中文参考文献的格式
参考文献格式范本
参考文献格式范本M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
参考文献的格式要求很多，一般来说参考文献的格式都要符合国标GB7714－87《文后参考文献著录规则》，但实际中很多出版社和期刊对论文的要求也不尽相同。
发现周围的很多人对论文参考文献的规范格式不是很清楚，所以把规范格式贴出来。
参考文献著录格式及示例1 专著著录格式［序号］著者.书名［Ｍ］.版本(第一版不写).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码例:［１］孙家广，杨长青.计算机图形学［Ｍ］.北京：清华大学出版社，1995.26~28Sun Jiaguang, Yang Changqing. Computer graphics［Ｍ］.Beijing: Tsinghua Univ ersity Press,1995.26~28(in Chinese)例:［2］Skolink M I. Radar handbook［Ｍ］. New York: McGraw-Hill, 19902 期刊著录格式［序号］作者.题名［J］.刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码例:［3］李旭东，宗光华，毕树生，等.生物工程微操作机器人视觉系统的研究［Ｊ］.北京航空航天大学学报，2002，28(3)：249～252Li Xudong, Zong Guanghua, Bi Shusheng, et al. Research on global vision syste m for bioengineering-oriented micromanipulation robot system［Ｊ］. Journal of Beiji ng University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002,28(3):249～252(in Chinese) 3论文集著录格式［序号］作者.题名［A］.见(英文用In)：主编.论文集名［C］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码例:［４］张佐光，张晓宏，仲伟虹，等.多相混杂纤维复合材料拉伸行为分析［Ａ］．见：张为民编.第九届全国复合材料学术会议论文集(下册)［Ｃ］．北京：世界图书出版公司，1 996.410～416例:［５］Odoni A R. The flow management problem in air traffic control［Ａ］. In: Odoni A R, Szego G,eds. Flow Control of Congested Networks［Ｃ］. Berlin: Spring er-Verlag,1987.269～2984 学位论文著录格式［序号］作者.题名［D］.保存地点：保存单位，年例:［6］金宏.导航系统的精度及容错性能的研究［Ｄ］.北京：北京航空航天大学自动控制系，19985 科技报告著录格式［序号］作者.题名［Ｒ］.报告题名及编号，出版年例:［７］Kyungmoon Nho. Automatic landing system design using fuzzy logic[R].AI AA-98-4484,19986 国际或国家标准著录格式[序号]标准编号，标准名称［S］例:［8］GB/T 16159－1996，汉语拼音正词法基本规则［S］7 专利著录格式［序号］专利所有者.专利题名［Ｐ］.专利国别：专利号，出版日期例:［9］姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案［Ｐ］．中国专利：881056073，1989-07-068 电子文献著录格式［序号］作者.题名［电子文献/载体类型标识］.电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期例:［10］王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据系统工程的进展［EB/OL］．http://ww /pub/wm1.txt...8-16/1998-10-04说明：①参考文献应是公开出版物，按在论著中出现的先后用阿拉伯数字连续排序.②参考文献中外国人名书写时一律姓前，名后，姓用全称，名可缩写为首字母(大写)，不加缩写点(见例2).③参考文献中作者为3人或少于3人应全部列出，3人以上只列出前3人，后加"等"或"et al"(见例3).④在著录中文参考文献时应提供英文著录，见例１、例3.⑤参考文献类型及其标识见表1，电子参考文献类型及其标识见表2.⑥电子文献的载体类型及其标识为：磁带——MT，磁盘——DK，光盘——CD，联机网络——OL.表1 参考文献类型及文献类型标识参考文献类型专著论文集报纸文章期刊文章学位论文报告标准专利文献类型标识M C N J D R S P表2 电子参考文献类型及其标识电子参考文献类型数据库计算机程序电子公告电子文献类型标识DB CP EB科技期刊论文的参考文献1参考文献的功能与作用（1）参考文献是科技论文的重要组成部分，它不仅能为作者的论点提供有力的论据，而且可以精练文字节约篇幅，增加论文的信息量，具有很高的信息价值。
中文文献字体格式
中文文献字体格式
中文文献的字体格式要求主要包括以下方面：
1. 标题：标题的字体格式通常要求居中，并使用黑体或宋体加粗。
根据不同的标题级别，可以选择不同的字号，如一级标题通常比正文大一些，二级和三级标题则依次减小。
