最新最全四川大学考博真题
四川大学考博英语真题及答案
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
普外科考博试题四川大学
四川大学华西医学部2005普通外科学专业题四川大学华西医学部2005年普通外科学专业题一、名词解释1.stress ulcers2.gut drived infection3.couinand 肝分段4.child分级5.Charcot’s triads二、问答1.Tme及直肠系膜的概念2.胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3.原位肝的手术方式与适应症4.胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级5.肝门部胆管癌的Bishmush－C分型6.乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物7.Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系8.营养不良的分类与支持的适应症9.直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症10.胰岛素瘤的定位诊断11.肝癌的综合治疗12.门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗华西01-04年外科考博之专业基础解剖试题01年考博局部解剖学试题一名词解释必答题（每题5分，共40分）纵隔翼点胸导管鼻旁窦胃床膀胱三角齿状线肩袖二问答题（从以下10题中选作五题，每题12分） 1大脑动脉环的位置、组成、分支、及其意义 2脊柱的骨性构成，连接方式，正常弯曲及其功能 3胸膜的位置，分布，隐窝及其生理临床意义 4子宫的位置，形态，分部，动、静脉来源、淋巴回流 5咽的形态、位置，分部和各部通连6心的传导系统组成，各部的位置及机能意义 7阐述腹股沟管8描述肝门，肾门和肺门 9阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供 10髋关节组成，结构特点02年考博局部解剖学试题一名词解释（每个3分，10题，共30分）鼻副窦腹直肌鞘主动脉裂孔肺段阴道穹输尿管间襞纵隔肝胰壶腹括约肌隔缘肉柱颈动脉鞘二问答题（共70分）1简述结肠上区器官配布特点（１０分） 2肾结石随尿外排，常在哪些部位滞留（5分）3试述肝门、肾门、肺门内各器官的心局部关系（10分） 4试述子宫的形态、位置、姿势和固定装置。
（10分） 5试述髋关节的组成和结构特点（10分） 6乳腺脓肿需进行切开排脓手术请问（10分）女性乳房结构上有哪些特点应如何选择手术切口、为什么7阑尾炎需作阑尾切除术，请问（15分）若是经麦氏点切口，经哪些层次到腹腔阑尾位于何处，常见位置有哪几种打开腹膜腔后，如何区分大，小肠如何才能迅速准确地找到阑尾阑尾动脉耒自何动脉，如何寻找辨认阑尾动脉2003年博士入学局部解剖学考试题一名词解释（共10个，每个3分，共计30分）骨髓椎间孔盆膈肺段纵隔肾蒂十二指肠悬韧带股管齿状线乳房悬韧带二问答题（共10题，从中选作7题，每题10分，共计70分） 1男、女直肠前面各有何重要结构，肛门指诊男、女各能触及哪些结构？ 2试述膝关节的组成、结构特点和运动。
四川大学新闻传播学必考题——麦克卢汉
四川大学新闻传播学考博必考题——麦克卢汉麦克卢汉麦克卢汉的简介麦克卢汉于1911年出生于加拿大艾伯塔省埃德蒙顿市的一个偏僻小镇，早年在曼托巴大学求学，后来到英国剑桥大学攻读英语文学博士学位，并在美国多所大学执教。
马歇尔·麦克卢汉（Marshall McLuhan，1911~1980）被誉为信息社会、电子世界的“圣人”、“先驱”和“先知”。
他是20世纪名副其实的传播学大师，是最富有原创性的传播学理论家我们现在常把“地球村”这个说法挂在嘴边，但出处未必知晓，“始作俑者”就是麦克卢汉。
他关于“地球村”、“重新部落化”、“意识延伸”的论述，无人能出其右。
他对电子时代和赛博空间的预言一个个变成了现实。
麦克卢汉的媒介观点麦克卢汉的“三论”一. 媒介即讯息(the Media is the Message) 二. “媒介是人的延伸”三. 地球村（Global Village）四. 冷媒介与热媒介(Cool Media／Hot Media) 五. 媒介的时空关系(the Space-Time of Media) 六. 内爆（Implosion）媒介即讯息(the Media is the Message) 这是加拿大著名传播学家M·麦克卢汉在《理解媒介：论人的延伸》(1964年)一书中提出的影响广泛的媒介观。
他认为：“所谓媒介即是讯息只不过是说：任何媒介(即人的任何延伸)对个人和社会的任何影响，都是由于新的尺度产生的；我们的任何一种延伸(或曰任何一种新的技术)，都要在我们的事务中引进一种新的尺度。
”麦克卢汉的思想常常被看作是“媒介决定论”或“技术决定论”。
“媒介即讯息”并非是字面上的含混意思，而是说我们过去认为是讯息(内容)的传播产生了“效果”——影响我们的思维和行动，但实际上是媒介形式本身在产生“效果”或影响，媒介形式的变革导致我们感知世界的方式和行为发生变革，乃至导致社会结构发生变革。
每一种新的媒介都会改变我们过去的思维和行为习惯，“加速并扩大人们的功能”，即新的媒介导致我们在感知、思考与行为上引入了新的“尺度”、新的“速度”和新的“模式”。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：22
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The ties that bind us together in common activity are so （） that they can disappear at any moment.问题1选项A.trivialB.fatalC.tentativeD.feeble【答案】D【解析】trivial微不足道的, 平凡的;fatal致命的, 毁灭性的;tentative尝试性的;feeble微弱的, 软弱的。
句意：将我们维系在一起共同行动的纽带是不牢靠的, 随时都会消失。
2.单选题On his wanderings he's （） Spanish, Italian,French and a smattering of Russian.问题1选项A.woken upB.taken toC.picked upe to【答案】C【解析】woken up醒来，开始警觉；taken to开始从事，喜欢；picked up学会，获得，捡起；come to 回到现实。
句意：他在旅途中学会了西班牙语、意大利语、法语和一点俄语。
选项C符合句意。
3.单选题When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door （） behind him问题1选项A.slammedB.to slamC.slantD.slamming【答案】D【解析】slamming做形容词, 修饰door, 表示门的状态。
如果填slammed, 后面构成一个完整的句子, 需要连接词and连接前后两个句子。
4.单选题The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been （） .问题1选项A.identifiedB.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】identified识别, 辨认;guaranteed保证;notified通知, 告知;conveyed传达。
四川大学考博局解简答题汇总
四川大学既往考博局解简单题汇总详解1.膀胱炎时，可口服氟哌酸进行治疗，药物自口腔经小肠吸收，经血液循环后，排入尿液进入膀胱，最后排出体外，请依次写出药物入口至随尿排出体外所经过的解剖路径（可用箭头表示）口服氟哌酸→口腔→咽→食管→胃→小肠→大肠→肠系膜上静脉→肝门静脉→下腔静脉→心脏→主动脉→肾动脉→肾小球→肾小盏→肾大盏→肾盂→输尿管→膀胱→尿道→体外2.阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？甲状腺（thyroid gland)腺体呈“H”形，分为左右侧叶和连接两侧叶的峡部。
峡部缺如者占7%，有锥状叶者约占70%，且多连于左侧叶。
甲状腺的两侧叶位于喉下部和气管上部的前外侧，上极平甲状软骨中点，下极至第6气管软骨。
有时侧叶的下极可伸至胸骨柄的后方，称为胸骨后甲状腺。
甲状腺峡部位于第2-4气管软骨前方。
