这类成分只记忆即可..如: generally speaking; judging from...; to tell the truth...; 等..5 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制;不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同..近几年对各类宾补都有考查..如：They are going to have the service man ________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. installB. to installC. to be installedD. installed答案A..解析have 之后的宾语如果是补足语的发出者时;则应使用动词原形..6 做表语的非谓语动词的选择表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择;很少有动名词的用法的考查;虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项;只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑..如：These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police; mainly because not all victims report them.A. unrecordedB. to be unrecordedC. unrecordingD. to have been unrecorded答案A..解析分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语;也可以做其它系动词的表语;如go; feel; seem; look; remain等等..这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的..三情态动词情态动词 Model Verbs 又称为情态助动词 Model Auxiliaries..英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词;如have; do; be；二是情态助动词;如may; must; need等..情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气..情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等..情态动词没有人称和数的变化..在英语的各种考试中;现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构..根据我们对历年来试卷的分析;情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：1情态动词+行为动词完成式2情态动词+行为动词进行式3情态动词+行为动词完成进行式4某些情态动词的特殊用法一、一般情态动词1、情态动词的完成式：⑴情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”;表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断..如：Since the ditch is full of water; it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了;想必昨晚一定下雨了..You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born. 你不可能遇到我奶奶;因为她早在你出生前就死了..I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the sch ool yesterday. 我找不到钥匙了;也许昨天丢到学校了吧..⑵当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldn’t加完成式时;是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”;分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”..例如：You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 你本不应该取笑他的..他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人..You should have finished your composition by yesterday. 你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的..⑶ needn′t have v-edneedn′t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事;但没有做的必要;意为“本没必要…”..例如：You indent have wakened me up; I don’t have to go to work today. 你本没必要把我叫醒;因为我今天不上班..注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时;就表示的可能性程度而言;must最大;could其次;may更次之;might最小..2、情态动词的进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式;表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行..例如：The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着;想必他现在还在工作..She shouldn’t be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干;她身体还这样弱.He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.3、情态动词的完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式;表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行..例如：They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗;准是在地里一直干活来着..They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning. 今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着..二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外;还有一些如would rather; would sooner; would just as soon; had rather; had better; had sooner; can not but; may just as well等可用作情态动词..The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降..If you don’t like to swim; you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳;你也可以待在家里啊..这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形..但是当would had rather; would had sooner; would just as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时;从句就要用虚拟语气..对现在和将来的假设用过去时;对过去的假设用过去完成时..例如：I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去..I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话..三、情态动词中应特别注意的典型结构They must be in the library; aren’t they 他们一定还在图书馆;对吧They must have gone to the library; haven’t they 他们一定去图书馆了;对吧They must have been to the library yesterday; didn’t they他们昨天一定去了图书馆;是不是Let me do it; will you 让我来做;好么Let me help you; may I 请让我帮你;可以吗Don’t move; will you 请你别动Go quickly; can you 你能不能快点Let’s go for a walk; shall we 咱们去散步;好么He used to live in the countryside; didn’t /usedn′t he 他过去住在农村;对吧四时态一、概述在作谓语的动词用来表示动作或情况、状态发生时间的各种形式称为时态..由于英语属于曲折变化的语言;其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的;因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形..英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同;主要有四大类一般时态/ 进行时态 / 完成时态 / 完成进行时态十六种时态如下：现在一般现在时 do / does现在进行时 be am; is; are doing现在完成时 have / has done现在完成进行时have has been doing过去一般过去时 did过去进行时 be was; were doing过去完成时 had done过去完成进行时had been doing将来一般将来时 shall / will do将来进行时 shall will be doing将来完成时 shall will have done将来完成进行时shall will have been doing过去将来一般过去将来时 should would do过去将来进行时 should would be doing过去将来完成时 should would have done过去将来完成进行时should would have been doing下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法..二、各时态详解1、一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示;但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s;另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式..一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态;还可用来表示普遍真理..The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海..Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞..We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下..2、现在进行时现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的..主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作;有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作..How are things getting on with you 工作进行的怎么样Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话..They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本..3、一般将来时一般将来时由助动词shall will加动词原形构成..它表示将要发生的动作或情况..They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加硕士考试..The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老师要我做完作业才能回家..4、一般过去时一般过去时由动词过去式表示;动词be 根据人称有was和were两个词形;规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表; 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况..It’s a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影..Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand.很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生..5、现在完成时现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的..主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况..如：Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长..The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history. 这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦..注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：现在完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系;或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况;或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等..