2. 正文：正文的字体格式通常要求使用宋体或仿宋，字号则根据具体情况而定，一般在小四到三号之间。
正文中的英文字符和数字也可以使用Times New Roman字体。
3. 段落格式：段落格式包括行间距、首行缩进、两端对齐等。
根据不同的排版要求，可以选择单倍行距、倍行距或2倍行距。
首行缩进通常为2个字符。
正文中的标题和表格可以不用缩进。
4. 序号：文献中的序号可以采用不同的编号方式，如数字、字母、中文数字等。
编号方式的选择应该统一，并保持连续性。
5. 参考文献：参考文献的字体格式要求与正文相同，但需要另起一页，并按照文中引用的顺序排列。
参考文献的标题可以使用黑体或宋体加粗，内容则用相应的字号和字体格式。
6. 其他：页眉、页脚、页码等格式也需要根据具体要求进行设置。
页眉可以使用学校的徽标或相应的标题，页脚则可以添加页码。
需要注意的是，不同出版社、期刊或学校对文献的格式要求可能略有不同，因此具体的格式要求应以实际情况为准。
国内外主要参考文献格式
国内外主要参考文献格式英文参考文献在前，中文参考文献在后,均按字母顺序排列。
常用参考文献的类型和标识代码：专著[M]、论文集[C]、期刊文章[J]、报纸文章[N]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]、汇编[G]、标准[S]、专利[P]、数据库[DB]、计算机程序[CP]、电子公告[EB/OL]、磁带[MT]、磁盘[DK]、光盘[CD]、联机网络[OL]。
主要相关格式为：1）专著格式[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地：出版者，出版年.示例：Krashen, S.T.Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications[M].London: Longman,1985.文秋芳.英语学习策略论[M].上海：上海外语教学出版社，1995.2)论文集格式[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].原文献主要责任者.文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年.示例：Calder，Alex. My Katherine Mansfield[A]. Robinson，Roger (Ed).Katherine Mansfield—in from the Margin[C]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1994.冯雪峰.谈士节兼论周作人[A].孙郁，黄乔生.国难声中回望周作人[C].洛阳：河南大学出版社，2004.3）期刊文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码.示例：Dickinson, L. Autonomy and Motivation: a Literature Review[J].System,1995,23(2):165-174.朱永生.搭配的语义基础和搭配研究的实际意义[J].外国语,1996(1):14-18.4)电子文献[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[文献类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期（任选）.示例：王明亮.关于中国学术期刊网标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]./pub/wml.txt/980810-2.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.注意：英文参考文献中专著名、文集名和刊名需斜体。
参考文献最简单的格式
参考文献最简单的格式
参考文献的格式可以根据文献类型而有所不同。
一般来说，常见的参考文献格式包括专著、论文集、报纸文章、期刊文章、学位论文、报告、标准、专利等。
具体的格式应该根据所引用的文献类型和出版方式来确定。
对于期刊文章，格式如下：
[序号] 作者. 文章题目[J]. 期刊名, 出版年份，卷号(期数):起止页码.
对于会议论文集，格式如下：
[序号] 作者. 文章题目[A]. 主编. 论文集名[C], 出版地：出版单位，出版年份:起止页码.
对于学位论文，格式如下：
[序号] 作者. 论文题目[D]. 保存地：保存单位，年份.
以上格式仅供参考，具体的格式要求可以参考学校或期刊的规范，也可以咨询导师或编辑。
中文参考文献的标准格式
中文参考文献的标准格式
中文参考文献的标准格式主要包括以下几种：
1. 期刊文章：[序号] 作者. 文章题目[J]. 期刊名，年份，卷号（期号）：页码。
2. 图书：[序号] 作者. 书名[M]. 出版地：出版社，年份：页码。
3. 报纸文章：[序号] 作者. 文章题目[N]. 报纸名，出版日期（版次）。
4. 学位论文：[序号] 作者. 论文题目[D]. 保存地（授予学位单位）：保存者（授予学位单位），年份。
5. 报告：[序号] 作者. 报告题目[R]. 出版地（报告地）：出版者（报告举办
单位），年份。
6. 专利文献：[序号] 专利所有者. 专利题名：专利国别，专利号[P]. 公告或
公开日期。
7. 标准：[序号] 起草责任者. 标准代号（空格）标准顺序号—发布年（空格）标准名称[S]. 出版地：出版者，出版年。
8. 电子文献：[序号] 作者. 题名[EB/OL]. （发表或更新日期） [引用日期].
