文献综述(1)
【精选】文献综述范文1
关于虚假新闻管理的研究综述08级体教羽一班：邓林学号：2008170423摘要：新闻的真实性就如同新闻的生命，因此，坚持新闻真实性是新闻工作的起码要求，也是最高要求。
坚持新闻真实性对于传媒塑造良好的美誉度和公信力起着举足轻重的作用。
近几年，我国新闻媒体竞争已经相当激烈，个别媒体甚至不顾原则利用虚假新闻进行不正当竞争。
从目前的情况看，虚假新闻的发展趋势不容忽视。
在对虚假新闻管理的文献研究中，本文主要针对虚假新闻的界定、产生原因及虚假新闻管理这几部分内容将有关学者的文献和观点进行了整理和归纳。
关键词：新闻媒介；虚假新闻；新闻管理虚假新闻是经济快速发展、传媒业竞争激烈的产物。
虚假新闻产生伊始，便陆续有学者对其进行研究。
中国期刊全文数据库中主题词为“虚假新闻”的文献，从1984年至今，共有911篇，其中2004年后的相关文献有311篇。
这些文献大多从虚假新闻的界定、表现形式、产生原因、管理措施等一个或多个方面对虚假新闻进行了研究和论述。
与其他新闻类专题的文献相比，研究虚假新闻的文献数量相对较少。
此外，目前研究虚假新闻的学者，大多从事传播学或新闻学相关职业，因此，从传播学和新闻学角度看，他们对虚假新闻的研究已经有一定深度。
但我们研究虚假新闻现象的目的是要有效地管理虚假新闻，因此，就目前文献反应的情况看，学者们还没有对虚假新闻从管理学角度进行系统的研究。
一、相关概念的界定目前，学者对虚假新闻及虚假新闻管理的界定还不充分，涉及到虚假新闻管理外延的文献相对较少，研究的内容也不够深刻。
目前还没有学者明确提出对虚假新闻的管理从属于公共物品管理，但根据部分学者的观点，并结合一般大众的生活经验，我们还是可以做一个综合判断，即“虚假新闻”属于准公共物品；受众对“虚假新闻新闻”的消费模式基本符合消费者对公共物品的消费模式。
（一）虚假新闻的定义我国学者对“新闻”的研究已经有很长的历史了。
期间，很多学者从不同的角度都对新闻下过定义。
文献综述的写法及范文
文献综述是对某一领域内的研究文献进行系统性的分析和总结，目的是介绍该领域的背景、研究现状、研究成果、问题和发展趋势。
以下是一篇文献综述的范文和写法：---**国内外研究综述：人工智能在教育领域的应用**一、引言随着人工智能技术的快速发展，其在教育领域的应用也日益广泛。
本文旨在对国内外人工智能在教育领域的研究进行系统性的综述，探讨其研究现状、成果、问题和未来发展趋势。
二、国外研究现状近年来，国外对于人工智能在教育领域的应用研究已经取得了不少成果。
例如，美国、英国等发达国家在智能教学系统、个性化学习等方面进行了大量的研究和实践。
这些研究主要集中在人工智能技术如何提高教学质量、个性化学习等方面，同时也涉及人工智能对教育公平性、教师角色等问题的探讨。
三、国内研究现状与国外相比，我国在人工智能教育领域的研究起步较晚，但近年来也取得了一定的进展。
国内的研究主要集中在智能教学平台、智能评估系统等方面，同时也出现了不少针对具体学科的智能教学系统和平台。
此外，我国政府也出台了一系列政策，支持人工智能技术在教育领域的应用和发展。
四、研究成果与问题人工智能在教育领域的应用已经取得了一定的成果，如提高了教学质量、个性化学习等。
然而，也存在一些问题，如数据隐私、技术依赖等。
此外，人工智能技术的应用还需要更多的教育理论支持和实践经验积累。
五、未来发展趋势随着人工智能技术的不断发展和教育信息化的推进，未来人工智能在教育领域的应用将更加广泛。
未来的研究将更加关注如何将人工智能技术更好地融入到教育中，同时更加注重其与教育理论的结合和实践经验的积累。
六、结论总体来看，人工智能在教育领域的应用已经成为一个热门的研究领域，但还需要进一步的研究和实践探索。
未来的研究应更加注重教育理论的支持和实践经验的积累，同时关注数据隐私、技术依赖等问题，以实现人工智能技术在教育领域的可持续发展。
---以上是一篇文献综述的大致结构和内容。
在实际写作过程中，可以根据研究领域和具体主题进行适当的调整和修改。
文献综述标准范文模板
文献综述标准范文模板文献综述。
引言。
文献综述是对已有文献进行全面、系统的综合分析和评述，是科研工作中不可或缺的重要环节。