而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况;与现在没有任何联系..如：Up till now we have planted over 10;000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树..I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的..6、过去进行时过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的;主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作..At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics libratory. 那时她在一家物理实验室做助手..They took us to see the chemical fiber mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂..7、过去完成时过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成;主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态;其实就是指过去的过去..使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语..Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程..No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了..He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过..8、一般过去将来时一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成;主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作..含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语..这个状语或是一个短语;或是一个句子..这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中..例如：When I thought about it; I wondered what their reaction would be. 当我考虑这件事时;我想知道他们的反应是什么..She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我;她第二天要去欧洲旅行..Whenever he had time; he would help his mother with some housework. 无论他什么时间有空;他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活..No matter how difficult the work was; he would keep on doingit until he accomplished it. 不管工作有多难;他总会坚持不懈地把它干完..9、一般将来完成时一般将来完成时由shall will + have + 过去分词构成..主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作..如：After we finish this text; we’ll have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后;我们就学了二十课课文了..By the next month; I’ll have finished my task. 到下个月;我将完成任务..They will have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了..10、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由havehasbeen加动词的现在分词构成;表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成;或许还要继续延续..这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性;或者说不间断性..例如：I’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你..It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天..Where have you been 你去哪儿啦She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time. 自我们上次见面以来;她就一直忙着筹备那个展览..11、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成;表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻..例如：It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.倾盆大雨下了一周;在许多地区引发了山崩..At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报..五虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种动词形式;表示说话人的一种愿望;假设;怀疑;猜测; 建议等含义;虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实..在条件句中的应用;条件句可分为两类;一类为真实条件句;一类为非真实条件句..非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况;故采用虚拟语气..一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况..首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况;这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础..这三种时态是：现在；过去；将来..1、表示现在的虚拟式时态：现在从句动词：did / were主句动词: would + doIf I were a bird; I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟;我就会飞到你身边去..If it were not for their help; we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙;我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地..2、表示过去的虚拟式时态：过去从句动词：had + done主句动词：would + have + doneIf we had started earlier; we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早一点动身的话;就不会误车了..If she hadn’t been ill; she might have come. 如果她不是病了;可能会来的3、表示将来的虚拟式时态:将来从句动词: should + do / were to + do主句动词: would + doIf Professor Li should have time tomorrow; we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的话;我们可以问他点问题..If there should be no air; there would be no living things. 如果没有空气;就不会有生物..二、错综时间的虚拟句通常情况下;在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的; 但有时也可能指不同的时间;这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.If I were you; I would have taken his advice. 从句指现在; 主句指过去..换成我是你;我就会听从他的建议..If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning; I would not be wet now. 从句指过去;主句指现在..如果我今天早上带了雨衣;现在就不会被淋湿了..If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years; things wouldn’t be going so smoothly. 从句指过去;主句指现在..如果过去几年里不努力工作;现在的情况就不会如此顺利了..If the weather had been more favorable; the crops would be growing still better.从句指过去;主句指现在..如果当时的天气更好点;现在的庄稼就会长得更好..If we had not got everything ready by now; we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. 从句指现在;主句指将来如果现在一切还没准备好;明天情况就更糟了..三、含蓄条件句有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来;二是暗含在上下文中;比如通过介词短语来表示..这些介词常是：but for; without; otherwise等..如：But for your advice; I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是听了你的建议;我就不会做的如此成功..The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 没有开放的政策;就不会有如此大的变化..I was so busy then; Otherwise; I would have told him the answer. 我当时很忙;否则;我就会把答案告诉他的..六主谓一致的用法主谓一致有许多原则;概括起来不外乎三种一致原则;即：语法形式一致；概念一致语言内容上一致；毗邻一致谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致..另外;根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致;还有指代一致..一、语法形式一致1、单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子做主语;谓语动词要用单数形式..复数主语;用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句做主语;谓语动词则用复数形式..例如：Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福..Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖..What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来..2、由as well as; with; along with; like; together with; rather than; except; but; including; accompanied by; plus; besides; in addition to; no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面;不能看作是并列主语;该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响;主语如是单数;其谓语动词仍然用单数形式..例如：The reading course book; plus its reference books; is helpful to college students. 教材加上参考书对大学学生是非常有益的..The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV. 那个人和他妻儿老小坐在沙发上看电视..3、有些代词只能指单数可数名词;当它们在句子中做主语时;尽管在意义上是多数;谓语动词仍要用单数形式..这类代词有either; neither; each; one; the other; another; somebody; someone; something; anyone; anything; anybody; everyone; everything; everybody; no one; nothing; nobody等..例如：Neither likes the friends of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的朋友..Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的所有东西都是物质..4、当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事;and后的名词前没有冠词;谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词;谓语就用复数形式..例如：The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早饭供应黄油面包..The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黄油和面包..5、当one of; a portion of; a series of; a species of; a chain of 结构做主语时;谓语动词要用单数形式..例如：One of those students has passed the examination. 这些学生只。