甲状腺的前面由浅入深依次为皮肤、浅筋膜、颈筋膜浅层、舌骨下肌群和气管前筋膜，但在峡部前面正中宽约0.5-1.0cm处无肌肉覆盖。
侧叶的后内侧与喉和气管以及喉返神经等相邻；侧叶的后外侧与颈动脉鞘及鞘内的颈总动脉、颈内静脉和迷走神经，以及位于椎前筋膜深面的颈交感干相邻。
当甲状腺肿大时，如向后压迫食管和气管，科引起吞咽和呼吸困难；如压迫喉返神经，可出现声音嘶哑；如向后外方压迫交感干时，可出现Horner综合征，即患侧瞳孔缩小，眼裂变窄及眼球内陷。
甲状腺的血管神经：是甲状腺最重要的周围关系，在甲状腺上极，有甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺上静脉及与其伴行的喉上神经。
神经行其后内，近腺体处渐分离；在甲状腺下极，有甲状腺下动脉、甲状腺下静脉及与其相交的喉返神经。
血管水平由外向内走向腺体，神经垂直由下向上行向腺体，于腺体下极相交。
右侧血管与神经间近似平行关系，左侧血管与神经间则呈现相互垂直关系。
在甲状腺外侧缘中份，可见甲状腺中静脉。
该静脉壁薄短粗，横过颈总动脉前方，直接汇入颈内静脉，是较危险的不可忽视的血管。
四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014
《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。
（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。
（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。
（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。
（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。
（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。
请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。
（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。
答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。
（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。
（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。
二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。
四川大学宗教学专业考博真题（精华版--很全）
四川⼤学宗教学专业考博真题（精华版--很全）四川⼤学宗教学专业历年考博真题（2005—2013年）2005年宗教学原理⼀、简论宗教的本质（25分）⼆、论宗教与社会主义相适应（25分）三、简说宗教与其他意识形态的关系（25分）四、从“神道设教”谈中国宗教的特⾊（25分）2007年宗教学原理⼀、简论宗教产⽣的社会历史条件。
（25分）⼆、试论宗教与⽂艺的关系。
（25分）三、论宗教与邪教的原则区别。
（25分）四、你怎样理解宗教在“和谐社会建设”中的作⽤。
（25分）2008年宗教学原理⼀、试析宗教的本质。
（25分）⼆、简析宗教与封建迷信的主要区别。
（25分）三、试论宗教道德的基本特征及其社会意义。
（25分）四、简述宗教的⽂化功能。
（25分）2009年宗教学原理⼀、简答题（每题15分）1、宗教的基本要素2、宗教与科学的关系3、宗教的主要⼼理功能4、古代原始宗教的主要表现形态⼆、问答题（每题20分）1、宗教研究的基本⽅法有哪些？谈谈你的认识。
2、为什么说：“宗教是⽂化”？谈谈你对这⼀命题的理解与认识。
2010年宗教学原理⼀、简答题（每⼩题10分，共40分）1、简析宗教⼈造说与宗教神启论对⽴的思想根源。
2、简述宗教观念与宗教其它构成要素之间的关系。
3、简述当代世界主要宗教发展的总体趋势及其成因。
4、如何理解“宗教的改⾰是社会关系的变化在宗教上的反映”？⼆、论述题（每⼩题30分，共60分）1、试述科学与宗教在认识⽅法上的区别及其对⼈类社会⽣活的影响。
2、如何发挥宗教在构建社会主义和谐社会中的积极作⽤？2011年宗教学原理⼀、简答题1、简述⾃然宗教与⼈为宗教的异同；2、为什么说宗教意识既是理性的⼜是⾮理性的;3、简述宗教礼仪在信徒⽣活中的作⽤；4、简述现代宗教世俗化趋势主要特征及成因；⼆、论述题1、试述宗教道德的基本特征及其对⽬前我国社会⽣活的影响；2、试述宗教与政治的关系；2012年宗教学原理⼀、试述宗教的⽂化属性。
四川农业大学博士入学考试真题
Part I Reading Comprehension (45 points)Questions 1--5 are based on the following passage:Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listener interest.A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are "regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest."To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues(暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.1. This passage is mainly concerned with _______.a. the importance of eye contactb. the potency of nonverbal techniquesc. successful speech deliveryd. an effective way to gain visual feedbacks2. According to the passage, a good speaker must _____.a. "sealo" his or her ideas to an audienceb. maintain direct eye contact with listenersc. be very persuasive and believabled. be exceptionally well-disposed3. The word "target" in the last sentence of the first paragraph can best be replaced by________.a. "destination"b. "goal"c. "audience"d. "followers"4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these two persons willinevitably ____.a. smile to each otherb. feel awkward and look away immediatelyc. try to make a conversation with each otherd. none of the above5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has all the following benefits forthe speaker EXCEP that it doesn't ________.a. help the speaker to control the audienceb. help the speaker to gain audience interest and esteemc. help the speaker to know whether he is talking too much about a certain pointd. help the speaker to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speech Questions 6--10 are based on the following passage:After the very active and successful tenure(任职) of office by the Senegalese President as the head of the Organization