本文旨在通过对相关文献的综合分析，探讨某一研究领域的研究现状、趋势和存在的问题，为相关领域的研究工作提供参考和借鉴。
一、研究现状。
近年来，随着社会经济的不断发展和科技的不断进步，人们对于健康问题的关注越来越高。
健康是人类最宝贵的财富，因此，如何保持身体健康成为了人们关注的焦点。
在这样的背景下，健康领域的研究也日益受到重视。
通过对相关文献的综合分析可以发现，当前健康领域的研究主要集中在健康管理、健康教育、健康促进等方面。
其中，健康管理是一个研究热点，主要包括疾病管理、慢性病管理、健康档案管理等内容。
健康教育则是通过宣传、教育等方式，提高人们对健康的认识，引导人们养成良好的健康习惯。
健康促进则是通过各种方式，提高人们的健康水平，预防疾病的发生。
二、研究趋势。
在健康领域的研究中，随着社会的不断发展和科技的不断进步，研究趋势也在不断变化。
首先，随着信息技术的发展，健康管理中的健康档案管理越来越受到重视。
健康档案管理可以帮助医生更好地了解患者的健康状况，为患者提供更好的医疗服务。
其次，健康教育中的新媒体教育也逐渐兴起。
新媒体教育可以更好地吸引人们的注意力，提高健康教育的效果。
最后，健康促进中的运动健康也成为了研究的热点。
运动可以帮助人们保持身体健康，预防各种慢性病的发生。
三、存在问题。
尽管健康领域的研究取得了一定的进展，但也存在一些问题。
首先，健康管理中的信息安全问题亟待解决。
随着健康档案管理的发展，患者的隐私问题越来越受到关注。
其次，健康教育中的信息不对称问题也比较突出。
一些错误的健康知识可能会误导人们，对健康产生负面影响。
最后，健康促进中的运动方式也需要进一步研究。
不同的人群适合的运动方式不同，如何制定科学的运动计划成为了一个亟待解决的问题。
结论。
综上所述，健康领域的研究取得了一定的进展，但也面临着一些问题。
文献综述的撰写方法 (1)
文献综述的撰写方法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。
这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。
因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。
撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写工作。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。
可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。
文献综述的要求1.一篇本科毕业设计（论文）应完成一篇文献综述，字数不少于2000字；2.为了使开题报告有较充分的依据，一般要求大学生在论文开题之前完成文献综述。
3.文献综述应包括综述题目、综述正文、文献资料等几方面内容。
4.在文献综述时，学生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。
通常阅读文献不少于15篇，其中外文文献不少于2篇。
5.在文献综述中，学生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。
6.文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。
7.资料运用恰当、合理。
文献引用用方括号"[ ]"括起来置于引用词的右上角，按照引用次序标志。
8.述中要有自己的观点和见解。
鼓励学生多发现问题、多提出问题，并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。
毕业论文文献综述参考范文在高校体育教学中实施心理健康教育的研究学生：体育学院指导老师：体育学院（长江大学体育学院湖北荆州 434020）[前言]大学生心理问题发生的频率加快、范围加大和程度加深。
文献综述报告范例
课题调研综述文献综述是对某一个课题的大量的有关资料、情况、数据等进行搜集、归纳、整理、分析、加工综合而成的。
它能够帮助作者了解国内外某专业或者学科或者某课题的研究起源、研究水平、发展趋势、主要研究者、主要的派别和观点、研究的热点和难点、存在的问题及解决的办法等。