获取和访问路径。
9. 论文集中析出的文献：[序号] 作者. 题名[A]//编者. 文集名. 出版地：出版者，出版年：在原文献中的位置。
10. 其他未说明的文献类型由作者自定义。
请注意，不同的文献类型和出版物类型有不同的格式要求，请根据具体要求进行撰写。
中文引用格式
［序号］析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名［A］.原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名［C］.出版地：出版者，出版年.析出文献起止页码.例如：/resdoc/p04_c08_s2.htmlMLA LIST OF WORKS CITEDAn alphabetized list of works cited, which appears at the end of your research paper, gives publication information for each of the sources you have cited in the paper. (For information about preparing the list, click here; for a sample list of works cited, click here.)Unless your instructor asks for them, omit sources not actually cited in the paper, even if you read them.MLA requires the medium of publication in all works cited entries, usually at the end of the entry: for example, "Print," "Web," "Television," "Film," "Lecture." (See specific items throughout this section.)General guidelines for listing authorsAlphabetize entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names (or by title if a work has no author). The author's name is important because citations in the text of the paper refer to it and readers will be looking for it at the beginning of an entry in the alphabetized list.NAME CITED IN TEXTAccording to Matt Sundeen, . . .BEGINNING OF WORKS CITED ENTRYSundeen, Matt.Items 1–5 show how to begin an entry for a work with a single author, multiple authors, a corporate author, an unknown author, and multiple works by the same author. What comes after this first element of your citation will depend on the kind of source you are citing. (See items 6–60.)NOTE: For a book, an entry in the works cited list will sometimes begin with an editor (see item 9).1. SINGLE AUTHOR For a work with one author, begin with the author's last name, followed by a comma; then give the author's first name, followed by a period.Tannen, Deborah.up to directory menu2. MULTIPLE AUTHORS For works with two or three authors, name the authors in the order in which they are listed in the source. Reverse the name of only the first author.Walker, Janice R., and Todd Taylor.Wilmut, Ian, Keith Campbell, and Colin Tudge.For a work with four or more authors, either name all of the authors or name the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others").Sloan, Frank A., Emily M. Stout, Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein, and LanLiang.Sloan, Frank A., et al.up to directory menu3. CORPORATE AUTHOR When the author of a print document or Web site is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin your entry with the name of the group.First Union.United States. Bureau of the Census.American Automobile Association.NOTE: Your in-text citation should also treat the organization as the author (see item 9).up to directory menu4. UNKNOWN AUTHOR When the author of a work is unknown, begin with the work's title. Titles of articles and other short works, such as brief documents from Web sites, are put in quotation marks. Titles of books and other long works, such as entire Web sites, are italicized.Article or other short work"Media Giants."Book, entire Web site, or other long workAtlas of the World.Before concluding that the author of a Web source is unknown, check carefully (see the tip in in-text citations). Also remember that an organization may be the author (see item 3).up to directory menu5. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR If your list of works cited includes two or more works by the same author, first alphabetize the works by title (ignoring the article A, An, or The at the beginning of a title). Use the author's name for the first entry only; for subsequent entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must stand for exactly the same name or names as in the first entry.García, Cristina. The Agüero Sisters. New York: Ballantine, 1998. Print.---. Monkey Hunting. New York: Ballantine, 2003. Print.up to directory menuBooksItems 6–19 apply to print books. For online books, see item 29.Citation at a glance: Book6. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK For most books, arrange the information into four units, each followed by a period and one space: the author's name; the title and subtitle, italicized; the place of publication, the publisher, and the date; and the medium.Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter's Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001. Print.Take the information about the book from its title page and copyright page. Use a short form of the publisher's name; omit terms such as Press, Inc., and Co. except when naming university presses (Harvard UP, for example). If the copyright page lists more than one date, use the most recent one.up to directory menu7. AUTHOR WITH AN EDITOR Begin with the author and title, followed by the name of the editor. In this case the abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.Plath, Sylvia. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Karen V.Kukil. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 2000. Print.up to directory menu8. AUTHOR WITH A TRANSLATOR Begin with the name of the author. After the title, write "Trans." (for "Translated by") and the name of the translator.Allende, Isabel. Daughter of Fortune. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. New York: Harper, 2000. Print.up to directory menu9. EDITOR An entry for a work with an editor is similar to that for a work with an author except that the name is followed by a comma and the abbreviation "ed." for "editor" (or "eds." for "editors").Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.up to directory menu10. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Begin with (1) the name of the author of the selection, not with the name of the editor. Then give (2) the title of the selection; (3) the title of the anthology; (4) the name of the editor (preceded by "Ed." for "Edited by"); (5) publication information; (6) the pages on which the selection appears; and (7) the medium.If you use two or more selections from the same anthology, provide an entry for the entire anthology (see item 9) and give a shortened entry for each selection. Begin with the author and title of the selection; follow with the editor(s) of the anthology and the page number(s) on which the selection appears: Use the medium of publication only in the entry for the complete anthology. Alphabetize the entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names.Desai, Anita. "Scholar and Gypsy." Craig 251-73.Malouf, David. "The Kyogle Line." Craig 390-96.up to directory menu11. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Include the number of the edition after the title (or after any translators or editors after the title): 2nd ed., 3rd ed., and so on.Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000. Print.up to directory menu12. MULTIVOLUME WORK Include the total number of volumes before the city and publisher, using the abbreviation "vols." If the volumes were published over several years, give the inclusive dates of publication. The abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.Stark, Freya. Letters. Ed. Lucy Moorehead. 8 vols. Salisbury: Compton,1974-82. Print.If you cite only one volume in your paper, include the volume number before the city and give the date for that volume. After the date, give the medium and the total number of volumes.Stark, Freya. Letters. Ed. Lucy Moorehead. Vol. 5. Salisbury: Compton,1978. Print. 8 vols.up to directory menu13. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY When an encyclopedia or a dictionary is well known, simply list the author of the entry (if there is one), the title of the entry, the title of the reference work, the edition number (if any), the date of the edition, and the medium.Posner, Rebecca. "Romance Languages." The New EncyclopaediaBritannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. Print."Sonata." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.4th ed. 2000. Print.Volume and page numbers are not necessary because the entries in the source are arranged alphabetically and therefore are easy to locate.If a reference work is not well known, provide full publication information as well.up to directory menu14. SACRED TEXT Give the title of the edition of the sacred text (taken from the title page), italicized; the editor's or translator's name (if any); publication information; and the medium. Add the name of the version, if there is one.The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Ed. Herbert G. May andBruce M. Metzger. New York: Oxford UP, 1965. Print. Rev. StandardVers.The Qur'an: Translation. Trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Elmhurst: Tahrike,2000. Printup to directory menu15. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Begin with the author of the foreword or other book part, followed by the name of that part. Then give the title of the book; the author of the book, preceded by the word "By"; and the editor of the book (if any). After the publication information, give the page numbers for the part of the book being cited and the medium.Morris, Jan. Introduction. Letters from the Field, 1925-1975.By Margaret Mead. New York: Perennial-Harper, 2001.xix-xxiii. Print.If the book part being cited has a title, include it in quotation marks immediately after the author's name.Ozick, Cynthia. "Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body." Introduction.The Best American Essays 1998. Ed. Ozick. Boston: Houghton,1998. xv-xxi. Print.up to directory menu16. BOOK WITH A TITLE IN ITS TITLE If the book contains a title normally italicized, neither italicize the internal title nor place it in quotation marks.King, John N. Milton and Religious Controversy: Satire and Polemic inParadise Lost. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print.If the title within the title is normally put in quotation marks, retain the quotation marks and italicize the entire title.Hawkins, Hunt, and Brian W. Shaffer, eds. Approaches to TeachingConrad's Heart of Darkness and "The Secret Sharer." New York:MLA, 2002. Print.up to directory menu17. BOOK IN A SERIES At the end of the entry, give the series name as it appears on the title page, followed by the series number, if any.Malena, Anne. The Dynamics of Identity in Francophone CaribbeanNarrative. New York: Lang, 1998. Francophone Cultures and Lits.Ser. 24. Print.up to directory menu18. REPUBLISHED BOOK After the title of the book, cite the original publication date, followed by the current publication information. If the republished book contains new material, such as an introduction or afterword, include information about the new material after the original date.Hughes, Langston. Black Misery. 1969. Afterword Robert O'Meally. NewYork: Oxford UP, 2000. Print.up to directory menu19. PUBLISHER'S IMPRINT If a book was published by an imprint (a division) of a publishing company, link the name of the imprint and the name of the publisher with ahyphen, putting the imprint first.Truan, Barry. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex-Greenwood,2000. Print.up to directory menuArticles in periodicalsThis section shows how to prepare works cited entries for articles in magazines, scholarly journals, and newspapers. In addition to consulting the models in this section, you will at times need to turn to other models as well:More than one author: see item 2Corporate author: see item 3Unknown author: see item 4Online article: see items 32 and 33Article from a database: see item 31Put titles of articles in quotation marks; italicize the titles of magazines, journals, and newspapers. For dates requiring a month, abbreviate all months except May, June, and July. Add the medium at the end of the entry.For articles appearing on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages (see items 21 and 22). When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give the number of the first page followed by a plus sign: 32+.Citation at a glance: Article in a periodical20. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE If the magazine is issued monthly, give just the month and year.Fay, J. Michael. "Land of the Surfing Hippos." National Geographic Aug.2004: 100+. Print.If the magazine is issued weekly, give the exact date.Lord, Lewis. "There's Something about Mary Todd." US News and WorldReport 19 Feb. 2001: 53. Print.up to directory menu21. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME Give both volume and issue numbers for all journals, even those with pagination that continues through all issues of the volume. Separate the volume and issue numbers with a period.Ryan, Katy. "Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison's Fiction." AfricanAmerican Review 34.3 (2000): 389-412. Print.up to directory menu22. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE Give both volume and issue numbers, separated with a period.Wood, Michael. "Broken Dates: Fiction and the Century." Kenyon Review22.3 (2000): 50-64. Print.up to directory menu23. ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPER Include the section letter if it is part of the page number in the newspaper.Brummitt, Chris. "Indonesia's Food Needs Expected to Soar." BostonGlobe 1 Feb. 2005: A7. Print.If the section is marked with a number rather than a letter, handle the entry as follows:Wilford, John Noble. "In a Golden Age of Discovery, Faraway WorldsBeckon." New York Times 9 Feb. 1997, late ed., sec. 1: 1+. Print.When an edition of the newspaper is specified on the masthead, name the edition (eastern ed., late ed., natl. ed., and so on), as in the example just given.If the city of publication is not obvious, include it in brackets after the name of the newspaper: Courier-Journal [Louisville].up to directory menu24. EDITORIAL IN A NEWSPAPER Cite an editorial as you would an article with an unknown author, adding the word "Editorial" after the title."All Wet." Editorial. Boston Globe 12 Feb. 2001: A14. Print.up to directory menu25. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Name the writer, followed by the word "Letter" and the publication information for the periodical in which the letter appears.Shrewsbury, Toni. Letter. Atlanta Journal-Constitution 17 Feb. 2001: A13. Print.up to directory menu26. BOOK OR FILM REVIEW Name the reviewer and the title of the review, if any, followed by the words "Rev. of" and the title and author or director of the work reviewed. Add the publication information for the periodical in which the review appears.Gleick, Elizabeth. "The Burdens of Genius." Rev. of The Last Samurai, by Helen DeWitt. Time 4 Dec. 2000: 171. Print.Denby, David. "On the Battlefield." Rev. of The Hurricane, dir. NormanJewison. New Yorker 10 Jan. 2000: 90-92. Print.up to directory menuOnline sourcesThis section shows how to prepare works cited entries for a variety of online sources, including Web sites, online books, articles in online periodicals and databases, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and e-mail.MLA guidelines assume that readers can locate most online sources by entering the author, title, or other identifying information in a search engine or a database. Consequently, MLA does not require a Web address (URL) in citations for online sources. Some instructors may require a URL; for an example, see the note at the end of item 27.MLA style calls for a sponsor or publisher for most online sources. If a source has no sponsor or publisher, use the abbreviation "N.p." (for "No publisher”) in the sponsor position. If there is no date of publication or update, use "n.d." (for "no date”) after the sponsor. For an article in an online scholarly journal or an article from a database, give page numbers if they are available; if they are not, use the abbreviation "n. pag." (See item 32.)27. ENTIRE WEB SITE Begin with the name of the author, editor, or corporate author (if known) and the title of the site, italicized. Then give the sponsor and the date of publication or last update. End with the medium and your date of access.With author or editorPeterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson, 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.Halsall, Paul, ed. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham U, 22Sept. 2001. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.With corporate (group) authorUnited States. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking WaterStandards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2005.Author unknownMargaret Sanger Papers Project. History Dept., New York U, 18 Oct.2000. Web. 6 Jan. 2009.If a site has no title, substitute a description, such as "Home page," for the title. Do not italicize the words or put them in quotation marks.Yoon, Mina. Home page. Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, 28 Dec. 2006.Web. 12 Jan. 2009.NOTE: If your instructor requires a URL for Web sources, include the URL, enclosed in angle brackets, at the end of the entry. If you must divide a URL at the end of a line in a works cited entry, break it after a slash. Do not insert a hyphen.Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson, 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009. </index_files/luther.htm>.up to directory menu28. SHORT WORK FROM A WEB SITE Short works are articles, poems, and other documents that are not book length or that appear as internal pages on a Web site. Include the following elements: author's name; title of the short work, in quotation marks; title of the site, italicized; sponsor of the site; date of publication or last update; medium; and your date of access.With authorShiva, Vandana. "Bioethics: A Third World Issue." NativeWeb.NativeWeb, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2004.Author unknown"Media Giants." Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. PBS Online, 2001.Web. 7 Feb. 2005.Citation at a glance: Short work from a Web site up to directory menu29. ONLINE BOOK Cite a book or a book-length work, such as a play or a long poem, as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28), but italicize the title of the work.Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I. . PoetryFoundation, 2008. Web. 14 Dec. 2008.Give the print publication information for the work, if available (see items 6–19), followed by the title of the Web site, the medium, and your date of access.Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written byHerself. Ed. L. Maria Child. Boston, 1861. Documenting theAmerican South. Web. 3 Feb. 2009.up to directory menu30. PART OF AN ONLINE BOOK Place the part title before the book's title. If the part is a chapter or a short work such as a poem or an essay, put its title in quotation marks. If thepart is an introduction or another division of the book, do not use quotation marks. (See also item 15.) Following the publication information, give the page numbers for the part (or use "N. pag." if the work is not paginated). End with the Web site on which you found the work, the medium, and your date of access.Adams, Henry. "Diplomacy." The Education of Henry Adams. By Adams.Boston: Houghton, 1918. N. pag. : Great BooksOnline. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu31. WORK FROM A DATABASE For sources retrieved from a library's subscription database, first list the publication information for the source (see items 20–26). Then give the name of the database, italicized; the medium; and your date of access.Johnson, Kirk. "The Mountain Lions of Michigan." Endangered SpeciesUpdate 19.2 (2002): 27-31. Expanded Academic Index. Web. 26Nov. 2008.Barrera, Rebeca María. "A Case for Bilingual Education." ScholasticParent and Child Nov.-Dec. 2004: 72-73. Academic Search Premier.Web. 1 Feb. 2009.Williams, Jeffrey J. "Why Today's Publishing World Is Reprising thePast." Chronicle of Higher Education 13 June 2008: 8+. LexisNexisAcademic. Web. 29 Sept. 2008.When you access a work through a personal subscription service, such as America Online, give the same information as for a library subscription database.Citation at a glance: Article from a database up to directory menu32. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL When citing an article in an online journal, givepublication information as for a print journal (see items 21 and 22), using "n. pag." if the source does not have page numbers. Then give the medium and your date of access.Belau, Linda. "Trauma and the Material Signifier." Postmodern Culture11.2 (2001): n. pag. Web. 20 Feb. 2009.up to directory menu33. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER Give the author; the title of the article (in quotation marks); the title of the magazine or newspaper (italicized); the sponsor or publisher of the site (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.Online magazinePaulson, Steve. "Buddha on the Brain." . Salon Media Group,27 Nov. 2006. Web. 18 Jan. 2009.Online newspaperRubin, Joel. "Report Faults Charter School." Los Angeles Times. LosAngeles Times, 22 Jan. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu34. ENTIRE WEBLOG (BLOG)Cite a blog as you would an entire Web site (see item 27). Give the author's name; the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the blog (use "N.p." if there is none); and the date of the most recent update. Then give the medium and your date of access.Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Washington Post, 27 Apr. 2006. Web. 19Jan. 2009.up to directory menu35. ENTRY IN A WEBLOG (BLOG)Cite an entry or a comment (a response to an entry) ina blog as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28). If the entry or comment has no title, use the label "Weblog entry" or "Weblog comment." Follow with the title of theblog, italicized, and the remaining information as for an entire blog in item 33.Mayer, Caroline. "Some Surprising Findings about Identity Theft." TheCheckout. Washington Post, 28 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.Burdick, Dennis. Weblog comment. The Checkout. Washington Post, 28Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu36. CD-ROM Treat a CD-ROM as you would any other source, but add the medium ("CD-ROM"). For a book on CD-ROM, add the medium after the publication information."Pimpernel." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.4th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-ROM.up to directory menu37. E-MAIL To cite an e-mail, begin with the writer's name and the subject line. Then write "Message to" followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message and the medium.Wilde, Lisa. "Review Questions." Message to the author. 15 Mar. 2009.E-mail.up to directory menu38. POSTING TO AN ONLINE DISCUSSION LIST When possible, cite archived versions of postings. If you cannot locate an archived version, keep a copy of the posting for your records. Begin with the author's name, followed by the title or subject line, in quotation marks (use the label "Online posting" if the posting has no title); the title of the Web site on which the discusson list is found, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the site (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.Fainton, Peter. "Re: Backlash against New Labour." Media Lens Message Board. Media Lens, 7 May 2008. Web. 2 June 2008.up to directory menuMultimedia sources (including online versions)Multimedia sources include visuals (such as works of art), audio works (such as sound recordings), audiovisuals (such as films), podcasts, and live events.Give the medium for all multimedia sources, usually at the end of the citation and not italicized or in quotation marks (for instance, "Print," "Web," "Radio," "Television," "CD," "Audiocassette," "Film," "Videocassette," "DVD," "Performance," "Lecture," "PDF file," "Microsoft Word file," "JPEG file").39. WORK OF ART Cite the artist's name; the title of the artwork, italicized; the date of composition; the medium of composition (for instance, "Lithograph on paper," "Photograph," "Charcoal on paper"); and the institution and city in which the artwork is located. For artworks found online, omit the medium of composition and include the title of the Web site, the medium, and your date of access.Constable, John. Dedham Vale. 1802. Oil on canvas. Victoria andAlbert Museum, London.van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. 