of African Unity, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever he might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job.The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. His first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of State present in the Ethiopian capital, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals(报复行为) that the racist regime of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions(制裁) are imposed by the international community.President Sassou Ngueso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare (Zimbabwe) where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before the summit meeting of non-aligned(不结盟的)nations.At the end of September, he was in New York, for a statement before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with leading members of the Canadian government.The Congolese president's aim, in all these endeavors, is to convince still reluctant countries of the imperious necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.6. In the first paragraph, the word "successor" refers to ________.a. a person who enjoyed a successful career in politicsb. a person who was very popular in the political arenac. the person who was to lead the organizationd. the former head of the organization7. According to the passage, Denis Sassou Nguesso ______.a. is Congoleseb. knew that it was very difficult for him to be electedc. was elected without any oppositiond. has held a meeting in the Ethipion capital8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?a. President Sassou Nguess has decided to visit as many African countries as possible.b. President Sassou Nguesso made a suggestion to President Kenneth Kaunda that ameeting be held of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa.c. President Sassou Nguesso went to Harare and delivered a speech there.d. If sanctions are imposed against South Africa by the international community, theracist regime of Pretoria will probably take revenge on its neighbors.9. We may draw the conclusion that President Sassou Nguesso has been working reallyhard to ________.a. prove himself a trustworthy presidentb. convince some reluctant countries that it is highly necessary to impose sanctionsagainst the racist regime of Pretoria.c. show to the whole world the strength and power of the Organization of AfricanUnityd. seek financial support from some advanced countries to promote African economy.10. This piece is most probably taken from _____.a. a newspaper reportb. a biographyc. a history bookd. a Who's WhoQuestions 11--15 are based on the following passage:Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working).This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working─temperature will rise─milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car fromstarting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors─pedestrians or other cars in the intersection ─must also be present.In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.11. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _______.a. relationships between causes and resultsb. classification of reasoningc. some other common types of reasoningd. some special type of reasoning12. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason _______.a. from cause to effectb. from effect to causec. from effect to effect and on the caused. from effect to cause and on to another effect13. A necessary cause is ______.a. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurb. one of the causes that can produce the effectc. one that is enough to make the effect occurd. none of them14. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has beencut off. The power failure is a ________.a. necessary causeb. sufficient causec. contributory caused. none of them15. This passage mainly discusses ______.a. causal reasoningb. various types of reasoningc. classification of causesd. the causal processQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teen-agers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another's hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way isthat the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon(蚕茧) ─into a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come─with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.16. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to tell _______.a. readers how to be popular with people aroundb. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselvesc. parents how to control and guide their childrend. people how to understand and respect each other17. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on theirown, but, in fact, most of them ______.a. have much difficulty understanding each otherb. lack confidencec. dare not cope with problems single-handedd. are very much afraid of getting lost18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?a. There is no popularity that really counts.b. What many parents are dong is in fact hindering their children from finding theirown paths.c. It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.d. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actuallydoing he same.19. The author thinks of advertisements as _______.a. convincingb. influentialc. instructived. authoritative20. During the teen-age years, one should learn to _____.a. differ from others in as many ways as possibleb. get into the right season and become popularc. find one's real selfd. rebel against parents and the popularity waveQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates(变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent(犯法的) and sexually precocious(早熟).Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises(大楼及附属建筑物). This rule has been introduced at Summer hill School where I spent my rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal(肉体的) punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.21. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on ______.a. the effect of smoking among childrenb. the difficulty in preventing children from smokingc. the reasons why children start smoking among childrend. the measures to ban smoking among children22. Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokers?a. Disobedienceb. Lazinessc. Lack of intelligenced. Vanity23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?a. Some children start to smoke out of curiosityb. Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature.c. In order to have fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workersshould not smoke.d. It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adultsfrom smoking.24. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ______.a. should be introduced, for it really works at the school where he once studied.b. should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance.c. should be introduced though it may not work effectively.d. needn't be introduced as long as teachers don't smoke in front of children.25. The author's attitude towards his writing is ______.a. objectiveb. emotionalc. criticald. indifferentQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage:When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20,1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in man's history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small organization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, it was nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage managed science-fiction trickery.And Armstrong's historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module(宇宙飞船船舱) onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth─"one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" ─was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter.As for the pictures reputedly(一般被认为地) taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous (可笑的) for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthier, circuits the earth instead of the earth revolving around the sun─a notion that most people take for granted.The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire human race is being subjected to the greatest hoax(骗局) in history.From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science.The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its American president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shelton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title.The society's belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point of the North Pole.The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle(环形物) around the earth. The Flat Earthier argue that transantarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy arc within the girdle.26. To the International Flat Earth Research Society, man's first landing on the moon was_______.a. one of the most inspiring events in man's historyb. only a well-conducted experimentc. just a smartly-performed trickd. a science-fiction piece produced by a certain scriptwriter27. Which of the following is NOT true about the society?a. It now has about 1,400 members.b. Its headquarters are in both Great Britain and the United States.c. After its foundation in 1800, it was called the Zetetic Society.d. In 1956, Samuel Shelton changed its name to the present title.28. According to the society's belief, ________.a. the earth is flat and the Arctic is an impenetrable ice-cold girdle around the earthb. the Antarctic region is a compact island massc. some explorers had made successful transantarctic expeditionsd. much of the accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth is sheernonsense29. Which of the following is an appropriate title for the Passage?a. The International Flat Earth Research societyb. Man's First Landing on the Moonc. The Zetetic Societyd. The Evils of Science30. This piece is written ______.a. in a matter-of-fact wayb. in a sarcastic tonec. with a touch of ironyd. as a jokePart II Translate the following into Chine( 10 points)I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one's own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction (收缩) of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer's shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing(排队) up at a supermarket. And the proprietor(店主)knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points)31. Mr. White was told again and again to ______ smoking but he just wouldn't listen.a. cut throughb. cut offc. cut downd. cut away32. The Greyhound ______ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m. and started forWashington D.C. at 6:20p.m..a. pulled upb. pulled downc. pulled outd. pulled on33. Can you give me another hint without _______ the answer?a. giving offb. giving awayc. giving upd. giving in34. Columbus was ___ his times in his belief that the Earth was round.a. in front ofb. in advance ofc. befored. ahead of35. Nowadays a large number of people buy ___ Christmas trees instead of real ones.a. falseb. fakec. shamd. artificial36. Though he is only 7years old, he has a ______ imagination.a. faithfulb. fertilec. frankd. furious37. The doctor _____ me that the discomfort would disappear in a couple of days if Ifollowed his advice.a. assuredb. confirmedc. ensuredd. confessed38. It is not considered _____ to litter in public.a. respectfulb. respectivec. respectedd. respectable39. The