文献综述的整个过程有助于发现科研主攻方向、有助于把握论文选题的方向和重点。
文献综述不同于原始论文，因为它不是某一科研课题成果的报告，也不是一种论文摘要的汇编和索引，更不是简单地罗列一批文献，而是将许多有关联的文献分析对比，加以评论。
文献综述要反映所写专题的全貌，包括历史概况和最新进展以及存在的问题和发展方向。
课题综述包括综述论文和综述报告两种类型。
综述报告必须符合一般的学术论文的格式，对文献的介绍更强调综合与分类，对已有所有的分析或对某领域研究的未来预测是综述论文必备的内容。
综述报告则要求详细给出数据库选择、检索词的确定、检索式的编制过程，对比较重要的文献进行逐篇介绍；课题综述报告的综述部分的概括性更强，综述报告强调形式的格式化和完成综述报告的步骤。
课题综述的特点和内容1、课题综述的特点（1）内容方面：综述论文是对大量文献的综合描述和广泛综述时空范围内发展和情况。
●语言的概括。
对原始文献中的各类理论、观点、方法的叙述不是简单地照抄或摘录，而是在理解原文的基础上，用简洁、精炼的语言将其概括出来。
●信息的浓缩。
综述集中反映一定时期一批文献的内容，浓缩大量的信息。
一篇综述报告可以反映几十到上百篇的原始文献。
●评述的客观。
叙述和列举各种理论、观点、方法、技术及数据时客观、如实反映原文作者的内容；分析、比较、评论各种理论、观点、方法时基于客观进行分析、评价，而非出于个人的喜好、倾向、感情；预测时，以事实、数据为依据，以科学的推导方法为手段，力求客观，而非凭空想象，出于主观愿望盲目提出。
（2）形式方面。
标题醒目。
综述论文一般直接反映其综述类型，如包含综述、概况、评述、进展、动态、现状等字样。
文献综述范文1
关于中小型企业融资难问题浅探的文献综述一、背景全球金融危机已经渐渐离我们远去，但是它对世界经济产生的影响将在今后数年内仍能发挥重要的作用，对于我国亦是如此。
尽管我国率先从经济低迷的泥潭中爬出来，但是它对于我国的现有的经济结构产生了重大的冲击，一大批企业处于困境的边缘，其中绝大部分是我国的中小企业。
当中小型企业面临困境的时候，中小企业融资难问题却被无限的放大了，中小企业面临无款可贷，而银行又是有款不贷。
而政府又急于复苏国内经济，因此它们选择重点救助大型国有企业，虽然政府对于中小型企业的也出台了很多政策，但是政策虽好，执行力却一般，很多中小型企业还是无法实现的融资。
这个现实很残酷，但是必须面对。
在当前全球经济利好的情况下，我国的十二五规划当中对于转变经济发展方式提出了一系列重要的措施，同时也强调了落实解决好中小企业融资难题而解决好中小企业融资难的重要意义在于它是关系到我国十二五期间能否保持我国经济持续、稳定、快速发展的一个重要决定因素。
二、国外关于中小企业研究对于欧美发达国家来说，市场经济已经走过数百年的历史，市场能够比较好的做到资源的优化配置，而且各项政策也确保了了政府和企业、货币市场和企业、政府和货币市场保持相对稳定，三个主体之间的责任和义务已经相当明确。
所以，在中小企业的研究方面很过国外的研究（特别是发达国家）跟我国的研究方向还是有很大的不同。
外国的研究者通常会借助一系列可靠的数据来进行研究。
有些学者喜欢研究中小企业的整体状况，包括一个地区、一个国家甚至更大的范围，通过得到的资料来研究这一范围内中小企业的特征，结构，发展状况等等，如在Nicos Michaelas 《Financial Policy and Capital Structure in U.K SMEs: Empirical evidence from company panel date》一文中利用英国最新金融数据对英国的中小企业的规模，成长和未来发展机遇，经营风险，资产结构等进行了广泛的研究。
Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述1
Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。
文献综述参考范文1
文献综述随着人类的不断进步和发展，生产力的提高，人们的生活水平的提高，企业所处的时代和环境也在不断改变。
竞争优势将越来越不具有可保持性，企业战略需要针对瞬息万变的环境不断进行调整。
