Diabetes英文版糖尿病病因症状及对症
糖尿病(全英文版)DiabetesMellitus
Lab test
blood glucose is higher than 33.3 mmol/l, usually 33.3-66.6 mmol/l and serum osmolality > 350 mmol/l
Introduction
There are more and more people suffer from diabetes with the development of society, population aging and changes of life style.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic
Stage 5: clinical diabetes
Stage 6: beta cells of the clients who
have longtime diabetes are damaged
thoroughly, blood insulin level is very low
Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Stage 1: genetics emotivity Stage 2: start autoimmune Stage 3: immunology abnormality
Stage 4: progressive dysfunction of beta cells
gestational diabetes mellitus
关于糖尿病的英文文章
关于糖尿病的英文文章糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。
糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。
下面是店铺带来的关于糖尿病的英文文章，欢迎阅读!关于糖尿病的英文文章1糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetesDiabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.So what is diabetes?Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of complications.If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.There are three types of Diabetes:Type 1 Diabetes, (sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes) is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, ahormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!Type 2 diabetes (sometimes called mature onset diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes.As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabeteswithout knowing it.If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical complications.Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is hig her than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.Gestational diabetes usually becomes apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.Whilst there can be complications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.关于糖尿病的英文文章2医学英语糖尿病专业词汇A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer] Accountability measures 质量改善度评量ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词] ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂长效型Adhesion molecule 黏着分子与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL 抑制Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐乙酰醋酸Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]Acetone 丙酮Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林Acidosis 酸血症Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂Acromegaly肢端肥大症Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂新降血糖药物Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型人体胰岛素Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP IIIAER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率。
糖尿病diabetesmellitu
02
糖尿病的病因
遗传因素
家族史
糖尿病具有明显的家族聚集性，直系 亲属患病者患病风险增加。
基因突变
部分患者存在基因突变，导致胰岛素 分泌或作用障碍。
环境因素
生活方式
长期高热量、高脂肪饮食，缺乏运动等不良生活方式可增加患病风险。
化学物质
某些化学物质、药物或重金属可能诱发糖尿病。
生活方式因素
01
02
糖尿病及其并发症可能导致患 者产生焦虑、抑郁等心理问题
，影响生活质量。
经济负担
长期治疗糖尿病及其并发症需 要大量医疗费用，给家庭和社
会带来经济压力。
提高公众对糖尿病的认识
糖尿病教育
通过开展糖尿病教育活动，提 高公众对糖尿病的认知，了解
预防和管理糖尿病的方法。
媒体宣传
利用媒体平台宣传糖尿病知识 ，提高公众意识。
定期监测血糖水平，了解 血糖变化情况，以便及时 调整治疗方案。
合理用药
遵循医生的指导，按时服 药，不擅自停药或更改剂 量。
避免应激
尽量避免长时间处于高压 力状态，学会调节情绪， 减少应激对血糖的影响。
定期检查与监测
定期进行糖尿病相关检查
定期随访
如肾功能、血脂、血压等，以便及时 发现并处理并发症。
遵循医生的建议，定期到医院进行随 访，评估病情控制情况，调整治疗方 案。
糖尿病（Diabetes Mellitus
目录
• 糖尿病概述 • 糖尿病的病因 • 糖尿病的诊断与治疗 • 糖尿病的预防与管理 • 糖尿病的社会影响与应对策略
01
糖尿病概述
定义与分类
定义
糖尿病是一种慢性代谢性疾病， 由于胰岛素分泌不足或作用受损 导致血糖升高。
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)(1)
概述糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM）是由于胰岛素分泌或作用缺陷引起的以高血糖为主要特征的代谢疾病群，伴有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪代谢异常，严重时常导致酸碱平衡失常。