industrial community should be close enough to the crowded centers but distantenough to reduce _______ hazards(危险).a. feasibleb. positivec. potentiald. substantial40. We ____ so as not to wake the child.a. whisperedb. moanedc. gruntedd. muttered41. Electric eels use charges to ______ prey and also stun them before they eat them.a. examineb. detectc. determined. search42. Metal must be hammered and cooled rapidly to ______ internal stress caused byheating.a. retainb. releasec. relieved. replace43. Almost every layman I have met exhibits ______ and how they are written.a. the real curiosity about the songsb. a real curiosity about the songsc. real curiosity about the songsd. a real curiosity about songs44. Rosa is quiet and introverted(内向的), and she objects to _______ her living room withdozens of people in the apartment.a. shareb. sharingc. having sharedd. have shared45. We haven't seen our neighbor for over a week. They ______ on a trip abroad.a. could gob. must goc. may have goned. should have gone46. The Government has promised to do ____ lies in its power to ease the hardships of thehomeless.a. whatb. allc. thatd. which47. The bartender walked out ____ the counter and began to drive the drunk out of the bar.a. from beforeb. from underc. from behindd. from across48. ______ how to operate a switchboard, I had to ask the office supervisor to show me thecorrect procedures.a. Not knownb. Not knowingc. Not to knowd. Having not known49. The pilot felt something _____ wrong with the engine just before the plane took off.a. gob. wentc. was goingd. to go50. I prefer his plan to yours, ___ it is more practical and easier to be carried out.a. for whichb. for thatc. in whichd. in that51. ______ that they're young and inexperienced, they've done quite a good job.a. Beingb. Providedc. Givend. Now52. ______ the door than somebody started knocking on it.a. I had closed no soonerb. I had no sooner closedc. No sooner have I closedd. No sooner I closed53. The medical record shows that it was the drug, not the disease, ______ killed him two years ago.a. the effects of whichb. the effects of itc. finallyd. that54. In my opinion, he's ________ imaginative of all the contemporary poets.a. quite the mostb. very the mostc. by far the mostd. rather the most55. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he ______ out of a painting by XuBeihong.a. comeb. has comec. is comingd. had come56. Pumas, which are large, cat-like animals, will not attack human beings if they _______undisturbed.a. leaveb. leftc. are leftd. have left57. When we sold our ranch and moved to town, mother had decided _______ opening aday nursery.a. tob. onc. ind. for58. Their dog was a substitute ______ the children they had never had.a. asb. ofc. tod. for59. Please drop in whenever you can. I'd like to keep _____ touch.a. inb. onc. tod. with60. Everybody knows that the earth is spherical, ______?a. doesn't heb. doesn't shec. don't theyd. doesn't itPart IV Cloze( 10 points)In the month of September, in Britain, you may see large numbers of birds __61__ on roofs and telegraph wires. These birds are swallows. They are __62__ together because, very soon, they will be flying __63__ to much warmer lands, where they will find __64__ the small flying insects on which they __65__. There are no such insects __66__ in Britain during the winter; it is __67__ cold for them.The swallows settle, fly off, swoop, and __68__ again. this they do many times, for they are making short __69__ flights in order to be fit for the long journey __70__ them.