在这样的背景下，建立高度灵活、富有弹性、适应市场变革、对市场需求能够快速相应的动态柔性组织结构，成为了21世纪企业生存和发展的趋势。
一、前言20世纪90年代以来，信息技术以惊人的速度发展，知识经济如浪潮般涌现在面前，组织面临的环境更加复杂化，组织结构出现了扁平化、柔性化的趋势。
在这种环境下，组织面对着竞争环境变现出了一种“超竞争”的特征，企业战略行为的“保质期”在不断的被缩小，战略的更新更是以惊人的速度在发展，在这样的高度多变的环境中，组织的外部环境发生了混乱和高度的不确定性，这让组织的竞争优势荡然无存。
在这样混乱和高度不确定性的新竞争环境里，某个产业或企业不可能再一直稳定并且长期存在，我们可以从二十一世纪以后全球范围的产业重组和企业结构及运行方式持续变化中可以看出。
二、国外研究现状在动态环境中，组织的柔性化对企业的成败至关重要，人们对组织柔性的研究也表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣。
早期的研究主要集中在对柔性的界定这一方面，比较有代表的是马斯查克（Marschak）和尼尔森(Nelson)，他们从三个方面界定了柔性：1.选择余地的大小，即最初的富有柔性的行动，使得企业在随后的一段时期内拥有更多的行动选择；2.边际成本，即富有柔性的工厂在转向新的定位时，往往需要较小的额外成本；3.边际期望利润，即富有柔性的工程在转向新的定位时，往往可以获得更多的利润或遭受较小的损失。
随后，有关柔性的研究更是如火如荼。
例如Thompson对柔性专业化进行了剖析，认为柔性专业化意味着竞争性质的重大变化，意味着以横向合作竞争平衡取代新古典传统下不受约束的原子竞争；科利（Correa）论证了制造系统的柔性、产出变动与不确定性的关系，探讨了汽车制造中的技术柔性与人力资源柔性等相关问题；陈豪尔（Chenhall）对制造柔性与组织绩效的测量关系进行了实证分析；沃尔伯达(V olberda)对快速变化环境下的柔性组织的构建问题进行了讨论；佩吉尔（Pagell）利用多种方法对制造柔性与环境的不确定性进行了研究。
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文献综述1汇率对贸易影响问题的理论研究：经济学上，最开始提出各国出口的产品种类不同的理论是英国古典经济学家大卫·李嘉图的比较优势理论，在1817年出版的代表作《政治经济学与赋税原理》一书中李嘉图提出了比较优势理论。
他从生产成本的相对差异出发，认为若两国生产力不同，一国即使生产不出成本绝对低的商品，只要能生产成本相对低的商品，就可与别国进行贸易，并使双方获利。
按照比较优势理论的假定，贸易中只有两个国家、两种产品，劳动是唯一生产要素；商品和劳动无质量差异，两国的生产技术、完全竞争和规模报酬均不变；无运输成本和交易费用；不考虑消费需求偏好因素的影响。
这样两国的比较优势由劳动生产率差异决定，而这一比较优势又是决定两国贸易及其结构形式的基础。
当今世界，各国出口的产品种类数量各不不同，众多因素都会引起出口产品结构的变化，近年来经济学家研究越来越多的就是汇率对出口结构的影响。
在20世纪70年代以前，汇率变动对贸易发展的研究主要集中于汇率变动对贸易流量调整的影响。
马歇尔于19世纪末创立了弹性学说，主要用于一般商品价格变化对供求关系的影响分析。
勒纳发展了该学说，认为汇率调低具有促进出口、抑制进口的作用但并不意味着能改善贸易逆差；最终得出了“马歇尔一勒纳”条件。
弹性分析方法是以局部均衡分析为基础的，但仍然不够完善，随后分别出现的时滞理论、吸收分析方法和货币分析法对其进行了完善。
在研究汇率与进出口的弹性关系上，早期经济学家便发现了J曲线：汇率变动对贸易收支的影响存在短期效应和长期效应，货币升值后在短期内不但不会减少贸易收支，反而可能使贸易顺差进一步增加。
从长期来看，货币贬值可以促进出口，减少进口，使贸易收支得到改善；货币升值可以减少出口，促进进口。
但是，由于贸易收支的短期需求价格弹性较小、长期需求价格弹性较大，货币贬值有可能导致贸易收支先降后升，货币升值有可能导致贸易收支先升后降，随着时间的推移贸易收支先降后升或者先升后降的走势很象英文字母“J”，因此这种现象被称为汇率变动影响贸易收支的J曲线效应。