1889. Museum of Mod. Art,New York. MoMA: The Museum of Modern Art. Web. 14Jan. 2009.up to directory menu40. CARTOON Begin with the cartoonist's name; the title of the cartoon (if it has one) in quotation marks; the word "Cartoon" or "Comic strip"; publication information; and the medium. To cite an online cartoon, instead of publication information give the title of the Web site; the sponsor or publisher; the date; the medium; and your date of access.Sutton, Ward. "Why Wait 'til November?" Cartoon. Village Voice 7-13July 2004: 6. Print.up to directory menu41. ADVERTISEMENT Name the product or company being advertised, followed by the word "Advertisement." Give publication information for the source in which the advertisement appears.Truth by Calvin Klein. Advertisement. Vogue Dec. 2000: 95-98. Print.up to directory menu42. MAP OR CHART Cite a map or a chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. Use the word "Map" or "Chart" following the title. Add the medium and, for an online source, the sponsor or publisher and the date of access.Joseph, Lori, and Bob Laird. "Driving While Phoning Is Dangerous."Chart. USA Today 16 Feb. 2001: 1A. Print.Serbia. Map. Syrena Maps. Syrena, 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 17 Mar. 2009.up to directory menu43. MUSICAL SCORE For both print and online versions, begin with the composer's name; the title of the work, italicized; and the date of composition. For a print source, give the place of publication; the name of the publisher and date of publication; and the medium. For an online source, give the title of the Web site; the publisher or sponsor of the site; the date of Web publication; the medium; and your date of access.Handel, G. F. Messiah: An Oratorio. N.d. CCARH Publications: Scores and Parts. Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities,2003. Web. 5 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu44. SOUND RECORDING Begin with the name of the person you want to emphasize: the composer, conductor ("Cond."), or performer ("Perf."). For a long work, give the title, italicized; the names of pertinent artists (such as performers, readers, or musicians); and the orchestra and conductor, if relevant. End with the manufacturer, the date, and the medium.Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus.Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996. CD.For a song, put the title in quotation marks. If you include the name of the album, italicize it.。
参考文献的正确书写格式
参考文献的正确书写格式参考文献是论文不可缺少的组成部分，反映了论文工作中取材的广博程度。
参考文献应以近期发表或出版的与本专业密切相关的学术著作和学术期刊文献为主。
参考文献数量一般不少于8篇。
产品说明、技术标准、未公开出版或发表的研究论文等不列为参考文献，有确需说明的可以在后记中予以说明。
网上参考文献应注明准确的网页地址。
参考文献从页首开始，格式如下：(1)著作图书文献[序号] 作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不注).出版者，出版年.例如：[1] 汤子瀛.计算机操作系统[M](第2版).清华大学出版社，2003.(2)译著图书文献[序号] 作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不注).出版者，出版年.例如：[2] Andrew S. Tanenbaum.Operating System[M] (Second Edition).USA：Prentice-Hall，Inc，1997.(3)学术刊物文献[序号] 作者.文章名[J].学术刊物名，年，卷(期)：引用部分起止页码.例如：[3] 揭安全，李云清，杨庆红等.“数据结构”课程教学改革与创新[J].计算机教育，2008，(10)：132-133.(4)学术会议文献[序号] 作者.文章名[C]//[编者名].文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年：引用部分起止页码.例如：[4] 武际可.计算力学程序系统的两个问题[C]//有限元分析和CAD学术会议论文集.北京：北京大学出版社，1994：9-15.(5)学位论文类参考文献[序号] 作者.学位论文题目[D或R].学校和学位论文级别.答辩年份：引用部分起止页码.例如：[5] 马聪.高级综合中多目标多层次工艺映射技术研究[D].北京：北京理工大学硕士论文，1998：23-30.(6)专利文献[序号] 专利申请者.专利题名：专利国别，专利号[P] .公告日期或公开日期[引用日期] .例如：[6] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案：中国，881056073[P] .1989-07-26.(7)电子文档[序号] 作者.题名[OL].(更新或修改日期)[引用日期(用投稿日期代替即可)].获取和访问途径.例如：[7] 箫珏.出版业信息化迈入快车道[OL].(2001-04-15).Http://www.***.htm.(8) 西文文献著录格式同中文，实词的首字母大写，其余小写。
参考文献文字格式
参考文献文字格式
参考文献的文字格式可以根据不同的文献类型来决定，包括专著、论文集、报纸文章、期刊文章、学位论文、报告、标准、专利和论文集中的析出文献等。
一般来说，参考文献的文字格式包括以下内容：
1. 文献类型标识：根据文献类型选择相应的标识，如专著的标识为“M”，论文集的标识为“C”，报纸文章的标识为“N”，期刊文章的标识为“J”，学位论文的标识为“D”，报告的标识为“R”，标准的标识为“S”，专利的标识为“P”等。
2. 文献作者姓名：如果是单作者，则直接写上作者的姓名；如果是多作者，则需要列出所有作者的姓名，并用逗号分隔。
3. 文献标题：用粗体字写上文献的标题，并居中放置。
4. 文献出版信息：包括出版地、出版社、出版年份等，这些信息也需要用粗体字写上，并居中放置。
5. 文献页码：如果需要引用某一部分内容，则需要写上该部分的起始页码和结束页码。
总之，根据具体的文献类型和出版信息来选择合适的参考文献文字格式即可。
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中文参考文献的格式
中文参考文献的格式主要包括以下几种：
1. 期刊文献的格式：序号-作者-题名-刊名-出版年-卷（期）-页码。
2. 图书文献的格式：序号-作者-书名-版本-出版地：出版者，出版年-页码。
3. 报纸文献的格式：序号-作者-题名-报纸名-出版日期（版次）。
4. 学位论文的格式：序号-作者-题名-保存地点（授予学位单位）-年份。
5. 专利文献的格式：序号-专利文献种类-专利号-国别-出版日期。
6. 标准文献的格式：标准编号-标准名称。
7. 报告文献的格式：序号-作者-题名-保存地点-年份。
8. 电子文献的格式：序号-作者-题名-电子文献及载体类型标识-文献出处，日期。
以上是中文参考文献的常见格式，具体格式要求可能会根据不同的学科、期刊或学校而有所差异，建议根据具体要求进行著录。