__71__ of these migrating birds leave Britain in the autumn. They fly __72__ for hundreds of miles __73__ they reach the warm lands of Africa. But not all the birds get there, for many of them perish in the stormy weather they meet with __74__.In the spring of the following year they __75__ the long and tiring journey back to Britain. They return to the identical barn or tree in the __76__ district which they had left the __77__ autumn. How do these birds find their__78__ there and back over such vast distances? Nobody knows exactly __79__, but it has something to do __80__ winds and air currents.61. a. being perched b. perchedc. being perchingd. be perched62. a. gathering b. assemblingc. waitingd. forming63. a. to south b. the southc. to southwardsd. south64. a. a great number of b. a great deal ofc. plenty ofd. numerous65. a. feed b. are fedc. eatd. rely66. a. near b. about c. nearby d. over67. a. too b. a bit c. very d. much68. a. fly off b. swoop c. settle d. turn back69. a. practical b. practicingc. practiced. practiced70. a. in advance b. ahead ofc. in front ofd. in front71. a. Swarms b. Herdsc. Flocksd. Schools72. a. firmly b. stoutlyc. harshlyd. steadily73. a. until b. before c. when d. as74. a. in the way b. on the wayc. half the wayd. all the way75. a. take b. fly c. find d. make76. a. old b. originalc. familiard. identical77. a. before b. previousc. above goingd. former78. a. way b. path c. course d. route79. a. why b. when c. how d. what80. a. against b. away c. for d. withPart V Writing (20 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled THE V ALUE OF SCIENCE. You should write no less than 150 words.ANSWER SHEETRPart I 、 III 、IV1 a b c d2 a b c d3 a b c d4 a b c d5 a b c d6 a b c d7 a b c d8 a b c d 9ab c d 10 a b c d 11 a b c d 12 a b c d 13 a b c d 14 a b c d 15 a b c d 16 a b c d 17 a b c d 18 a b c d 19 a b c d 20 a b c d 21 a b c d 22 a b c d 23 a b c d 24 a b c d 25 a b c d 26 a b c d 27 a b c d 28 a b c d 29 a b c d 30 a b c d 31 a b c d 32 a b c d 33 a b c d 34 a b c d 35 a b c d 36 a b c d 37 a b c d 38 a b c d 39 a b c d 40 a b c d 41 a b c d 42 a b c d 43 a b c d 44 a b c d 45 a b c d 46 a b c d 47 a b c d 48 a b c d 49 a b c d 50 a b c d 51 a b c d 52 a b c d 53 a b c d 54 a b c d 55 a b c d 56 a b c d 57 a b c d 58 a b c d 59 a b c d 60 a b c d 61 a b c d 62 a b c d 63 a b c d 64 a b c d 65 a b c d 66 a b c d 67 a b c d 68 a b c d 69 a b c d 70 a b c d 71 a b c d 72 a b c d 73 a b c d 74 a b c d 75 a b c d 76 a b c d 77 a b c d 78 a b c d 79abcd80abcd———————— 密—————————封 ——————————线 ——————————————————————————。
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史学通论
2008
一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系。
二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战。
2009
一、结合实例说明历史学的社会功能。
二、史学领域的后现代主义思潮述评。
2010
一、论历史思维的方法。
二、结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对“史学即史料学”这一观点的认识。
中国古代史
2008
一、简要解释或回答以下各题。
1、刘知几与章学诚。
2、中国古代文献的四部分类法。
3、中国古代货币的主要类型。
4、结合你所报专业介绍四川大学的史学前辈学者。
二、简要论述下列各题：
1、“安史之乱”后唐代社会的变化。
2、“汉承秦制”。
2009
一、必做题
唐代有哪些主要宗教？请分别予以简略介绍。
二、选做题：
1、试论秦统一的历史原因。
2、中国历史出现过哪些重要的图书分类方法？这些分类法的代表作有
哪些？试分析这些分类法的适用范围及其优劣。
3、试论儒墨学说的异同及其对后世的影响。
4、试论“两个体系”（覆盖人民群众的档案资源体系和方便人民群众的
档案利用体系）的建设问题或者论述从藏书建设到文献资源建设到信
息资源建设理论嬗变的时代背景与发展进程。
5、略述春秋战国时期“百家争鸣”发生的社会背景和主要派别。
6、迄今为止，有关中国儒学史（或经学史）分期的观点主要有哪些？试
对这些分期法的优劣进行评析，谈谈你自己对中国儒学（或经学）发
展主要阶段的基本认识。
2010
一、必做题：
试述汉武帝时期实行的“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”政策的提出、内容及影响。
二、选做题：
1、举例说明战国时期著名的水利工程及其对当时社会经济的影响。
2、简论中国古代官私书目的历史发展及其功能。
3、试论秦统一的主要原因。
4、论述建设档案安全保管基地、爱国主义教育基地、档案利用中心、政
府信息查询中心、电子文件中心“五位一体”的公共档案问题；或者
分析现代图书馆实施知识管理的必要性，阐述现代图书馆如何有效实
施知识管理与开展知识服务。
5、试论“安史之乱”及唐代后期政局。
6、试评述春秋列国的变法改制。
2011年川大试题
一、史学理论
1、论历史真理的相对性与绝对性
2、结合所学知识谈谈20世纪初中国史学的转型
二、古代史
1、论文景之治
2、谈商周之际文化、制度的变迁
2012年川大试题
一|、史学理论
1、试析历史比较研究法
2、论历史学的社会价值
二、中国古代史
1、试比较《史记》与《资治通鉴》的异同
2、介绍评述你所良知的几位宋史前辈学者及其学术成就
3、你为什么选择宋史方向
2013年川大试题
一、史学理论
1、辨析历史事实的主观性与客观性
2、结合实际谈谈史料的收集、整理、辨析
二、中国古代史
1、试析九品中正制的产生、发展及影响
2、试论北宋中期的社会危机
2014年川大试题
一、史学理论
1、评述历史认识的过程
2、试比较历史定量分析与定性分析的关系
二、中国古代史
1、试述张謇通西域的过程和影响以及汉武帝通身毒之路
2、试论北宋与辽的和战。