大量的文献均采用总体贸易数据，其隐含着一个较强的假定，即汇率变动对不同类别商品的影响一样。
由于汇率变动对不同产业或产品的贸易影响程度不一，影响的方向也不同，这样，在采用总体贸易数据进行实证研究时，可能产生不同的效应相互抵消现象，从而得出的总体效应不能如实反映汇率变动对贸易的真正影响。
虽然关于汇率对贸易研究的结论不尽一致，但它们都表明，汇率的变动可直接影响进出口产品价格，进而影响一国的进出口。
但是，我们认为，当把所有的产品加总进行研究时，无法准确辨别汇率变动对不同分类产品的影响。
也就是说，汇率的变动对不同类型商品的进出口产生的影响力应该是不同的。
2国内外关于汇率对分类产品出口影响问题的实证研究：2.1国际有关利用弹性理论分析出口商品结构的研究现状最早关注发展中国家贸易结构转换问题的经济学家当推李斯特，他早在1841年的《政治经济学的国民体系》一书中就较系统地提出了发展中国家的贸易结构转换理论。
很多研究在研究汇率变动和进出口关系时，运用的都是总体数据，没有区分行业或商品类别进行研究。
对此，外国学者做了大量的研究：Obsffeld(2002)也在一篇文章中论述道：“对于汇率变化在商品相对价格上的影响，在不同类工业商品之间存在相当大的差异。
有关不同类商品之间的差异需要更多的理论及实证研究[1]。
综观中外文献，分析出口和进口的需求价格弹性进而研究著名的马歇尔一勒纳条件是否能够成立是研究“货币贬值是否能够改善贸易收支”问题最普遍的思路。
国外学者研究集中在ML条件(马歇尔一勒纳条件)是否成立以及J曲线效应是否存在两个方面，分析汇率变动是否对贸易净额产生影响。
认为马歇尔一勒纳条件常常不成立，主要包括Dornbusch和Bahmani-Oskooee 等；认为马歇尔一勒纳条件可以成立，包括Krugman和Baldwin、Moffett以及Marquez等。
2.1.1、倾向于ML条件成立Bahmani-Oskooee(1998)通过观察希腊、印度、韩国和泰国等六个国家1973-1990年的数据，采用平稳性数据计算出了这六个国家的贸易弹性。
和传统方法相比，进口的数量取决于价格、本国价格和名义汇率。
除了新加坡(0．15)，这些国家的进口需求是富有弹性的。
实际收入弹性也是富有弹性，但韩国除外，它只有0．3l。
最后得出结论马歇尔一勒纳条件成立，汇率贬值可以改善一国的贸易平衡2。
Olugbenga(2003)研究东南亚四国在1980年到2001年期间的情况。
发现四国与美国和日本的贸易都符合ML条件[3]。
2.1.2 ML不成立或是无法确定它成立Rose(1991)通过分析布雷顿森林体系瓦解前五个OECD主要成员国的实际汇率和实际贸易平衡，指出了并没有足够的证据能够证明汇率能够显著影响贸易平衡。
他采用了非参数当地加权回归技术(LWR)建立模型，美、英、加、德、日等国1974-1986年的数据的检验表明，上述国家的进出口与实际汇率及国内外产出(工业增加值代替)之间均不存在协整关系，ML条件不成立[4]。
Wilson(2001)对新加坡、马来西亚、韩国等国进行研究。
仅发现韩国和美国之间的贸易满足ML条件[5]；Boyd(2001)利用协整理论，运用结构协整向量回归分布滞后(VARDL)模型和自回归分布滞后模型(ARDL)分析了八个OECD成员国的实际汇率与实际贸易平衡，指出产出和实际汇率与贸易平衡有很弱的关系。
计量结果显示，误差修正模型(VECM模型)中三个国家(加拿大、德国、美国)的实际汇率升值效应显著，六个国家(除了法国和德国)的J曲线效应显著。
长期中ML条件在八个国家中的五个国家(法国、德国、日本、荷兰、美国)是成立的[6]。
2.2国内有关利用弹性理论分析出口商品结构的研究情况关于人民币汇率变动与国际贸易关系的研究，国内文献多集中在汇率水平的变动对于进出口的影响，在研究汇率对分类产品出口影响的实证研究中常规的作法是从标准进出口需求方程出发，运用弹性分析法考察ML条件是否成立。
经济学者们基本是采用的从人民币汇率对相关省不同类型出口商品弹性出发把协整理论应用到了计量分析方法中，对于时间序列数据的不稳定性做相应处理这样研究方法。
许多学者结合人民币汇率变动情况和我国贸易结构的变化也做了很多研究。