临床上早期无症状，至症状期才有多食、多饮、多尿、烦渴、善饥、消瘦或肥胖、疲乏无力等症群，久病者常伴发心脑血管、肾、眼及神经等病变。
严重病例或应激时可发生酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷、乳酸性酸中毒而威胁生命，常易并发化脓性感染、尿路感染、肺结核等。
本病使患者生活质量下降，寿限缩短，病死率增高，因此应积极防治。
流行病学据世界卫生组织估计，全球目前大约有1.5亿糖尿病患者，到2025年将增加一倍。
我国首次糖尿病调查于1978～1979年在上海10万人口中发现患病率为10.12‰，1980～1981年在全国14省市30万人口中患病率为6.09‰（标化患病率6.74‰），当时我国约有700万糖尿病患者。
本病多见于中老年，患病率随年龄而增长，自45岁后明显上升，至60岁达高峰。
国内各地区患病率相差悬殊，以宁夏最高（10.94‰）、北京次之，贵州最低（1.51‰）。
职业方面，干部、知识分子、退休工人、家庭妇女较高，农民最低，脑力劳动者高于体力劳动者，城市居民高于农村中人。
体重超重者（体重质量指BMI≥24）者患病率3倍于体重正常者。
民族方面以回族最高，汉族次之，少数民族与汉族相仿。
我国糖尿病绝大多数属Ⅱ型（NIDDM），上海10万人中20岁以下者仅1人（0.09‰），IDDM的确切患病率据上医大儿童医院调查研究80～91年及89～93年期间分别为万分之0.61和0.83.1994～1995年在全国约25万人口中（＞25岁），又进行了一次调查，发现糖尿病和IGT各占2.5%，患病数较15年前增长了三倍多，其主要原因是生活水平提高，生活方式现代化，体力活动减少，营养过剩。
分型（一）糖尿病各型特点如下： 1.胰岛素依赖型（IDDM，Ⅰ型）其特征为：①起病较急；②典型病例见于小儿及青少年，但任何年龄均可发病；③血浆胰岛素及C肽水平低，服糖刺激后分泌仍呈低平曲线；④必须依赖胰岛素治疗为主，一旦骤停即发生酮症酸中毒，威胁生命；⑤遗传为重要诱因，表现于第6对染色体上HLA某些抗原的阳性率增减；⑥胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）常阳性，尤其在初发病2～3年内。
糖尿病
糖尿病疾病常识英文名称：diabetes mellitus, DM别称：消渴症临床症状：多饮、多食、多尿、乏力并发疾病：肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、糖尿病酮症酸中毒好发人群：肥胖者、长期高糖、高脂饮食者、直系亲属有糖尿病病史者就诊指南就诊科室：内分泌科治疗周期：需要终身间歇性治疗常用药品：磺酰脲类、二甲双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、胰岛素增敏常用检查：尿糖测定、口服葡萄糖耐量试验、糖化血红蛋白测定是否医保：是概览定义糖尿病是一组由多病因引起以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病，是由于膜岛素分泌和（或）利用缺陷所引起。
长期碳水化合物以及脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱可引起多系统损害，导致眼、肾、神经、心脏、血管等组织器官慢性进行性病变、功能减退及衰竭；病情严重或应激时可发生急性严重代谢紊乱，如糖尿病酣症酸中毒（DKA）、高渗高血糖综合征。
流行病学糖尿病是常见病、多发病，目前在全球范围内，糖尿病的患病率与发病率极攀升。
1.以2型糖尿病为例，2013年全国调查中2型糖尿病患病率为10.4%，男性高于女性（11.1%比9.6%）。
2.各民族间的糖尿病患病率存在较大差异：满族15.0%、汉族14.7%、维吾尔族12.2%、壮族12.0%、回族10.6%、藏族4.3%。
3.未诊断糖尿病比例较高。
2013年全国调查中，未诊断的糖尿病患者占总数的63%。
4.肥胖和超重人群糖尿病患病率显著增加，肥胖人群糖尿病患病率升高了2倍。
2013年按体质指数（BMI）分层显示，BMI<25 kg/m^2者糖尿病患病率为7.8%、25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m^2者患病率为15.4%，BMI≥30 kg/m^2者患病率为21.2%。
疾病分类我国目前采用WHO1999年的病因学分型体系，将糖尿病分为以下四大类：1.1型糖尿病：胰岛B细胞破坏，导致胰岛素绝对缺乏。
又分为免疫介导性和特发性（无自身免疫证据）。
2.2型糖尿病：以胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素进行性分泌不足和以胰岛素进行性分泌不足为主伴胰岛素抵抗。
糖尿病(Diabetesmellitus)-教学课件
自我监测
血糖监测
了解血糖水平，及时发现高血糖或低血糖情况， 调整饮食和运动。
记录血糖数据
将血糖监测结果记录下来，以便分析病情变化和 调整治疗方案。
定期检查
定期到医院进行相关检查，如糖化血红蛋白、肾 功能等，评估病情状况。
健康生活方式的养成
合理饮食
控制总热量摄入，保持营养均衡，避免高糖、高脂肪食物。
遵循医生的治疗建议，按时服药，不随意更改治疗方案。
THANKS
谢谢
视力模糊：由于高血糖导致晶 状体渗透压改变，引起视力模
糊。
皮肤瘙痒：高血糖可引起皮肤 干燥和瘙痒。
疲劳、乏力：由于胰岛素分泌 不足或作用受损，导致葡萄糖 利用障碍，引起疲劳和乏力。
02
CHAPTER
糖尿病的病因与病理生理
病因
01
02
03
04
遗传因素
糖尿病具有家族聚集性，部分 患者因遗传基因缺陷导致患病
类型
糖尿病主要分为1型糖尿病、2型 糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病和其他特 殊类型糖尿病。
糖尿病的流行病学
全球患病率
全球范围内，糖尿病的患病率呈上升趋势，特别是在发展中 国家。
危险因素
糖尿病的危险因素包括遗传、年龄、性别、生活方式和环境 因素等。
糖尿病的症状与体征
01
02
03
04
多饮、多尿、多食、体重下降 ：典型的三多一少症状。
胰岛素抵抗
部分患者身体对胰岛素产生抵抗，影响胰岛 素的作用。
脂肪、蛋白质代谢异常
长期高血糖导致脂肪、蛋白质代谢异常，引 发一系列并发症。
03
CHAPTER
糖尿病的诊断与评估
诊断标准
糖尿病简介英文版
糖尿病简介英文版Diabetes Mellitus: An OverviewIntroduction:Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It affects millions of individuals worldwide and poses a significant healthcare challenge. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of diabetes, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.Types of Diabetes:There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.1. Type 1 Diabetes:Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, typically occurs in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. It is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Initially, it can be managed with lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and possibly oral medications. In severe cases, insulin therapy may be required.3. Gestational