弹性理论的实证研究结果大概分为三类：2.2.1认为我国进出口需求的价格弹性严重不足1 Maurice Obsffeld Exchange Rates and Adjustment:Perspeclives from the NewOpen-Economy Macroeconomics 20022 Bahmani-Oskooee Effects of ernment budget on its Currentaccount winter1989.293 .Olugbenga. Exchange Rate and Trade Balance in East Asia:is There a J-curve? 2003(18)4 Rose，A．K．”The Role of Exchange Rates in A Poplar Model of International Trade：Does the Marshall—Lerner Condition Hold?”Journal of International Economics，1991，30，00．301—316．5 Wilson John F.Wendy E Takacs .Differential Responses to Price and Exchange Rate Influences in theForeign Trade of Selected Industrial Countries 1979(2)6 Boyd D. Real Exchange Rate Effects Oil the Balance of trsrde 2001强永昌(1999)分析了汇率中性和非中性观点，得出结论：汇率变动对贸易发展长期利好效果并非汇率变动本身造成的，而是以汇率变动为契机，通过比较竞争优势的转换而成的民币升值的方式来纠正中美贸易失衡并不符合“对症”规则的要求，他以人民币汇率变动与贸易关系为研究对象，采用普遍最小二乘法，用三个回归方程即出口方程、出口价格方程、进口方程分别得出线性回归系数，它们分别是出口价格指数对出口量的弹性、汇率对中国出口价格指数的弹性以及汇率对进口额的弹性。
计算出的结果认为中国出口额对人民币汇率的弹性是很弱的，为0.068，人民币汇率的变动对中国贸易收支影响很小。
Cem和Dayal．Gulati(1999)对中国改革开放以来的贸易变化尤其是进出口的价格弹性进行了全面细致的研究。
他们把影响中国出口需求的因素归结为相对出口价格和世界对中国出口商品需求的规模，并且使用世界实际收人替代实际规模变量。
他们的分析结果表明，进出口长期和短期的价格弹性都是不显著的。
但他们的结论也表明中国的进出口对实际有效汇率的反应正在变得更加富有弹性[7]。
Cerra and Saxen(2002)、谢建国(2002)指出中国出口与汇率关系较弱，不存在协整关系[8]；厉以宁等对我国1970．1983年的数据分析后认为，我国的进口、出口需求价格弹性只有0．6871和0．0506，二者之和明显小于1，不满足ML条件中要求的进口和出口需求价格弹性相加大于1的条件[9]。
沈国兵(2004)使用中日双边贸易数据进行协整分析发现，中日贸易与人民币汇率之间没有长期稳定的协整关系[10]。
2.2.2、认为进出口需求的价格弹性较强戴祖祥(1997)首先分析了自由浮动汇率制度下外汇市场的稳定性条件与固定汇率制度下汇率贬值政策有效性的条件是一致的，既都满足“马歇尔．穆纳”条件[11]。
而李建伟(2003)指出我国出口弹性为0．66，进口弹性为0．56：而卢向前(2005)指出我国出13弹性为一1．88．进口弹性为1．96；汇率对贸易影响显著[12]。
卢向前和戴国强(2005)回考虑了国内研究普遍缺乏对数据平稳性的检验，利用了计量经济学的协整理论来分析样本数据，最大可能的消除数据的不平稳性，避免了伪回归现象的出现。
考虑到国内研究此类问题存在两种方法，一种是对进口及出口方程进行估计，再根据各自的价格弹性的绝对值的和是否大于l来决定ML条件能否成立，另一种是直接研究实际汇率对进出口差额的影响，他们综合运用这两种方法，计算结果表明中国出口额对人民币汇率的弹性较强为1．880952，进口额对人民币汇率的弹性为1．959384。