Diabetes:Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. It occurs when hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can pose risks for both the mother and the baby. Proper monitoring and management are crucial to prevent complications.Causes of Diabetes:The causes of diabetes vary depending on the type:1. Type 1 Diabetes:The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes make individuals more susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes, and environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may initiate the autoimmune response.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes is primarily attributed to lifestyle factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, and genetic predisposition. Excessive body weight and abdominal fat accumulation increase insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.3. Gestational Diabetes:The hormonal changes during pregnancy are the main cause of gestational diabetes. These hormones can obstruct the action of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels.Symptoms of Diabetes:The symptoms of diabetes can vary, but some common signs include:1. Frequent urination2. Excessive thirst3. Unexplained weight loss4. Fatigue5. Blurred vision6. Slow healing of wounds7. Tingling sensation or numbness in the hands and feetDiagnosis of Diabetes:Diabetes can be diagnosed through various tests, including:1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Measures blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink.3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test: Measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months.Management of Diabetes:Diabetes management aims to keep blood sugar levels within the target range to prevent complications. It primarily involves:1. Healthy Eating: A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential. Avoiding sugary foods and drinks helps control blood sugar levels.2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.3. Medications: Depending on the type and severity of diabetes, oral medications, injectable drugs, or insulin may be prescribed to manage blood sugar levels effectively.4. Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and periodic check-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for adjusting treatment plans and preventing complications.Conclusion:Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies is crucial in effectively controlling blood sugar levels and preventing complications. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and working closely with healthcare professionals, individuals with diabetes can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risks associated with the disease.。
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus)
（四）胰岛素治疗 1．适应症：1型DM；糖尿病酮症酸中毒，高 渗性昏迷和乳酸性酸中毒；各种严重的糖尿 病急性或慢性并发症；消耗性疾病；围手术 期；妊娠和分娩；2型DM口服降糖药效果不 满意者；全胰腺切除者。
2．制剂类型
动物胰岛素 人胰岛素 胰岛素类似物 短效、中效、长效、预混。
各种胰岛素的特点
服药次数 作用时间 肾排泄 次/日 h %
1～2 1～2 1～2 1 ～3 1 10 ～ 20 16 ～ 24 12 ～ 24 12～ 24 50 89 80 5 60
格列本脲 格列吡嗪 格列齐特 格列喹酮 格列美脲
2．双胍类：改善外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性，增加外 周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用；抑制肝葡萄糖输出； 减肥。 常用药物：二甲双胍 0.5～1.5g/d，分2～ 3次服用 禁忌证: 禁忌证 肾、肝、心、肺功能减退以及高热患者、 慢性胃肠病、慢性营养不良、消瘦者； T1DM不宜单 独使用； T2DM合并急性代谢紊乱、感染、外伤、手 术、孕妇、哺乳期妇女；对药物过敏或有严重不良反 应者；酗酒者；使用碘造影剂前后 副作用：胃肠道反应，皮疹，乳酸性酸中毒 副作用
三、病因与发病机制 1型糖尿病 环境因素 ↓诱发因素 遗传易感性→自身免疫反应→自身抗体 →β细胞功能损伤至衰竭→DM
2型糖尿病 环 境 因 素 ↓ 遗传易感性→IR及分泌缺陷→IGT/IFG→DM
胰岛素抵抗(IR)
胰岛素作用的靶器官（主要是肝脏、肌肉和 脂肪组织）对胰岛素作用的敏感性降低。 胰岛素降低血糖的主要机制包括抑制肝脏葡 萄糖产生（HGP）、刺激内脏组织（肝和胃 肠道）对葡萄 糖的摄取以及外周组织（骨骼 肌、脂肪）对葡萄糖的利用。
糖尿病 （diabetes mellitus）
一、概述